Kuestion

Power Systems

www.kreatryx.com
 Contents
Manual for Kuestion ........................................................................... 2
Type 1: Capacitance and inductance ................................................... 3
Type 2: SIL loading .............................................................................. 4
Type 3: ABCD parameter ..................................................................... 5
Type 4: Surges ..................................................................................... 7
Type 5: Voltage control ....................................................................... 8
Type 6: Power factor correction ....................................................... 10
Type 7: UG cable ............................................................................... 11
Type 8: Overhead Insulators ............................................................. 12
Type 9: Distribution Systems............................................................. 14
Type 10: Economic Dispatch ............................................................. 15
Type 11: Per unit system ................................................................... 18
Type 12: Symmetrical Components .................................................. 20
Type 13: Fault Analysis ...................................................................... 22
Type 14: Thevenin Impedance .......................................................... 24
Type 15: Power System Stability ....................................................... 25
Type 16: Swing equation ................................................................... 27
Type 17: Power System Matrices ...................................................... 28
Type 18: Load flow Solution .............................................................. 31
Type 19: Plug setting Multiplier ........................................................ 33
Answer Key ....................................................................................... 35

2014 Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved.

1
 Manual for Kuestion

Why Kuestion?

Its very overwhelming for a student to even think about finishing 100-200 questions per
chapter when the clock is ticking at the last moment. This is the reason why Kuestion serves
the purpose of being the bare minimum set of questions to be solved from each chapter
during revision.

What is Kuestion?

A set of 40 questions or less for each chapter covering almost every type which has been
previously asked in GATE. Along with the Solved examples to refer from, a student can try
similar unsolved questions to improve his/her problem solving skills.

When do I start using Kuestion?

It is recommended to use Kuestion as soon as you feel confident in any particular chapter.
Although it will really help a student if he/she will start making use of Kuestion in the last 2
months before GATE Exam (November end onwards).

How do I use Kuestion?

Kuestion should be used as a tool to improve your speed and accuracy chapter wise. It should
be treated as a supplement to our K-Notes and should be attempted once you are comfortable
with the understanding and basic problem solving ability of the chapter. You should refer K-
Notes Theory before solving any Type problems from Kuestion.

2014 Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved.

2
Type 1: Capacitance and inductance
For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Transmission Lines

Common Mistake:
While calculating capacitance we do not use GMR but rather the radius of conductor, so this
is the basic difference in Inductance and Capacitance calculation.

Sample problem 1:
The conductor of a 10km long, single phase, two wire line are separated by a distance of 1.5m.
The diameter of an each conducting is 1cm. If the conductors are of copper, the induction of
the circuit is?
(A)50.0mH (B)45.3mH (C)23.8mH (D) 19.6mH
Solution: (C) is correct option
Inductor of a single phase circuit with copper conductors
d
Lab 2La 2 0.2 ln( )
r
Given d=1.5m, r=0.5cm, r=0.7788 0.5 10-2m
1.5
L ab 0.4ln 2
mH / km
0.7788 0.5 10
L ab 2.38mH / km
For 10km length of the line
Lab =23.8 mH

Unsolved Problems:

Q.1 Single phase concentric cable 5 km long has a capacitance of 0.2 F per km, the relative
permeability of the dielectric being 3.5. the diameter of the inner conductor is 1.5 cm and the
supply voltage is 66 kv at 50 Hz. Calculate the inner diameter of outer conductor
(A) 3.9 cm (B) 1.95 cm (C) 3.2 cm (D) 1.6 cm
Q.2 A double circuit 3-phse transmission line is shown below. The conductor a ,aI ; b,bI and
c,cI belong to the same phase respectively. The radius of each conductor is 1.5 cm. Find the
inductance of the double circuit line in mH /km /phase.
(A) 0.191
(B) 0.455
(C) 0.755
(D) 0.95

3
Q.3 A 3 phase double circuit line is shown in
the figure. The diameter of each conductor is
2 cm. Determine the capacitance per km length
of the line, assume that the line is transposed.
(A) 0.011 F
(B) 0.015 F
(C) 0.0192 F
(D) 0.0175 F

Q.4 . Fig. shows the spacings of a double circuit 3-phase overhead line. The phase sequence
is ABC and the line is completely transposed. The conductor radius is 0.75 cm each.
Inductance per phase per km is
(A) 0.462 mH

(B) 0.737 mH

(C) 0.623 mH

(D) 0.589 mH

Q.5 A single phase 60 Hz transmission line and a telephone line both are supported on a
horizontal cross-arm in the same horizontal plane. The spacing between transmission line
conductors is 2.5m and conductors of the telephone line are of solid copper spaced 0.6m
between centres. The distance between the nearest conductors of the two lines is 20cm. A
current of 150 A is flowing over the power line. The value of mutual inductance between the
circuit is?
(A)0.01 mH/km (B)0.00067 mH/km
(C)0.0046 mH/km (D)0.00033 mH/km

Type 2: SIL loading

For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Transmission Lines

Common Mistake:
While calculating SIL if we are using standard formula then we need to consider Line to Line
Voltage and if we use phase voltage we need to multiply the formula by a factor of 3.

Sample problem 2:
A loss less transmission line having Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) of 2280 MW is provided
with a uniformly distributed series capacitive compensation of 30%. Then, SIL of the
compensated transmission line will be
(A) 1835 MW (B) 2280 MW (C) 2725 MW (D) 3257 MW
Solution: (C) is correct option

4
Let characteristic impedance
impedance / km Z sc 1
Zc 1 pu
admit tance / km Z
oc 1
Given that for line 30% series capacitive compensation is provided. Hence the series
impedance of line is 0.7 or 70% of original value.
0.7
Znew 0.836 pu
1.0
V2
Surge imedance loading (SIL)=
Zc
1 (SIL)2 Z c1
SIL
Zc (SIL)1 Z c2
1.0
(SIL)2 2280M 2725 MW
0.836

Unsolved Problems:

Q.1 The L/C ratio for 132KV and 400KV lines are typically 160*103 and 62.5*103 respectively.
The neutral 3-phase loading for the two line will be respectively?
(A) 44 MW and 2500 MW (B) 44 MW and 640 MW
(C) 6400 MW and 44 MW (D) 108.9 MW and 2560 MW

Type 3: ABCD parameter

For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Transmission Lines

Common Mistake:
While using Transmission Parameters the voltages used should be per phase and not line to
line voltages.

