HOME WORKS ON ULTRASONIC TESTING LEVEL II

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HOME WORKS ON ULTRASONIC TESTING LEVEL II

LESSON : 1 : INTRODUCTION TO ULTRASONIC TESTING

Say True or False : -

1.1 The selection of one test method over another is usually the decision of the
Level-I examiner performing the test.

1.2 The responsibility of issuing a certificates to the NDT Examiner is always

retained by the employer in compliance with the SNT-TC-1A document.

1.3 ASNT provides a service for examining Level-I, II and III personnel in the
General and Specific areas.

1.4 If the SNT-TC-1A document is to be used as a recommended guideline, the

Written practice must be submitted to ASNT for approval.

1.5 If the SNT-TC-1A guidelines are followed, the Level III examiner should have a
knowledge of other commonly used methods of NDT even though certification
is needed only in the ultrasonic area.

1.6 A level I examiner performing an ultrasonic test is permitted (In accordance with
SNT-TC-1A) to accept or reject the part provided that written instructions or
procedures are given to him by a Level II or level III.

1.7 To comply with the guidelines of SNT-TC-1A, all three levels of examiners must
take a General, Practical and Specific test if examinations are used to
determine certification.

1.8 If an employer does not have a Level III in his company, the services of an
outside agency may be retained to perform these functions.

1.9 An advantage of ultrasonic is that it reveals internal discontinuities with access

to only one side of the part being inspected.

1.10 Ultrasonic inspection techniques can be used without impairing the future
usefulness of the material.

LESSON : 2 : BASICS & VIBRATION

2.01 In Ultrasonic testing energy is transmitted through a solid material by a series of

small material displacements within the material (True False)

2.02 The condition of starting at a centre position, moving towards maximum

position, returning through the centre positions to maximum position in the opposite
direction and finally returning to the centre position is called a

a. Frequency

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b. Period
c. Cycle
d. Wave length

2.03 The back and forth movements of particles within a medium are called

a. Cycles
b. Wave length
c. Vibrations
d. Displacements

2.04 The time required to perform one complete cycle is called the .

a. Period
b. Frequency
c. Wave length
d. Velocity

2.05 The number of cycles per second (cps) a vibration occurs is called the

a. Period
b. Frequency
c. Wave length
d. Velocity

2.06 The movement of a particle away from its centre (rest) position is called a

a. Cycle
b. Wavelength
c. Vibration
d. Displacement

2.07 Vibration in solid materials do not represent energy in Motion (True-False)

---------

2.08 A vibration can be said to have the following property ..

a. Cycle b. Period c. Frequency d. All of these

2.09 Ultrasonic sound propagates through a medium as waves of particle vibrations

(True False) -----------------

2.10 The words waves, beam and sound are used interchangeably in ultrasonic
testing (True False) --------------

2.11 Ultrasonic sound is usually described as sound ------------------------

a. Which may or may not be heard by human ear

b. Too high to be heard by human ear

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c. Too low to be heard by human ear

d. Which can be heard in the audible range only

2.12 The velocity of sound is constant for a given material but varies from one
material to another material. (True False) -------------------------

2.13 Ultrasonic vibrations are generally defined as having a frequency above

a. 5,000 cps
b. 20,000 cps
c. 100,000 cps
d. 1,000,000 cps

2.14 Ultrasonic sound can be either continuous or pulsed (True False) -------

2.15 Ultrasonic sound moves through solids as well as

a. Air
b. Liquids
c. Grease
d. All

2.16 Wavelength is defined as --------------------

a. The distance a wave travels to the back surface of the specimen

b. The distance a wave form advances while a particle makes one complete vibration
of orbit.
c. The number of cycles produced per second
d. The time required for a wave to reach a certain point in the specimen

2.17 Wave velocity is depend on -----------------------

a. The ratio of sound velocity to wavelength

b. The density and elastic properties of the medium
c. The materials density and frequency in the medium
d. The elasticity of the medium through which the wave is travelling

2.18 For the purpose of this exercise consider the smallest discontinuity detectable
using pulse echo testing is one half wavelength. What is the smallest defect you can
detect within a 2 MHz probe inspecting a steel specimen with a velocity 6 x 10 6 mm /
sec ?

a. 3.0 mm b. 1.5 mm c. 1.0 mm d. 2.0 mm

2.19 What is the smallest size of detect that can be detected if probe frequency is
increased to 6 MHZ

a. 3.0 mm b. 0.5 mm c. 1.0 mm d. 2.0 mm

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2.20 What probe would be chosen to detect the smallest defect if steel specimen with
a velocity of 6 x 106 mm / sec. is to be inspected

a. 2 MHz b. 10 MHz c. 5.0 MHz

2.21 Assuming a constant frequency, wavelength will be longer in

a. Water b. Air c. Steel

2.22 For aluminium velocity is 6.5 x 106 mm / sec. What is the smallest defect you
can detect when the wavelength is considered to be the smallest discontinuity that
can be detected with ultrasonic when frequency is 2.5 MHz.

a. 6.5 mm b. 1.3 mm c. 26 mm

2.23 Air is considered to be a good conductor in ultrasonic testing (True False)

2.24 To understand ultrasonic a steel ball is considered to be more elastic than a lead
ball (True False)

LESSON : 3 : PROPAGATION OF ULTRASONIC WAVES

Say True or False

3.01 An Ultrasonic beam travels through a medium as waves of sound energy.

3.02 Particle vibration in a longitudinal wave is in the direction of wave propagation.

3.03 Longitudinal waves will propagate through both solids and liquids.

3.04 Both plate waves and surface wave can follow the part contour.

3.05 Shear or transverse waves are described as having -------------------------

a. Particle motion normal (90) to direction of propagation and a velocity

approximately half that of longitudinal waves ?
b. Exceptionally high sensitivity due to low attenuation resulting from longer
wavelengths when propagating through water.
c. A velocity approximately twice that of surface waves in the direction of
propagation.
d. Particle motion perpendicular (90) to the direction of propagation and no
attenuation in water.