Sample problem 3:

The generalized circuit constants of a 3-phase, 220kV rated voltage, medium length
transmission line are
A D 0.936 j0.016 0.9360.980
B 35.5 j138 142.076.4 0
C ( 5.18 j914 ) 10 6
If the load at the receiving end is 50 MW at 220 kV with a power factor of 0.9 lagging, then
magnitude of line to line sending end voltage should be
(A) 133.23 kV (B) 220.00 kV (C) 230. 78 kV (D) 246.30kV
Solution: (C) is correct option

5
Power received by load =50MW
Current at receiving end = 3Vr Ir cos
50 106
Ir 145.79A
3 220 103 0.9
Ir 145.79 25.84 0 cos=0.9 =25.84 0
220
Vs AVr BIr 0.9360.980 10 14.276.4 145.79 25.84 133.2467.77 KV
3 0 0 0

Line to line sending end voltage = 3 133.2467.770 KV 230.787.770 KV

Magnitude of line to line sending end voltage =230.78KV

Unsolved Problems:

Q.1 A 200km 3-phase 50Hz transmission line has the following data
A D 0.9381.20
B 131.272.30 /phase
C 0.001900 /phase
The sending end voltage is 230KV. The receiving end voltage is maintained as 220 kv . The
maximum power that can be transmitted and the correspond reactive power.
(A) 233.8Mw, 311 MVAR (B) 233.8Mw, - 311 MVAR
(C) 311Mw, 233.8MVAR (D) 311Mw 233.8 MVAR
Q.2 A 50Hz, 3-phase transmission line is 200 km long has total series impedance of (35 + j 140)
ohms / phase and a shunt admittance of 930 x 10-6 90 Mhos / phase. It delivers a load of
40Mw at 220 kv with 0.9 p.f. lag. Find the magnitude of sending voltage for line to line in kv.
(A) 232.4 (B) 229.8 (C) 227.6 (D) 236.5
Q.3 The generalized circuit constants of a nominal circuit representing a 3-phase
transmission line are A = D = 0.98 0.3, B = 0.25 76 ohm, C = 0.005 90 mho, The two
terminal voltages are held constant at 110 kV. If shunt admittance and the series resistance
are zero, steady state stability limit is(MW)
(A) 111.18 (B) 151.25 (C) 146.67 (D) 114.66
Q.4 A short 3phase transmission line with an impedance of (6 + j8) Ohms per phase has
sending and receiving end voltages of 120 kV and 110 kV respectively for some receiving end
load at a point of 0.9 lagging. The sending end power factor is
(A) 0.88 lag (B) 0.8 lag (C) 0.84 lag (D) 0.78 lag

6
Q.5 Two identical 3-phase transmission lines are connected in parallel to supply a load of
100MW at 132 KV and 0.8 pf lagging at the receiving-end. The constants of each
transmission line are as follows;
A 0.9810 ,B 100750 / phase
What are the values of constant A and B for the combined network?
(A) A 1.9610 ,B 200750 (B) A 0.9810 ,B 50750
(C) A 10010 ,B 0.98750 (D) A 0.9810 ,B 100750

Type 4: Surges
For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Transmission Lines

Common Mistake:
If a line is terminated in characteristic impedance then there is no reflection so you need not
solve the entire problem if you encounter such a case.

Sample problem 4:
A surge of 20 kV magnitude travels along a lossless cable towards its junction with two
identical lossless overhead transmission lines. The inductance and the capacitance of the
cable are 0.4 mH and 0.5 F per km. The inductance and capacitance of the overhead
transmission lines are 1.5 mH and 0.015 F per km. The magnitude of the voltage at the
junction due to surge is
(A) 36.72 kV (B) 18.36 kV (C) 6.07 kV (D) 33.93 kV
Solution: (A) is correct option
Surge impedance of cable
L
Z1 L=0.4 mH/km , C=0.5F/km
C
0.4 10 3
28.284
0.5 10 6
surge impedance of overhead transmission line
L
Z2 Z3 ; L=1.5 mH/km , C=0.015F/km
C
1.5 10 5
316.23
0.015 10 6
Now the magnitude of voltage at junction due to surge is being given by as
2 V Z 2 2 20 103 316.23
V 36.72KV
Z 2 Z1 316 28.284

7
Unsolved Problems:

Q.1 A 132 kv transmission line AB is connected to a cable BC. The characteristic impedances
of the overhead line and the cable are 400 and 80 respectively. Assume that these are
purely resistive A 250 kv switching surge travels from A to B. The value of the reflected
component of this surge when two first reflection reaches A
(A) 83.34 kv (B) 166.67 kv (C) 166.67 kv (D) 83.34 kv
Q.2 The ends of two long transmission lines A and C are connected by a cable B. The surge
impedances of A,B and C are 500, 70 and 600 ohms respectively. A rectangular voltage wave
of 20 KV magnitude and of infinite length is initiated in Atravels to C. Second impressed
voltage on C is
(A) 14.1 KV (B) 8.8 KV (C) 3.5 KV (D) 5.3 KV
Q.3 A surge f 100KV travelling in a line of natural impedance 600 arrives at a junction with
two lines of impedance 800 and 200 respectively. What is the value of surge voltage?
(A)42.09KV (B)43.76KV (C)45.98KV (D)42.04KV
Q.4 What is the first impressed surge voltage and currents into line-3 from following network

(A)38.96 KV, 155.8 A

(B)155.84 KV, 623.4 A
(C)77.92 KV, 31.17 A
(D)311.68 KV, 1246.8 A

Type 5: Voltage control

For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Transmission Lines

Common Mistake:
It is always easier to solve these type of problems in pu system rather than actual values.