3.06 The movement of sound waves through a medium is usually referred to as wave
propagation. (True False) -------------------------

3.07 Ultrasonic waves transmitted in fluids such as water are usually ------------

a. Lamb waves
b. Rayleigh waves

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c. Shear waves
d. Longitudinal waves

3.08 Surface waves travel on the surface of a specimen with a velocity ---------

a. Twice that of shear waves and will be damped out by any object or material
placed in their path
b. Half that of shear waves and are damped out by liquids or finger placed in their
path
c. Slightly less than that of shear waves with particle motion following an elliptical
orbit.
d. Slightly less than that of shear waves with particle motion in the same direction as
wave travel.

3.09 Surface waves are rapidly damped out by grease, water, or any other material
placed on the surface of the test specimen (True False) -----------

3.10 Ultrasonic waves which propagate through thin sheet or plate material and have a
very complex particle motion in the form of elliptical orbits are called (Choose two)
---------------------------

a. Plate wave
b. Rayleigh waves
c. Lamb waves
d. Transitional waves

3.11 The velocity of longitudinal, shear, and surface waves depends only on the
material through which they are propagating, while plate waves depend on the
frequency, incidence angle material and material thickness (True False)

3.12 Plate waves exist in two basic models. They are

a. Symmetrical or dilatational
b. Symmetrical and asymmetrical
c. Asymmetrical or bending
d. Perpendicular and normal

3.13 Of the following sound wave modes, which one has multiple or varying wave
velocities ?

a. Longitudinal waves
b. Shear waves
c. Transverse waves
d. Lamb waves

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LESSON : 4 : GENERATION OF ULTRASOUND

4.01 The first natural piezo-electric transducers were made from

a. quartz
b. silicon
c. barium titanate
d. clay

4.02 ------------- Crystals were prepared for use by cutting them in one of two places.

a. barium titanate
b. quartz
c. silicon
d. clay

4.03 Ferro electric materials are commonly referred as ------------------- ceramics

a. Electrified
b. Magnetised
c. Polarised
d. Reduced

4.04 To improve existing piezo-electric properties ferro-electric materials are

a. polarized
b. attenuated
c. electrified
d. reduced

4.05 Two commonly used ferro-electric materials are

a. barium titanate & lead zirconate titanate

b. lithium sulphate & quartz
c. both a & b
d. neither a or b

4.06 A natural piezo-electric material that is highly soluble in water and slightly prove
to ageing is

a. Lithium sulphate
b. Quartz
c. Barium titanate

4.07 Transducers used in ultrasonic testing exhibit which of the following effects ?
------------------

a. Ferromagnetic
b. Piezoelectric

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c. Electromechanical
d. Hyperacoustic

4.08 A device that converts electric energy into mechanical energy and mechanical
energy into electric energy is called ------------------

a. Generator
b. Converter
c. Transducer

4.09 Transducer using quartz crystal were originally used almost exclusively in
ultrasonic testing (True False) ---------------

4.10 Polarized ceramic transducers are the best receivers of ultrasonic energy while
lithium sulphate transducers make the best transmitters (True False)

4.11 In a two transducer testing system, the best transducer combination is a :

a. Polarized ceramic transmitter and a lithium sulphate receiver

b. Lithium sulphate transmitter and a polarized ceramic transmitter
c. Polarized ceramic transmitter and receiver
d. Lithium sulphate transmitter and receiver

4.12 A definite relationship exists among the three factors, velocity, frequency, and
wavelength. This relationship is expressed by the formula -----------------

a. = v/f b. = f/v c. = fv d. v = /f

4.13 If frequency is increased, the wavelength will -------------------------------

a. Decrease (be shorter)

b. Increase (be longer)
c. Will remain the same but velocity will increase
d. Will remain the same but velocity will increase

4.14 A grouping of number of crystals in one search unit, with all contact surfaces in
the same planer, and vibrating in phase with each other to act as a single transducer is
called a :

a. focussing crystal
b. crystal mosaic
c. scrubber
d. single plane manipulator

4.15 The transducer most commonly found in Ultrasonic search units (probes) used
for discontinuity testing utilise

a. magnetrostriction principles
b. piezoelectric principles
c. mode conversion principles

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d. none of the above

LESSON : 5 : REFLECTION, REFRACTION & DIFFRACTION

5.01 A beam of energy approaching an interface is called the ----------------- beam of

wave

5.02 The angle at which a wave or beam of energy strikes a surface in relation to an
imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the surfaces is called the angle of
------------------

5.03 When an incident beam strikes an interface between two different media at other
than normal incidence, part of the incident beam will be converted into other modes
of vibration (True False)

5.04 The bending of a sound beam as it passes through an interface is called

----------------

a. Reflection
b. Refraction
c. Attenuation
d. Absorption

5.05 The adjacent figure shows a wave applied to a specimen at three different
incident angles (1, 2 & 3) with the corresponding refraction angle (30, 45 and 90).
The critical angle is ---------------------

Drawing : -

a. #1 b. #2 c. #3

5.06 The adjacent two views show a longitudinal wave striking the surface of a
specimen at an angle. This wave is converted into both longitudinal (L) and Shear (S)
waves within the specimen. Which of the views shows the proper relationship
between the L & S waves within the specimen ? ---------------------

Drawing :

a. View A
b. View B
c. View C
d. View D

5.07 When the angle of incidence for a longitudinal wave exceeds the critical angle,
the --------------------

a. Longitudinal wave mode will be at its maximum amplitude in the specimen

b. Longitudinal wave mode will be totally reflected
c. Shear wave mode will be totally reflected
d. Longitudinal wave mode only will be transmitted into the specimen

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5.08 The adjacent figure shows a sound beam applied to a specimen at an angle that
causes the shear wave mode of refract 90 degrees. Under this condition, a new wave
is developed. This new wave is called a (Choose Two) ---------------

Drawing :

a. Surface wave
b. Rayleigh wave
c. Lamb wave
d. Plate wave
e. Transitional wave

5.09 When the angle of incidence for shear wave exceeds the critical angle, we have
--------------------

a. Only the surface wave mode entering the specimen

b. Maximum amplitude of the shear wave mode entering the specimen
c. Only the longitudinal wave mode entering the specimen
d. Total reflection of both longitudinal and shear wave modes

5.10 Acoustic Impedance refers to materials ability to -------------------------

5.11 Compared to steel, air has a very high acoustic impedance value.

5.12 Acoustic Impedance is defined as ------------------------

a. The product of material density and wave velocity

b. The ratio of wave velocity to sound density
c. The product of frequency and wave velocity
d. The materials reflecting ability

5.13 The relationship of acoustical impedance z to material density d and wave

velocity v

a. Z = vd b. Z = V/D c. Z = D/V

5.14 Any difference in acoustic impedance between adjacent media produce with
normal beam

a. Refraction
b. Reflection
c. Propagation
d. Attenuation

5.15 Drawing :-

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What would be the incident angle A on the lucite wedge if a shear wave of 60
degrees to travel in steel ? Given : Lucite long velocity = 2.73 x 106 mm / sec.

Steel (L) = 5.9 x 106 mm / sec

(S) = 3.2 x 106 mm / sec

5.16 If the incident angle A is 25 find the refracted long wave ?

5.17 If A is 18 is it possible to have a refracted long wave ? If yes what is the angle
?

5.18 If A is 36 is it possible to have a refracted longitudinal wave ? If no, Why ?

5.19 What would be the refracted long wave if the angle of incidence through a water
to steel interface is 12 ?

5.20 The adjacent figure illustrates four waves. Wave A strikes the surface of the
specimen and produces waves B, C, D. The incident angle is ---------------

Drawing :

a. #1 b. #2 c. #3 d. #4

5.21 The adjacent figure illustrates four waves. Wave A strikes the surface of the
specimen and produces waves B, C, D. The reflection angle is -------------

Drawing :

a. #1 b. #2 c. #3 d. #4

5.22 The above figure illustrates four waves. Waves A strikes the surface of the
specimen and produces waves B, C, and D. The refraction angles are ----

a. #1 b. #2 c. #3 d. #4

5.23 The adjacent figure illustrates three waves striking a surface. The wave that is
normal to the surface is ---------------

a. A b. B c. C

5.24 The ratio between the wave speed in one material and the wave speed in a second
material is called

a. the acoustic impedance of the interface

b. youngs modulus
c. possions ratio
d. the index of refraction

5.25 The factor which determines the amount of reflection at the interface of two
dissimilar material is

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a. the index of Rarefaction

b. the frequency of US wave
c. Youngs modulus
d. The specific acoustic impedance

LESSON : 6 : NEAR ZONE, DEAD ZONE BEAM SPREAD & ATTENUATION

6.01 As ultrasonic propagates through a specimen, three areas will be formed in the
beam. They are the ---------------- zone, the near zone and the far zone.

a. Mixed zone b. Short zone c. Dead zone

6.02 Delay or dual element transducers are used to increase near surface resolution
(True False)

6.03 Within a given material, near zone length will increase as transducer diameter
and frequency are increased (True False)

6.04 Find the near zone length using a 6 mm diameter, 2 MHz straight beam
transducer (material steel) V = 6000 metres / sec. N = D2F/4V

a. 3 mm b. 6 mm c. 1 mm d. 19 mm

6.05 Reflectors of the same size located in the near zone could show a difference in
amplitude on the CRT. This would indicate that the rellectors were at the
----------------- and ------------------ intensity areas of the near zone.

a. high and low (maxima, minima)

b. thick & thin
c. long & short

6.06 The length of the dead zone can be approximated by observing the position of
the ----------------

a. Initial pulse b. Back reflection pulse c. Echo from far zone

6.07 The are of maximum acoustic pressure denotes the end of the -------------

a. dead zone b. near zone c. far zone d. no zone

6.08 The portion of the ultrasonic beam that extends beyond the near zone and
continues until the ultrasound is attenuated or reflected is referred to as the
------------------

a. dead zone b. near zone c. far zone d. no zone

6.09 As the frequency and diameter of the transducer are increased, beam spread is
-----------------

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6.10 Calculate the following. The full beam spread in steel is -------------- using a 10
mm / 4 MHz straight beam transducer. Use formula Sin = 1.22 /D Where = V/F,
V = 6000 mm / sec

a. 21 b. 10.5 c. 42 d. 5.25

6.11 As finite reflectors are at greater depths in the far zone, their amplitude response
will decrease, not only as function of the beam attenuation, but also the result of
-------------------

a. refraction b. diffraction c. beam spreadd. beam splitting

6.12 Higher frequency transducers have less beam spread than low frequency
transducers

6.13 Lower frequency transducers are usually used to find the smaller defects

6.14 The longer the wavelength (), the greater the beam spread and better ability to
locate small discontinuities.

6.15 When comparing two transducers of the same frequency, the larger transducer
will have the greatest beam spread.

6.16 The gradual loss of energy as a sound beam travels through a material is called
attenuation

6.17 Wherever possible, the UT inspection should be done in the near zone before
the sound can spread out and attenuate

6.18 A sound beam with a given energy will travel further in aluminum than in steel
before it is attenuated by the same amount

6.19 A fine grained material will usually cause less attenuation than a coarse grained
material

LESSON : 7 : CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSDUCER

7.01 The amount of dampening material used in transducer construction is very

important to the operating efficiency of the transducers. Highly damped transducers
will

a. Provide better resolution

b. Damage the crystal
c. Ring longer
d. None of the above

7.02 Transducer sensitivity is defined as the ability of a transducer to :

a. Sense many kinds of discontinuities

b. Differentiate between surface indications and discontinuity indications

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c. Detect small discontinuities

d. Detect large discontinuities located close together in depth.