Sample problem 5:
A 3-phase 11 kV generator feeds power to a constant power unity power factor load of
100MW through a 3-phase transmission line. The line-to line voltage at the terminals of the
machine is maintained constant at 11 kV. The per unit positive sequence impedance of the
line based on 100 MVA and 11 kV is j0.2. The line to line voltage at the load terminals is
measured to be less than 11 kV. The total reactive power to be injected at the terminals of
the load to increase the line-to-line voltage at the load terminals to 11 kV is (MVAR)
(A) 100 (B) 10.1 (C) 100 (D) 10.1
Solution: (D) is correct option

8
Given Load Power = 100 MW
VS = VR = 11 kV
p.u. (KV)2 j0.2 (11)2
imedance of line Z L j0.242
MV 100
So as to make the sending end voltage and receiving end voltage equal, the net reactive power
demand at load must be zero.
Let QC be the reactive power injected at load side and Qr be the reactive power received from
supply.
Qr Q C Q d
Qr QC 0 QC Qr
In this case =Line impedance angle =900
0.242, =00 , A 1.0
Vs Vr A 2
Pr cos( ) Vr cos( )
B B
11 11 1.0
100 cos(90 ) 112 cos(90 0)
0.242 0.242
sin 0.2 11.530
V V A 2
Qr s r sin( ) Vr sin( )
B B
11 11 1.0
Qr sin(90 11.53) 112 sin(90)
0.242 0.242
Qr 10.1 MVAR

Unsolved Problems:

Q.1 The receiving end voltage of a 20 km long are head transmission line is to be kept constant
at 10 KV. Its Voltage regulation is 20% with a load. It a capacitor is connected in parallel which
the load to reduce the regulation to 10% the sending end voltage is
(A) 9KV (B) 10KV (C) 11 KV (D) 12KV
Q.2 A 275Kv transmission line has A = 0.8550, B = 200 750 what is the ratio of compensating
equipment required in MVAR at the receiving end to maintain the sending and receiving end
voltages at 275kV. The load at the receiving end is 150MW at 0.8 power factor lagging
(A) 27.56 (B) 147.56 (C) +27.56 (D) 147.56
Q.3 Three supply points A, B and C are connected to bus bar M. Supply point A is maintained
at a nominal 275 KV and is connected to M through a 275/132 KV transformer
(0.1p.u.reactance) and a 132 KV line of reactance 50 . Supply point B is nominally at 132 KV
and is connected to M through a 132 KV line of 50 reactance. Supply point C is nominally
at 275 KV and is connected to M by a 275/132 KV transformer (0.1p.u reactance) and 132 KV
line of 50 reactance. If at a particular point, the line voltage M falls below its nominal value

9
by 5KV, calculate the magnitude of reactive volt ampere injection required at M to re-
establish the original voltage. The p.u values are expressed on a 500 MVA base and resistance
may neglect throughout.
(A) 7.6MVAR (B) 15.7 MVAR (C) 23 MVAR (D) 38 MVAR
Q.4 A 3-phase, 50 Hz overhead transmission line is feeding a 0.8 power factor lagging load
with both the sending end and receiving end line voltage held at 110KV. The sending-end
voltage leads the receiving end voltage by 150 and the line constants are as following
A 0.9610 ,B 100830
If a compensating device is required to met the demand of load, then VAR rating (in MVAR)
of device should be?
(A)24.71 (B)2.84 (C)19.03 (D) 21.87

Type 6: Power factor correction

For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Transmission Lines

Common Mistake:
While using formula for rating of compensating device the real power is always total three
phase power.
Also, we already consider Q as negative and hence answer comes out as positive for
capacitor.

Sample problem 6:

At an industrial sub-station with a 4 MW load, a capacitor of 2 MVAR is installed to maintain

the load power factor at 0.97 lagging. If the capacitor goes out of service, the load power
factor becomes
(A) 0.85 lag (B) 1.00 lag (C) 0.80 lag (D) 0.90 lag
Solution: (C) is correct option
Let the initial power factor angle =1
Given 2 cos1 0.97 14.070
P tan 1 tan 2 KVAR supplied by capacitor
4 106 (tan 1 tan14.070 ) 2 106 1 36.890
cos 1 0.8 lag
Hence if the capacitor goes out of the service the load power factor becomes 0.8 lag.

10
Unsolved Problems:
Q.1 An induction motor operating at 0.8 pf lag consuming 300 KW. A zero power consuming
synchronous motor is connected across the induction motor to raise the pf to 0.92 lagging.
The reactive power drawn by the synchronous motor is?
(A)97.2 KVAR lag (B)97.2 KVAR lead
(C)36 KVAR lag (D)36 KVAR lead
Q.2 A 400 V, 50 Hz, three phase balanced source supplies power to a star connected load
whose rating is 12 3 kVA, 0.8 pf (lag). The rating (in kVAR) of the delta connected (capacitive)
reactive power bank necessary to bring the pf to unity is?
(A) 28. 78 (B) 21.60 (C) 16.60 (D) 12.47

Type 7: UG cable
For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Underground Cables.

Common Mistake:
While connecting core to core and core to sheath make sure that you combine capacitors
correctly in series or parallel.

Sample problem 7:

Consider a three-core, three-phase, 50 Hz, 11 kV cable whose conductors are denoted as R,Y
and B in the figure. The inter-phase capacitance(C1) between each line conductor and the
sheath is 0.4 F . The per-phase charging current is

(A) 2.0 A
(B) 2.4 A
(C) 2.7 A
(D) 3.5 A
Solution: (A) is correct option
Given
3-, 50 Hz, 11 kV cable
C1 = 0.2 F
C2 = 0.4 F
Charging current IC per phase = ?
Capacitance Per Phase C = 3C1+ C2
C = 3*0.2 + 0.4 = 1 F
= 2f = 314

11
 V
Charging current Ic V( C)
Xc
11 103
= 314 1 106
3
= 2 Amp

Q.1 The charging current drawn by a cable with 3 cores and protected by a metal sheet when
switched on to a 11 KV, 50Hz supply. The capacitance between two cores with the third core
connected to the sheath is measured to be 3.7 .F
(A) 9.32 A (B) 14.77 A (C) 16.32 A (D) 17.54 A
Q.2 In a 3 core cable capacitance between any two cores is 0.5F and capacitance between
any one of the core to sheath is 0.3 F. What is capacitance measured between any two cores
connected together and third core?
(A)1.3F (B) 1.2F (C) 1.1F (D) 1.5F

Type 8: Overhead Insulators

For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Overhead Insulators.

Common Mistake:
Voltage Distribution can be obtained by using Voltage division and also by using KCL.