7.03 Transducer resolution is defined as the ability of a transducer to :

a. Sense many kinds of discontinuities

b. Differentiate between surface indications and discontinuity indications
c. Detect small discontinuities
d. Detect large discontinuities located close together in depth.

7.04 The beam spread of transducers of the same material and frequency is
relate to size. The larger the transducer, the greater the beam spread (True
False)

7.05 The size of transducer and the amount of energy it will transmit related. The
larger the transducer, the greater the amount of energy transmitted into the test
specimen (True False)

7.06 The higher the frequency of a transducer, the :

a. Greater the beam spread and depth of penetration

b. Less the beam spread and the greater the sensitivity and resolution
c. Less the sound beam attenuates thus increasing penetration
d. Less the sensitivity and the greater the penetration

7.07 Large diameter, single crystal transducers are generally :

a. Limited to high frequency testing

b. Limited to low frequency testing
c. Applicable for both high and low frequency testing
d. Used for testing above 10 megacycles only

7.08 Long, narrow transducers consisting of mosaic pattern of small matched crystals
are called :

a. Mosaic transceivers
b. Wide brush transducers
c. Paint brush transducers
d. Multicrystal detectors

7.09 A small diameter transducer will produce the smallest amount of beam spread for
a given frequency (True False)

7.10 The useful width of the sound beam emitted from a transducer is ----------

a. Less than the transducers physical width

b. Increased by the side or secondary lobe effect
c. Decreased by the side or secondary lobe effect

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7.11 A straight beam transducer transmits sound into a test specimen normal or
perpendicular to the surface of the test specimen (True False)

7.12 Angle beam transducers use a plastic wedge shaped frontal device to transmit
energy into a test specimen at angles other than normal (True False)

7.13 Paint brush transducers product a wide sound beam for rapid scanning of large
areas (True False)

7.14 Angle beam transducers are used to :

a. Locate and evaluate discontinuities lying parallel to the surface of the test
specimen
b. Locate and evaluate discontinuities that lie other than parallel to the surface of the
test specimen
c. Detect discontinuities that are parallel to the sound beam
d. Detect discontinuities in immersion testing

7.15 Contact angle beam transducers are generally identified by the :

a. Reflected angle of the shear waves generated

b. Reflected angle of the longitudinal waves generated
c. Refracted angle of the shear waves generated
d. Refracted angle of the longitudinal waves generated

7.16 A device added to the front of a contact transducer to match the curvature of a
test specimen is called as :

a. Sloped shoe
b. Frontal lens
c. Curved lens
d. Curved shoe

7.17 Acoustical lenses increase transducer sensitivity and resolution but decrease their
useful range (True False)

7.18 The two basic types of acoustical lenses used are :

a. Cylindrical and concave

b. Spherical and Convex
c. Cylindrical and spherical
d. Concave and convex

7.19 The best surface resolution can be obtained using a :

a. Short focal length transducer

b. Long focal length transducer
c. Collimator
d. Curved shoe

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7.20 Both the cylindrical and spherical lenses can be used as contour correction lenses
(True False)

7.21 Single transducers are

a. Transmitters only
b. Receivers only
c. Both transmitter and receiver
d. a. b and c

7.22 Two single transducers, one a transducers, one a transmitter and one a receiver,
mounted a common case but separated by a sound barrier are called

a. Transceivers
b. All purpose transducers
c. Double transducers
d. Stacked transducers

7.23 Double transducer testing reduces the so called dead zone found near the front
surface of the specimen (True False)

LESSON : 8 : ULTRASONIC TESTING EQUIPMENTS

8.01 An ultrasonic test instrument that displays pulses representing the amplitude of
reflected sound as a function of time and distance is said to display a :

a. Continuous wave
b. A-scan presentation
c. B-scan presentation
d. C-scan presentation

8.02 The line of light the appears across the face of CRT screen is called the : (Choose
Two)

a. Horizon line
b. Base line
c. Beam line
d. Sweep of sweep line

8.03 The first pip to appear at the left side of the CRT screen represents the

a. Initial pulse
b. Back surface reflection
c. Discontinuity
d. Sweep

8.04 The distance between the front and back surface reflections displayed on a CRT
screen represents.

a. Specimen thickness

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b. Pulse amplitude
c. Distance traveled by the transducer
d. Discontinuity thickness

8.05 In contract testing the initial pulse on a CRT screen also represents the :

a. Specimen front surface reflection

b. Specimen back surface refection
c. Discontinuity location

8.06 The distance between a front surface pip and a discontinuity pip represents the
depth of the discontinuity below the specimen front surface (True False)

8.07 The clock times provides electrical energy to both the transmitter and sweep line
generator in ultrasonic instrument (True False)

8.08 Low voltage signals generated by the transducer are amplified by

a. Transmitter circuit
b. Receiver circuit
c. Clock circuit

8.09 A . in an ultrasonic unit is similar to a picture tube in a TV Set

a. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

b. Gamma Ray Tube)
c. Test tube

8.10 The clock timer circuit normally provides a constant rate of pulses in the range of

a. 1 to 50 pulses
b. 10,000 to 100,000 pulses
c. 60 to 2000 pulses

8.11 In an A scan presentation, the horizontal base line represent the :

a. Amount of reflected ultrasonic energy

b. Distance traveled by the search unit
c. Elapsed tine or distance
d. None of the above