Sample problem 8:
Consider a three-phase, 50 Hz, 11 kV distribution system. Each of the conductors is suspended
by an insulator string having two identical porcelain insulators. The self-capacitance of the
insulator is 5 times the shunt capacitance between the link and the ground, as shown in the
figure. The voltages across the two insulators are

(A) e1 3.74 kV,e2 2.61 kV

(B) e1 3.46 kV,e2 2.89 kV
(C) e1 6.0 kV, e2 4.23 kV
(D) e1 5.5 kV, e2 5.5 kV
Solution: (B) is correct option

At A point I1 I 2 I3
e1 5C e2 C e3 5C
5e1 6e2 ...........................................(1)

12
 11k
e1 e2 6.35kV.................(2)
3
From equation (1) and (2) we can get
e1 =2.886kV and e2 =3.46kV

Unsolved Problems:

Q.1 In a four disc string insulator capacitance grading is employed in order to get 100% string
efficiency. The capacitance of shunt capacitor is 0.05 F and the capacitance of a disc near to
cross arm is 0.1 F. The capacitance of a disc near to power conductor is
(A) 0.35 F (B) 0.4 F (C) 0.25 F (D) 0.15 F
Q.2 . The equivalent capacitor arrangement of the two string Insulator is shown below. The
maximum voltage that each unit can with stand should not exceed 17.5 kV. The line to line
voltage of the system is?
(A) 17.5 kV
(B) 33 kV
(C) 57.15 kV
(D) 30.3 kV

Q.3 In a 3 unit insulator string, voltage across the lowest unit is 17.5 KV and string efficiency
is 84.28%. The total voltage across the string will be equal to?
(A)8.825KV (B)44.25KV (C)88.25KV (D)442.5KV
Q.4 If the voltage across the string of a string insulator assembly is 38KV, number of insulators
discs are 4 and voltage across the lowest disc is 12KV, string efficiency is?
(A)79.1% (B)70% (C)50% (D)100%
Q.5 It is required to grade a string consisting of three suspension insulators. Determine the
line to pin capacitance that would give the same voltage across each insulator of the string if
the pin to earth capacitance are all equal to 0.5C?
1 1 3 1 1 1
(A) C, C, C (B) C, C, C
12 5 8 16 8 2
1 1 1
(C) C, C, C (D) 5C, 8C, 1C
5 3 2

13
Type 9: Distribution Systems
For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Distribution Systems.

Sample problem 9:
A distribution feeder of 1 km length having resistance, but negligible reactance, is fed from
both the ends by 400V, 50 Hz balanced sources. Both voltage sources S1 and S2 are in phase.
The feeder supplies concentrated loads of unity power factor as shown in the figure.

The contributions of S1 and S2 in 100 A current supplied at location P respectively, are

(A) 75 A and 25 A (B) 50 A and 50 A
(C) 25 A and 75 A (D) 0 A and 100 A
Solution: (D) is correct option
Assume point of minimum voltage is A
Assume resistance of entire feeder = R
VA 400 I1 0.4R .(i)
VA 400 I2 0.2R I2 200 0.2R I2 300 0.2R
= 400 0.6 R I2 + 100R ..(ii)
I1 I2 300 200
I1 I2 = 500 .(iii)
From (i) & (ii)
4 00 0.4I1R 4 00 0.6I2R 100R
0.6I2 0.4I1 100 (iv)
0.4I1 0.4I2 200 .(v)
Contribution of I2 to IP I2 200 100A
Contribution of I1to IP 0A

Unsolved Problems:
Q.1 . A two line d.c. distributor fed from both ends is shown below. The Minimum Voltage
on the distributor is
(A) 218.45
(B) 220.45
(C) 219.45
(D) 216.45

14
Q.2 A single phase two wire feeder 1500m long is shown below what is the voltage at the
sending end. The impedance A at the feeder is (0.06 + 0.1) ohms / km

(A) 253 3.56

(B) 250 2.560
(C) 255 1.560
(D) 245 2.10

Q.3 A dc 2 wire ring main distributor is shown below. Find the total currents supplied by two
sources. The resistance of each conductor 0.01 ohms/km. The source voltages are equal
(A) 90.78 A, 109.28 A
(B) 122.22 A, 77.78 A
(C) 105.78 A, 94.22 A
(D) 115. 22 A, 84.78 A

Q.4 A 2 wire DC distributor ABCDEA in the form of a ring main is fed at point A at 220V and is
loaded as shown in the figure. The minimum potential on the distributor is
(A)220 V
(B)216.15 V
(C)216.45 V
(D)218.28 V

Type 10: Economic Dispatch

For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Economic Power Generation.

Point to Remember:
Just remember the basic formulas for factors related to plant and no need to memorize all
factor just a few important ones are fine.

15
Sample problem 10:
The figure shows a two-generator system applying a load of PD = 40MW, connected at bus 2.

The fuel cost of generators G1 and G2 are :

C1(PG1) = 10000 Rs/MWh and C2(PG2) = 12500 Rs/MWh and the loss in the line is
Ploss(pu)= 0.5P2G1(pu), where the loss coefficient is specified in pu on a 100MVA base. The
most economic power generation schedule in MW is
(A) PG1 = 20,PG2 = 22 (B) PG1 = 22,PG2 = 20
(C) PG1 = 20,PG2 = 20 (D) PG1 = 0,PG2 = 40
Solution: (A) is correct option
1
Let penalty factor of plant G1 L1 ; PL 0.5PG1
2
PL
1
PG1
PL
0.5 2 PG1 PG1
PG1
1
So,L1
1 PG1
1 PL
Penalty factor of plant G2 is L2 =1 ; 0
PL PG2
1
PG2
For economic power generation C1 L1 C2 L2
where C1 and C2 are the incremental fuel cost of plant G1 and G2
1
So, 10000 12500 1
1 P
G1

4 1
1 PG1 PG1 pu
5 5
1
It is an 100 MVA, so PG1 100 20 MW
5
2
1 1 1
Loss PL 0.5 pu 100 2 MW
5 50 50

16
Total power,
PL PG1 PG2 PL
40 20 PG2 2 PG2 22 MW

Unsolved Problems:

Q.1 Two power plants interconnected by a tie line as shown in the above figure have loss
formula coefficient b11 = 10-3mW-1. Power is being dispatched economically with plant as
100Mw and plant 2 as 125 Mw. The penalty factor for the plants 1 and 2 are respectively.
(A) 1 and 1.25
(B) 1.25 and 1
(C) 1 and zero
(D) zero and 1
Q.2 A two bus system is shown below

If 100 Mw is transmitted from plant 1 to the load, a transmission loss of 10 Mw is incurred.