8.12 When a vertical indication has reached the maximum signal height which can be
displayed or viewed on the CRT of an Ultrasonic instrument, the indication is said to
have reached its :

a. Distance amplitude height

b. Absorption level
c. Vertical level
d. Limit of resolution

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LESSON : 9 : DISPLAY OF ULTRASONIC INDICATORS

9.01 In an A-Scan presentation, the horizontal sweep represents

a. Elapsed time or distance

b. Signal amplitude
c. Distance traveled by the transducer
d. Direction of wave travel

9.02 In the A-scan presentation, the vertical deflection on the cathode ray tube
represents ..

a. Elapsed time or distance

b. Signal amplitude
c. Distance traveled by the transducer
d. Direction of wave travel

9.03 In an A-scan presentation, the initial pulse is the .

a. High indication on the extreme left side of the CRT screen and represents the front
surface of the specimen
b. Indication or pip that suddenly appears during s-scanning and represents the first
discontinuity indication
c. First pulse that appears on the right side of the CRT screens and represents the
back surface of the specimen.
d. First pulse that appears on the left side of the CRT section and represents the back
surface of the specimen

9.04 In the A-scan presentation, pip height is an indication .

a. The amount of energy reflected by an interface

b. The distance between the discontinuity and the surface of the material
c. The type of waves used
d. The wavelength of the ultrasonic beam

9.05 The B-scan presentation essentially shows ..

a. Resonant frequency distributions in a test specimen

b. Grain size of the test specimen
c. Cross-sectional view of the test specimen
d. Amplitude of reflections from the specimen

9.06 The C-scan presentation shows ..

a. Depth of a discontinuity
b. Thickness of a specimen
c. Thickness of a discontinuity
d. Internal plan view of the specimen

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LESSON : 10 : EQUIPMENT CONTROL

10.01 On pulse-echo instruments, sweep line brightness is regulated by an intensity

usually found on the test instrument (True False)

10.02 Focus and astigmatism controls are used to adjust the sharpness of the:

a. CRT Screen Scale

b. Square wave marker
c. Sweep line
d. Horizon line

10.03 Adjusting the sensitivity or gain control adjust the gain to the receiver amplifier
thus changing the amplitude (height) of the pips on the CRT Screen (True False)

10.04 The sweep length control : Choose two

a. Expands the sweep causing less of the test specimen to be displayed on the CRT
screen
b. Compresses the sweep causing more of the test specimen to be displayed on the
CRT screen
c. Expands the sweep length allowing the ultrasonic energy to penetrate thicker
specimens
d. Expands the sweep causing more of the test specimen to be displayed on the CRT
screens

10.05 The sweep delay control on an ultrasonic instrument :

a. Expands or compresses the display shown on the CRT screen

b. Adjusts the starting point of the sweep line on the CRT
c. Moves the starting point of the sweep line on the CRT
d. Adjusts the horizontal linearity of the CRT screen

10.06 The expansion or compression of the sweep length is towards or away from the
right side of the CRT screen (True False)

10.07 When used in conjunction with the sweep length control the sweep delay
control makes it possible to expand a small segment of the test specimen to cover the
entire width of the CRT screen (True False)

10.08 In immersion testing, the Initial pulse or main bang can be moved off screen by
adjusting the :

a. Sweep delay control

b. Horizontal centering control
c. Sweep length control
d. Sensitivity or gain control

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 HOME WORKS ON ULTRASONIC TESTING LEVEL II
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date]

10.09 The pulse repetition rate (PRR) control regulates how often a pulse of ultrasonic
energy is applied to a test specimen while the pulse length (width) control determines
how long the pulse is applied (True False)

10.10 The non-linear reject control on an ultrasonic instrument :

a. Eliminates all spurious indications from the CRT screen

b. Permits testing of only selected areas within a test specimen
c. Reduces the amplitude (height) of all pipes an equal amount thereby eliminating
very low amplitude pips from the CRT screen
d. Eliminates very low amplitude pips from the CRT screen without affecting those
pips above a predetermined amplitude (height)

10.11 In flaw-alarm / gating circuits, the gate delay control : (Choose two)

a. Determines the starting point of the gate

b. Determines the end of the gate
c. Moves the entire gate to the left or right on the CRT screen
d. Expands or compresses the gate

10.12 The gate width control : (Choose two)

a. Determines the starting point of the gate

b. Determines the end of the gate
c. Expands or compresses the gate
d. Expands or compresses the CRT display within the gate

10.13 The alarm sensitivity control in a flaw-alarm /gating circuit

a. Eliminates all spurious indications from the CRT Screen

b. Permits testing of only selected areas within a test specimen
c. Regulates the intensity or volume of the alarm
d. Determines the pip height at which of the alarm or recorder will be triggered

10.14 The amount of amplification for a suspected discontinuity indication before

display is regulated by :

a. Reject control
b. Sweep control
c. Gain control

1015 The control that regulates voltage applied to the transducer :

a. pulse energy
b. swept gain
c. Reject

10.16 The typical voltages produced by the pulses are :

a. below 100 volts

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 HOME WORKS ON ULTRASONIC TESTING LEVEL II
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b. 200 to 1000 volts

c. Above 1000 volts

10.17 The band width of the instrument amplifier is measure of the gain of a
receiver as a function of frequency the narrow band receiver has

a. higher signal to noise ratio

b. peak given is higher than a wide band receiver
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above

10.18 A wide band probe is :

a. Sensitive to a small defects

b. Has better resolution than a narrow band
c. None of the above
d. Both a & b

LESSON : 11 : COUPLANTS

11.01 A couplant is used in UT to

a. Lubricate the transducer for scanning

b. Excludes air between the probe and specimen
c. Accelerates sound passage
d. Dampens the probe to avoid damaging the specimen

11.02 The choice of a couplant is dependant upon

a. grain structure of the specimen

b. shape of the specimen
c. surface condition of the specimen
d. specimen size

11.03 The acoustic impedance of ideal couplant

a. Should be less than that of the probe

b. Should be higher than that of probe
c. Should be between that of the probe and test specimen
d. Need not be considered

11.04 A couplant, to ensure a good transfer, should be thin as practicable and of

uniform thickness (True False)

11.05 Wetting agents are sometimes added to

a. produce a more desirable impedance ratio

b. to increase couplants viscosity
c. prevent air bubbles that could cling to a specimen

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 HOME WORKS ON ULTRASONIC TESTING LEVEL II
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11.06 Some couplants include a corrosion inhibitor (True False)

11.07 The purpose of a couplant is to

a. Filter undersirable reflections

b. To tune the probe to proper frequency
c. To transmit US waves from the probe to specimen

11.08 A couplant may be

a. Water
b. Oil
c. Plastic
d. Rubber sheet
e. All of these

LESSON : 12 : STANDARD REFERENCE BLOCKS

Say True or False

12.01 A reference block should be made from the same basic material as the part
being testing

12.02 Blocks which provide a size reference and are used to check the systems
linearity are known as area amplitude blocks

12.03 The exit point of an angle beam transducer should always be determined before
the angle of the transducer is checked

12.04 Both IIW block and miniature block will check the test system resolution

12.05 Standard reference block are used to :

a. Standardize ultrasonic equipment

b. Compare and evaluate discontinuity
c. Verify instrument accuracy
d. All of the above

12.06 Artificial discontinuities in standard reference (Area & distance) blocks are
usually in the form of a :

a. Stepped hole
b. Round bottom hole
c. Flat-bottom hole
d. Tapered hole

12.07 It is important that the reference block material have the same or similar sound
attenuation, sound velocity, and acoustical impedance as that of the test specimen
(True False)

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 HOME WORKS ON ULTRASONIC TESTING LEVEL II
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12.08 The metal distance in a standard reference block is defined as the distance
between the :

a. Front and back surfaces of the reference block

b. Front surfaces and flat bottom of the artificial discontinuity
c. Flat bottom of the artificial discontinuity and the back surface of the reference
block
d. Sides of the reference block

12.09 Blocks which provide a discontinuity size reference and are used to check the
system linearity are known as :

a. Area amplitude blocks

b. Discontinuity amplitude blocks
c. Reference amplitude blocks
d. Distance amplitude blocks

12.10 Blocks which are used to evaluate a discontinuitys size at various depths within
a test specimen are known as :

a. Area amplitude blocks

b. Discontinuity amplitude blocks
c. Reference amplitude blocks
d. Distance amplitude blocks

12.11 The Alcoa Series A area amplitude blocks have flat bottom holes :

a. All of the same diameter which vary in depth from 1/64 inch in the number 1
block 8/64 inch in the number 8 block
b. 3/64, 5/64 or 8/64 inch in diameter with metal distances ranging from 1/16 to 5
inches
c. Drilled to different depths from the front surface of the reference block
d. All of the same depth and ranging in diameter from 1/64 inch in the number 1
block to 8/64 inch in the number 8 block

12.12 The Alcoa Series B or Hit distance amplitude blocks have :

a. The same metal distances, with flat bottom holes ranging in diameter for 1/64 inch
to 8/64 inch
b. Flat bottom holes 3/64 inch, 5/64 inch, or 8/64 inch in diameter and metal distance
ranging from 1/16 inch to 5 inches.
c. Flat-bottom holes 1/16 inch in diameter and varying in depth from 1/64 inch to
8/64 inch
d. An 8/64 inch diameter hole in the number 1 block and 1/64 inch diameter hole in
the number 8 block

12.13 The basic set of ASTM reference blocks is a combinations of area amplitude
and distance amplitude blocks (True False)

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 HOME WORKS ON ULTRASONIC TESTING LEVEL II
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12.14 A calibration block widely used in contact angle beam testing is the (choose
two)

a. Angle beam block

b. IIW block
c. ASTM block
d. Miniature angle beam block

12.15 Artificial discontinuities are sometimes added to a sample test specimen so that
it may be used as a reference standard (True False)

LESSON : 13 : TEST METHOD

13.01 In contact testing, the transducer physically touches the specimen and is
coupled to the specimen through a thin film of couplant (True False)

13.02 With reference to through transmission, pulse echo is widely used (True
False)

13.03 Advantage of through transmission testing is

a. No couplant required
b. Depth of discontinuity can be determined
c. Only the transducer is required
d. None of the above

13.04 Standing waves are set up within a specimen when using the

a. Pulse echo system

b. Through transmission system
c. Resonance system

13.05 The resonance system relies on changes in resonant frequency to find

discontinuities (True False)

13.06 Continuous longitudinal waves are transmitted into a specimen in resonance

testing (True False)

13.07 Depending on the resonance instrument resonant indication may represent :

a. Actual material thickness

b. Frequency
c. Material soundness
d. a,b & c

LESSON : 14 : IMMERSION INSPECTION

Say or True or False :

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 HOME WORKS ON ULTRASONIC TESTING LEVEL II
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14.01 The front surface reflection may be used in immersion testing to determine if
the sound beam is perpendicular to the test part

14.02 A metal spoon is used in immersion testing to determine the maximum initial
pulse amplitude

14.03 Longitudinal waves can be used for immersion testing of cylindrically shaped
specimens

14.04 Shear waves can be used for immersion testing of cylindrically shaped
specimens

14.05 Immersion testing with shear waves produces a high amplitude front surface
reflection that must be swept off the CRT