Find the required generation for each plant when the system x is Rs.25/mwhr. The
incremental fuel costs are
dC1 dC2
0.02 PG1 16 Rs / Mwhr ; 0.04 PG2 20 Rs / Mwhr
dPG1 dPG2
(A) 140.5 MW and 125 MW (B) 125 MW and 128.57 MW
(C) 128.57 MW and 125 MW (D) 135.2 MW and 125 MW
Q.3 The incremented fuel cost of two plants are given as
I C1 0.1P1 15 Rs / Mwhr
I C 2 20 Rs / Mwhr
The minimum and maximum generation limits are 50 Pi 100, (i 1,2) The load on the
system is 180 MW. The generation limits are
(A) 90 MW and 90 MW (B) 100 MW and 80 MW
(C) 80 MW and 100 MW (D) 60 MW and 120 MW
Q.4 The power generated by two plants are P1 = 50 mw and P2 = 40 mw the loss coefficients
are B11 = 0.001, B22 = 0.0025 and B12 = -0.0005. The demand on the system will be
(A) 90 MW (B) 84.5 MW (C) 79.5 MW (D) 74.5 MW

17
Q.5 For the system whose line diagram is shown in figure. I1 = 1.000 and I2 = 0.8 00 per
unit. If the voltage at bus 3 is 1.0 00 per unit. Find the loss coefficients B12 line impedances
are (0.04+j0.16) per unit, (0.03+j0.12) per unit and (0.02+j0.08) per unit for sections a, b and
c respectively
(A) 0.0554p.u.
(B) 0.0188p.u.
(C) 0.0477p.u.
(D) 1.225p.u.

Type 11: Per unit system

For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Per Unit System.

Common Mistake:
The voltage ratings of Transformers need not be necessarily be the base values, you need to
transform the voltage bases as per transformer voltage ratios.

Sample problem 11:

Two generator units G1 and G2 are connected by 15 kV line with a bus at the midpoint as
shown below

G1 = 250MVA, 15 kV, positive sequence reactance XG1 =25% on its own base
G2 = 100MVA, 15 kV, positive sequence reactance XG2 =10% on its own base L1 and L2 = 10km,
positive sequence reactance XL = 0.225 /km
For the above system, the positive sequence diagram with the pu values on the 10 MVA
common is?

18
Solution: (A) is correct option
Positive sequence diagram of the above system

2
100 15
X G1 0.25 0.1
250 15
2
100 15
X G2 0.1 0.1
100 15
100 225
XL1 0.225 10 j1.0
152 225
100 225
XL2 0.225 10 2 j1.0
15 225

Unsolved Problems:

Q.1 Assuming S buses of 20MVA and 40MVA

G1 G2 Tr
30MVA 25MVA 60MVA
11KV 11KV 11KV () : 66KV (Y)
X=0.20 pu X=0.25 pu X=0.10 pu
From the figure find the actual impedance in ohm for given Sbase as 25 MVA?
(A)j0.8874 (B)j0.6853 (C)j0.0263 (D)j0.0293

Q.2 For the power system shown in the figure below, the specifications of the components
are the following:
G1: 25 kV, 100 MVA, X = 9%
G2: 25 kV, 100 MVA, X = 9%
T1: 25 kV/220 kV, 90 MVA, X = 12%
T2: 220 kV/25 kV, 90 MVA, X = 12%

19
Line 1: 200 kV, X = 150 ohms
Choose 25 kV as the base voltage at the generator G1, and 200 MVA as the MVA base. The
impedance diagram is?

Type 12: Symmetrical Components

For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Fault Analysis.

Point to Remember:
Try to understand the zero sequence network for Transformer using Switch Model.

Sample Problem 12:

A three-phase alternator generating unbalanced voltages is connected to an unbalanced load
through a 3-phase transmission line as shown in figure. The neutral of the alternator and the
star point of the load are solidly grounded. The phase voltages of the alternator are
Ea 1000 V,Eb 10 900 V,Ec 101200 V.
The positive-sequence component of the load current is
(A) 1.310- 1070 A
(B) 0.332- 1200 A
(C) 0.996- 1200 A
(D) 3.510- 810 A

Solution: (D) is correct option

Both sides are grounded
Ea 1000
So, Ia 5 900
Za 2j
Eb 10 900
Ib 3.33 1800
Zb 3j

20
 Ec 101200
Ic 2.5300
Zc 4j
1
We know that Ia1 I Ib 2Ic ; where =11200 2=12400
3 a
1
Ia1 5 900 3.33( 1800 1200 ) 2.5(2400 300 )
3
1
Ia1 5 900 3.33 600 2.52700
3
1
Ia1 5j 1.665 j2.883 2.5j 3.5 80.890
3

Unsolved Problems:

Q.1 A single phase load of 100kv is connected across lines b and c of a 3-phase supply of 3.3kv.
Determine the positive sequence component of line a is
(A) 30.3A (B) 17.5A (C) 0A (D) 48.5A
Q.2 In a unbalanced 3phase power system, the currents are measured as
Ia = zero , Ib = 660 and Ic = 6-120. The corresponding sequence currents are
Ia0 Ia1 Ia2
(A) zero 3-j3 -3+j3
(B) zero -3+j3 3-j3
(C) zero -9+j33 9-j33
(D) zero 9-j33 -9+j33

Q.3 When a 50 MVA, 11 KV 3-phase generator is subjected to a 3-phase fault, the fault current
is j 5 p.u. When it is subjected to a line-to-line fault, the positive sequence current is j 4p.u.
The positive and negative sequence reactance are respectively
(A) j 0.2 and j 0.05 p.u (B) j 0.2 and j 0.25 p.u
(C) j 0.25 and j 0.25 p.u (D) j 0.05 and j 0.05 p.u
Q.4 A 3 - line supplies a delta connected load. The line current line1 is 100 A, taking the
current in line 1 is as reference, current in line 2 is 100 1800 . Positive symmetrical
component of line 2, if phase 3 is only switched off

(A) 57.65 900

(B) 172.95 900

(C) 172.95 1500

(D) 57.65 2100

21
Type 13: Fault Analysis
For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Fault Analysis.

Common Mistake:
While calculating any reactance please make sure that unit is correct as answer may be in pu
or in ohms.

Sample problem 13:

A 20-MVA, 6.6-kV, 3-phase alternator is connected to a 3-phase transmission line. The per
unit positive-sequence, negative-sequence and zero-sequence impedances of the alternator
are j0.1, j0.1 and j0.04 respectively. The neutral of the alternator is connected to ground
through an inductive reactor of j0.05 p.u. The per unit positive-, negative- and zero-
sequence impedances of transmission line are j0.1, j0.1 and j0.3, respectively. All per unit
values are based on the machine ratings. A solid ground fault occurs at one phase of the far
end of the transmission line. The voltage of the alternator neutral with respect to ground
during the fault is?

(A)513.8 V (B)889.9 V (C)1112.0 V (D) 642.2 V

Solution: (D) is correct option
Total zero sequence impedance, +ve sequence impedance and ve sequence impedances
Z0 = (Z0) Line+ (Z0) Generator = j0.04 + j0.3 = j0.34 pu
Z1 = (Z1) Line+ (Z1) Generator = j0.1 + j0.1 = j0.2 pu
Z2 = (Z2) Line+ (Z2) Generator = j0.1 + j0.1 = j0.2 pu
Zn = j0.05 pu
for L-G fault
Ea 0.1
Ia1 j1.12 pu
Z0 Z1 Z 2 3Zn j0.2 j0.2 j0.34 j0.15
generator MVA 20 106
IBase 1750 A
3 generator KV 3 6.6 103
Fault current If 3 Ia IBase 3 j1.12 1750 j5897.6 A
6.6
2

Neutral Voltage Vn=I f Z n and Z n=Z B Z pu 0.05 0.1089

20
Vn = 5897.6 0.1089
Vn = 642.2 V

22
Unsolved Problems:

Q.1 A 3-phase 50 Hz generator is rated at 500 MVA, 20 kv with Xd=0.2p.u.It supplies purely
resistive load of 400 Mw at 20 kv. The load is connected directly across the terminal of the
generator. If all the three phases of the load are short circuited simultaneously through a fault
reactance of 0.1 p.u, find the initial symmetrical r.m.s. current in the generator in kA in the
generator on a base of 500 MVA, 20kv.
(A) 72.17 (B) 27.75 (C) 38.45 (D) 56.28

Q.2 When a 50 MVA, 11 KV 3 phase generator is subjected to a 3 phase fault, the fault
current is j5 PU. When it is subjected a line to line fault, the positive sequence current is
j4Pu. The positive and negative sequence reactances are respectively
(A) j0.2, j0.05 (B) j0.2, j0.25
(C) j0.25, j0.25 (D) j0.05, j0.05

Q.3 Two 11 KV, 20 MVA, three phase, star connected generators operate in parallel. The
positive, negative and zero sequence reactances of each being respectively j0.18, j0.15 and
j0.1 P.U. The star point of one of the generator is isolated and the other is earthed through a
2 resistor. The potential of the neutral for a line to ground fault in P.U.
(A) 0.33 (B) 0.96 (C) 2.89 (D) 1.44

Q.4 In the power system shown, the values are marked are the per unit reactances taking
20 MVA and 11 KV as base values in the generator circuit. Both transformers are rated for
11/110 KV. A three phase to ground fault with a fault impedance of j0.088 pu occurs at bus2.
The fault current supplied by generator 2 is

(A) 154.8A

(B) 264.4A

(C) 109.6A

(D) 127.8A

Q.5 A 10 MVA, 13.8 kV alternator has positive, negative and zero sequence reactance of 30%,
40% and 5 % respectively. What reactance must be put in the generator neutral so that the
fault current for a line to ground fault of zero fault impedance will not exceed the rated line
current.
(A) 13.28 (B) 14.28 (C) 15.25 (D) 16.5

23
Type 14: Thevenin Impedance
For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Fault Analysis.

Common Mistake:
While calculating transfer reactance, shunt branches of pi-network are neglected.

Sample problem 14:

A generator is connected to a transformer which feeds another transformer through a short
feeder. The zero sequence impedance values are expressed In pu on a common base and
voltage are indicate in figure. The Thevenin equivalent zero sequence impedance at point B
is?

(A) 0.8+j0.6 (B) 0.75+j0.22

(C) 0.75+j0.25 (D) 1.5+j0.25
Solution: (B) is correct option
Per unit zero sequence reactance diagram of the given single line diagram is shown below.

Thevenin equivalent impedance, Zth at B is Zth=j0.1+j0.5+j0.07+0.75=0.75+j0.22

Unsolved Problems:
Q.1 For the network shown, the zero sequence reactance in PU are indicated. The zero
sequence driving point reactance of the node 3 is
(A) 0.12 PU
(B) 0.30 PU
(C) 0.10 P.U
(D) 0.2 PU

24
Q.2 For the diagram shown below, the steady state symmetrical fault current for a 3 phase
fault on the 11 kV feeder is

(A) 10 p.u
(B) 15 p.u
(C) 20 p.u
(D) 25 p.u

Q.3 A 3-phase fault occurs at the middle point F on the transmission line as shown in the
figure. The transfer reactance appearing between the generator and the infinite bus is?
(A)j0.9 pu
(B) j0.575 pu
(C)j0.62 pu
(D)j0.65 pu

Q.4 For figure shown below calculate the max power transfer (during the fault ), when the
system is healthy, fault occurs at the middle of the line and fault is cleared by the breaker?
(A)1.567 pu
(B)0.722 pu
(C)0.226 pu
(D)0.618 pu

Type 15: Power System Stability

For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Power System Stability.

Point to Remember:
If you are not able to remember the entire expression for critical clearing angle then better
understand the method and you can compute using integration.