14.06 Immersion testing with surface waves is commonly used to detect surface
cracks

14.07 The angle of the manipulator on the immersion tank indicates the angle of
incidence

14.08 With immersion testing mode conversion occurs when the sound leaves the
transducer and enter the water

14.09 The basic rule in determining the water path distance when inspecting steel or
aluminium is that it should be equal to 4 times the part thickness plus 6 mm

14.10 The water path distance using a probe with a focal length of 100 mm in water to
focus the beam to a point of 10 mm below the surface of a steel part is given ; ratio of
velocity of steel to water-4

a. 40 mm b. 60 mm c. 10 mm d. 6 mm

14.11 The focal point in steel part of 100 mm thick using a transducer of focal length
of 100 mm in water would be given water path distance 50 mm, ratio of velocity = 4

a. 25 mm b. 6.25 mm c. 12.5 mm d. 50 mm

14.12 For aluminium and steel metal the basic rule for determining the water path
distance is that it should be equal to one fourth part thickness plus 6 mm What water
path would you select to inspect a part of 100 mm thick

a. 31 mm b. 13 mm c. 25 mm d. 52 mm

14.13 In immersion, testing, the water multiples that may be seen on the CRT screen
between the front and back surface reflections can be eliminated by

a. Using a different frequency transducer

b. Increasing distance from transducer to test specimen
c. Using a contour correction lens

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 HOME WORKS ON ULTRASONIC TESTING LEVEL II
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d. Decreasing instrument sensitivity

14.14 A general rule of thumb in determining the correct water distance to use in
immersion testing is that the water distance should be :

a. Equal to the thickness of the test specimen

b. One half the thickness of the test specimen
c. One-quarter the thickness of the test specimen plus 5 or 6 mm
d. Equal to the thickness of the test specimen plus inch

14.15 In immersion testing, the area in which a sound beam enters a specimen can be
determined using a straight edged metal spoon
(True False)

14.16 During immersion testing, it is often necessary to ahgulate the transducer when
a discontinuity is located to :

a. Avoid a large number of back reflections that could interface with a normal test
pattern
b. Obtain a maximum response if discontinuity is not originally oriented
perpendicular to the sound beam
c. Obtain the maximum number of front surface reflections
d. Obtain a discontinuity indication that is the same height as the indication from he
flat bottom hole in a reference block

14.17 The techniquest in which a flowing stream of water is used to couple the
transducer to the test specimen is called :

a. Water column technique

b. Bubbler technique
c. Squirter technique
d. a, b and c

14.18 Collimators are used to improve the directivity of a sound beam and decrease
beam spread (True False)

14.19 The wheel type transducer sometimes used in ultrasonic testing consists of a
transducer mounted inside a liquid filled tire (True False)

LESSON : 15 : RESONANCE

15.01 Resonance occurs when material thickness is equal to a half wave length or
exact multiples there of (True False)

15.02 The fundamental resonant frequency is the minimum frequency at which a

given material will resonate (True False)

15.03 The formula used to determine the fundamental resonant frequency is ..

a. F = V / T b. F = V / 2T c. F = T / V d. F = VT

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 HOME WORKS ON ULTRASONIC TESTING LEVEL II
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15.04 Whole number multiples of a fundamental resonant frequency are called ..

a. Phonics
b. Half waves
c. Harmonics
d. Resonant waves

15.05 Which of the following best describes the relationship of resonance

amplitude to increasing harmonics ?

a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Varies
d. Remains the same

15.06 The frequency difference between two adjacent harmonics equals the

a. Maximum resonant frequency

b. Fundamental resonant frequency
c. Residual frequency
d. Wavelength

15.07 The resonance system can be used to (Choose two)

a. Find small discontinuities

b. Measure material thickness
c. Find relatively large discontinuities
d. Find multiple discontinuities at several different depths in a specimen

15.08 Most resonance systems use .

a. A single transducer transmitting continuous waves

b. A single transducer transmitting pulsed waves
c. Separate transducers transmitting pulsed waves
d. Separate transducers transmitting continuous waves

LESSON : 16 : SELECTION PARAMETERS & TEST VARIABLES

16.01 Equipment selections and operations are parameters of UT system that are
controlled by the operator (True False)

16.02 To improve the ultrasonic test of a given specimen which of the following may
be modified (Choose two)

a. Specimen heat treat

b. Specimen shape
c. Specimen surface conditions
d. Adjustment of instrument controls

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 HOME WORKS ON ULTRASONIC TESTING LEVEL II
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16.03 The requirements of an ultrasonic test are outlined in the acceptance standard
(True False)

16.04 Standardization of ultrasonic test instrument is based on reflection from a

reference standard containing known size simulated discontinuities
(True False)

16.05 Any precisely machined reference standard block may be used in standardising
a test instrument for testing a given test specimen (True False)

16.06 Proper test equipment selection is dependent on the :

a. Overall test situation

b. Metallurgical structure of the specimen
c. Test specimen geometry
d. Surface condition of the test specimen

16.07 Which of the following frequencies would probably result in the greatest
attenuation loss ?

a. 1.0 mc/s b. 10.0 mc/s c. 25 kc/s d. 25 MHz

16.08 Paint must be removed from a test specimen since it prevents good coupling
between the transducer and specimen surface (True False)

16.09 Before a specimen whose surface is covered with thin scale :

a. Clean off any loose scale

b. Remove all scale
c. Rough-machine the surface
d. Paint the surface

16.10 In order to find the smallest discontinuities during test :

a. Use the lowest frequency possible

b. Use the highest frequency possible
c. Use through transmission testing
d. Use a small transducer

16.11 Transducers incorporating a plastic wedge frontal member are commonly used
in straight beam testing (True False)

16.12 The acoustical impedance of an ideal couplant should be between that of the
transducer and the test specimen (True False)