Sample problem 15:

A cylinder rotor generator delivers 0.5 pu power in the steady-state to an infinite bus
through a transmission line of reactance 0.5 pu. The generator no-load voltage is 1.5 pu and
the infinite bus voltage is 1 pu. The inertia constant of the generator is 5MW-s/MVA and the
generator reactance is 1 pu. The critical clearing angle, in degrees, for a three-phase dead
short circuit fault at the generator terminal is
(A) 53.50 (B) 60.20 (C) 70.80 (D) 79.60

25
Solution: (D) is correct option

Total reactance X= j1+j0.5 =j1.5 pu

Ps=Pe1=0.5 pu
EV 1.5 1.0
Before fault Pm1 1.0 pu
X 1.5
During fault Pm2=0 pu
After the fault Pm3=1.0 pu
P
sin1 s 300
Pm1
30
0 (radians) 0.52 rad
180
P 0.5
max 180 sin1 s 180 sin1 150
0

Pm3 1
150
max (radians) 2.168 rad
180
P ( 0 ) Pm3 cos max
1 0.5(2.168 0.52) 1.0 cos150
0

Critical clearing angle c cos 1 s max cos
Pm3 1.0
c 79.450

Unsolved Problems:

Q.1 A synchronous generator is connected to an infinite bus through a loss less double circuit
transmission line. The generator is delivering 1.0 P.U power at a load angle at 300. When a
sudden fault reduces are peak power that can transmitted to 0.5 P.U. After clearance of fault
the peak power that can be transmitted becomes 1.5 per limit. Find the critical clearing angle
(A) 73.46 (B) 69.36 (C) 62.32 (D) 56.26
Q.2 A 50 Hz 3-phase generator is supplying 60% of man power to an infinite bus though a
reactive network. A fault occurs which will increase the reactance of the network between
the generator to the infinite bus to 400% of the original value. When the fault is cleared, the
maximum power that can be delivered is 80% of the original maximum value. Determine the
critical clearing angle for the condition described.
(A) 56.60 (B) 62.40 (C) 66.050 (D) 72.540

26
Q.3 The single line diagram of the power system is having a three phase fault at the point P.
The generator is delivering 1.0 P.U. power at the instant preceding the fault.

The Maximum power transfer before, during and fault in P.U. are
(A) 2.3, 0.82, 2.3 (B) 1.5, 0.82, 2.3
(C) 2.3, 0, 2.3 (D) 2.3, 0, 1.5
Q.4 A 50 Hz, 6 pole generator with H=4.0 pu delivers 1.0 pu to an infinite bus bar through a
network in which resistance is negligible, and is supplying 45% of its peak power capacity as
shown. A 3-phase fault occurs at the point F of the outgoing radial line. Faulted line is cleared
by the opening of the line circuit breaker. Critical clearing time is
(A) 0.342 sec
(B) 0.278 sec
(C) 0.372 sec
(D) 0.226 sec

Type 16: Swing equation

For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Power System Stability.

Common Mistake:
Both M and H are inertia constants and the only way to distinguish between them is through
their units.

Sample problem 16:

A 500 MW, 21 kV, 50 Hz, 3-phase, 2-pole synchronous generator having a rated p.f= 0.9, has
a moment of inertia of 27.5 X 103 # kg-m2 .The inertia constant (H ) will be
(A) 2.44 s (B) 2.71 s (C) 4.88 s (D) 5.42 s
Solution: (A) is correct option
Given Synchronous generator of 500 MW, 21 kV, 50 Hz, 3-, 2-pole, P.F = 0.9, Moment of
inertia M = 27.5 *103 kg-m2
Inertia constant H = ?
P 500 MW
Generator rating in MVA G 555.56 MVA
cos 0.9
120 f 120 50
N 3000 rpm
pole 2

27
 2
1 1 2N 1 3 2 3000
stored K.E. = M2 M 27.5 10 MJ 1357.07 MJ
2 2 60 2 60
Stored Kinetic Energy
inertia cos tant (H)=
Rating of generator (MVA)
1357.07
H= 2.44 sec
555.56
Q.1 A 50Hz two pole turbo attenuator rated 50 MVA, 13.2 kv has an inertia constant
H = 5 MJ / MVA. The input less the rotational losses is 65,000 HP and the electrical power
developed is 40 Mw. Determine the angular acceleration in electrical deg/sec2 is
(A) 305.64 (B) 290.45 (C) 192.45 (D) 320.24

Q.2 A 2 pole, 50 Hz, 11KV turbo-generator has a rating of 60 MW, power factor 0.85 lagging.
Its rotor has a moment of inertia of 8800 kg-m2. The inertia constant in MJ per MVA and its
momentum in MJ-s/electrical degree respectively are?
(A)8.5149, 0.1447 (B)7.2376, 0.04825
(C)6.152, 0.01825 (D)6.152, 0.1447

Q.3 A synchronous generator of reactance 1.20pu is connected to an infinite bus-bar through

a transformer and a line of total reactance of 0.6pu. The infinite bus-bar voltage is 1.0pu and
the generator no load voltage is 1.2pu. The inertia constant is H=4 Mw-sec/MVA. The
resistance and machine damping may be assumed negligible. The system frequency is 50Hz.
The frequency of oscillations in Hz if the alternator is loaded to 50% of maximum power limit.
(A) 0.63 (B) 0.758 (C) 0.428 (D) 0.542
Q.4 A 100 MVA synchronous Generator operates on full load at a frequency of 50Hz. The
load is suddenly reduced to 50 Mw. Due to time lag in governor system the Steam value begins
to close after 0.4 seconds. Determine the change in frequency that occurs in this time. Given
H = 5 kwS/kVA .
(A) 50.5 Hz (B) 50 Hz (C) 51.5 Hz (D) 52 Hz
Q.5 A power station consists of two synchronous generators A and B at rating 250MVA and
500MVA with inertia constant at 1.6 p.u and 1 p.u respectively on their own base MVA ratings.
The equivalent p.u inertia constant in the system on 100 MVA common base will be
(A) 2.6 p.u (B) 0.615 p.u (C) 1.625 p.u (D) 9 p.u

Type 17: Power System Matrices

For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Load Flow Study.

Common Mistake:
Number of non-zero off-diagonal elements in bus admittance matrix are double the number
of transmission lines in a power system network.