16.13 Ultrasonic waves which travel around a gradual curve with little or no reflection
from the curve are called :

a. Longitudinal waves

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 HOME WORKS ON ULTRASONIC TESTING LEVEL II
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b. Transverse waves
c. Surface waves
d. Shear waves

16.14 Plate waves may be used to test :

a. Thin sheet
b. Bar stock
c. Forgings
d. a, b & c

16.15 With reference to single-transducer pulse echo testing two transducer pulse
echo testing has better :

a. Near surface resolution

b. Specimen penetration power
c. Resolution at all depths
d. Sensitivity at all depths

16.16 A rough surface on the test specimen may cause a loss in amplitude on the CRT
screen (True False)

16.17 If the front and back surfaces of a test part are not parallel, there will be a
greatly reduced signal amplitude from any discontinuity in the part

16.18 Long or thin specimens may cause false indications due to mode conversion of
the longitudinal beam (True False)

16.19 A smooth discontinuity (crack) will reflect more energy than a discontinuity
with a rough surface (inclusion) which are normal to the beam (True False)

16.20 Both contact and immersion testing techniques can be used for performing an
angle beam examination of a part (True False)

16.21 The choice of a couplant is largely dependant on the surface condition of the
test specimen (True False)

16.22 Loss of back reflection is evidence that sound is not being returned to the

a. Discontinuity
b. Transducer
c. Test specimen
d. Back surface

16.23 An ultrasonic instrument operator can control the number of cycles of sound
energy transmitted into a test specimen by adjusting pulse length

A short pulse length results in : (Choose two)

a. Less instrument sensitivity

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 HOME WORKS ON ULTRASONIC TESTING LEVEL II
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b. Less penetration power

c. Better near surface resolution
d. Increased penetration power

16.24 In contact testing, shear waves may be produced in a test specimen by

a. Placing an X-cut quartz crystal on the specimen and coupling with oil
b. Using two transducers, one on each side of the specimen
c. Using a shear cut lens on the transducer
d. Using an angle beam transducer on a Lucite wedge

16.25 What is the wave form developed when the shear wave mode is refracted 90
degrees ?

a. Longitudinal wave
b. Transverse wave
c. Surface wave
d. Transitional wave

LESSON : 17 : NON RELEVANT INDICATIONS

Say True or False :

17.01 Accurate ultrasonic inspection cannot take place until all nonrelevant
indications are removed from the CRT screens

17.02 Non relevant indications caused by mode conversion in a long narrow specimen
will usually occur between the initial pulse and the first back reflection of the parts
back surface

17.03 Surface waves can be generated even in a 90 degree straight beam transducer

17.04 Surface waves can often be identified by placing your finger on the surface of
the plate in front of the transducers

17.05 The beam spread resulting in a cylindrical part can be minimized by using a
concave plastic shoe between the transducer and the part

17.06 Large grain size in a specimen will cause noise of hash on the CRT, but the
reject control on the instruct will always remove this nonrelevant indication and
permit an effective test

17.17 The heat affected zone in a weldment may cause a nonrelevant indication of the
CRT screen

17.18 A nonrelevant indication from the crown of weld can often be identified by
placing your finger on the suspected area

17.19 A properly used ultrasonic calculator will give you information of the following
in a weldment : but also

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 HOME WORKS ON ULTRASONIC TESTING LEVEL II
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a. Discontinuity depths below the surface

b. Discontinuity position in weldments
c. Exact size
d. All of the above
e. Both a & b only

17.10 The A-scan presentation is a CRT screen display showing existence, position,
and approximate size of discontinuities (True False)

17.11 The dead zone is that are of a specimen which lies directly beneath the
transducer, from which no indications can be received because of the inherent length
of the initial pulse

17.12 The surface condition (roughness) of a specimen has little effect on the
Transmission and receiving of ultrasonic energy (True False)

17.13 Spurious indications may result if an ultrasonic beam spreads to the sides of a
specimen before reaching the back surface (True False)

17.14 A discontinuity lying at an angle to the specimen will reflect sound at an angle
which would not be detected in straight beam examination
(True False)

17.15 An irrelevant indication that appears of a discontinuity indication but is not

synchronized with the sweep line on the CRT and moves from the left to right will be
to :

a. Electrical interference
b. Loose transducer crystal
c. Material structure interference
d. Interference from refraction

17.16 A loose or defective transducer crystal will produce a ringing effect on a CRT
screen (True False)

17.17 In contact testing, spurious indication resulting from transducer wedge

interference can be isolated simply by lifting the transducer off the test specimen and
being if the indication remain on the CRT screen (True False)

17.18 In straight beam testing, a discontinuity indication that moves with the
transducer can be the result of :

a. Longitudinal waves striking a discontinuity

b. Specimen grain structure
c. Surface waves travelling on the test specimen
d. Electrical interference

17.19 An ultrasonic equipment operator should primarily look for indications

appearing to the left of the back surface reflection because :

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 HOME WORKS ON ULTRASONIC TESTING LEVEL II
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a. They are the strongest and most easily seen

b. They are most likely to be caused by discontinuity
c. They determine material thickness
d. They determine what test specification may be used

17.20 In testing long specimens, spurious signals may result if the sound beam
spreads into the sides of the materials before reaching the back surfaces (True False)

17.21 Interference from coarse grain in a test specimen can sometimes be

distinguished by numerous reflections following the front surface indications (True
False)

17.22 In contract angle beam testing, an indication that moves slowly across the CRT
sweep or changes amplitude can be the result of :

a. Too much couplant b. Not enough couplant

17.23 The lack of parallelism between the front and back surfaces of a specimen

a. Makes it difficult to locate discontinuities that lie parallel to the front surface
b. May result in a CRT display that does not contain a back surface indications
c. Usually results in a CRT display having multiple indications of irregular
amplitude
d. Will decrease ultrasonic wave penetration

By:- B.R.MEGHWAL 1