28
Sample problem 17:
The network shown in the given figure has impedances in p.u. as indicated. The diagonal
element Y22 of the bus admittance matrix YBUS of the network is

(A) j19.8
(B) +j20.0
(C) +j0.2
(D) j19.95
Solution: (D) is correct option
I1 = V1 Y11+ (V1 - V2 )Y12
= 0.05V1 - j10(V1 - V2 ) =- j9.95V1+ j10V2
I2 = (V2 - V1 )Y21+ (V2 - V3 )Y23
= j10V1 - j9.9V2 - j0.1V3
Y22 = Y11+ Y23+ Y2
=- j9.95 - j9.9 - 0.1j
=- j19.95

Fault analysis using Z bus

Sample problem 18:

For a power system the admittance and impedance matrices for the fault studies are as
follows.
j8.75 j1.25 j2.50 j0.16 j0.08 j0.12

Ybus j1.25 j6.25 j2.50 ; Z bus j0.08 j0.24 j0.16
j2.50 j2.50 j5.00 j0.12 j0.16 j0.34

The pre-fault voltages are 1.0 pu. at all the buses. The system was unloaded prior to the fault.
A solid 3-phase fault takes place at bus 2. The post fault voltages at buses 1 and 3 in per unit
respectively are
(A) 0.24, 0.63 (B) 0.31, 0.76 (C) 0.33, 0.67 (D) 0.67, 0.33
Solution: (D) is correct option
The post fault voltage at bus 1 and 3 are.
Pre fault voltage.

V1 100

Vbus V2 100
V3 100

At bus 2 solid fault occurs Z(f) = 0, r = 2

29
 Vr0 V20
Fault current If
Zrr Z f Z 22 Z f
100
Zf 4 j
j0.24

Vi (f) = Vi0 (0) - Z ir I(f), ;Vi0 = Prefault voltage

V1 (f) = Vi0 - Z12I f = 100 -j0.08(-j4) = 1 - 0.32
V1 (f) = 0.68 pu
V3 (f) = V30 - Z 32I f = 100 -j0.16(-j4) = 1 - 0.64
V3 (f) = 0.36 pu

Unsolved Problems:

Q.1 A single line diagram of a power system is shown. The diagonal elements of the Y bus
matrix is
(A) j0.7 pu, j0.75 pu, j0.45pu

(B) -j0.7pu, -j0.75pu, -j0.45pu

(C) -j7.0pu, -j60pu, -j9.0pu

(D) j7.0 pu, j6.0pu, j9.0pu

Q.2 The Reactances between the various buses in a power system are given in the table
below. Y22 and Y33 of YBUS are
Buses Reactance in p.u
1-2 0.1
1-4 0.2
2-3 0.25
2-4 0.5
3-1 0.4
4-3 0.5
(A) -j 0.85, -j 1.15 (B) -j 19, -j 30
(C) -j 0.65, -j 1.15 (D) -j 16, -j 8.5

30
Q.3 The power system network shown in figure, where bus numbers impedances are marked,
assuming equal R/X of impedances, find the bus impedance matrix element z22.
(A) 2.0 (B) 0.5
(C) 3.5 (D) 4.5

Q.4 The Ybus matrix of a 100-bus interconnected system is 90% sparse. Hence the number of
transmission lines in the system must be?
(A)450 (B)800 (C)1000 (D)600

Type 18: Load flow Solution

For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Load Flow Study.

Common Mistake:
These type of questions are based on basic power angle equation and performance
equations of short Transmission Line.

Sample problem 19:

In the following network, the voltage magnitudes at all buses are equal to 1 pu, the voltage
phase angles are very small, and the line resistances are negligible. All the line reactances
are equal to j1

The voltage phase angles in rad at buses 2 and 3 are

(A) 2 =- 0.1, 3 =- 0.2
(B) 2 = 0 , 3 =- 0.1
(C) 2 = 0.1 , 3 = 0.1
(D) 2 = 0.1, 3 = 0.2
Solution: (B) is correct option
0.1pu power must flow from slack bus to Bus3 so that demand at Bus 3 is satisfied and
therefore,
V1V3 1* 1
Power P13 sin( 1 3 ) sin(0 3 ) 0.1
X13 1
sin3 3
Therefore, 3 0.1rad
Since, no power flows from Bus1 to Bus2 so both must have same angles
Therefore, 2 0rad

31
Unsolved Problems:

Q.1 Figure shows a 3-phase system supplied at 11 KV at A. The load currents are balanced
and the pfs (all lagging) are with respect to supply voltage at A. The impedances shown are
per phase values. Voltage at load point C is

(A) 9.93 KV

(B) 10.23 KV

(C) 10.66 KV

(D) 9.27 KV

Q.2 A simple power system has been shown in fig. all quantities are phasors VA = 10pv,
ZAB = j0.25 pv, SDA = 2.00 pu, SDB = 2.00 pu. If QGB is made as a zero, voltage VB is
(A) 0.27 30
(B) 0.5 40
(C) 0.834 30
(D) 0.707 45

Q.3 The station loads are equalized by the flow of power in the cable. The Generator can
generate a maximum of 20.0 pu real power.

Reactive power flow in the cable

(A) 0.638 pu (B) 0.638 pu (C) 1.276 pu (D) 0
Q.4 For a 15 bus power system with 3 voltage controlled bus, the size of Jocobian Matrix is
(A) 11 x 11 (B) 12 x 12 (C) 24 x 24 (D) 25 x 25
Q.5 A 50Hz transmission line 300km long has a total series impedance of 40+j125 ohms and
a total shunt admittance of 10-3 mho. The receiving end load is 50MW at 220kv with 0.8
lagging power factor. Find the sending power with the short line approximating
(A) 52.15MW (B) 53.2MW (C) 52.58MW (D) 51.15MW

32
Type 19: Plug setting Multiplier
For Concept, refer to Power Systems K-Notes, Power System Protection.

Common Mistake:
Remember to consider the relay setting while calculating Pick-up Current, it is not necessarily
equal to rated secondary current of Current Transformer.

Sample problem 20:

The overcurrent relays for the line protection and loads connected at the buses are shown in
the figure.

The relays are IDMT in nature having the characteristic

0.14 Time Multiplier Setting
top
(Plug setting multiplier)0.02 1
The maximum and minimum fault currents at bus B are 2000 A and 500 A respectively.
Assuming the time multiplier setting and plug setting for relay RB to be 0.1 and 5A
respectively, the operating time of RB (in seconds) is ____________
(A)0.2267s (B)0.2356s (C)0.2145s (D)0.2148s
Solution: (A) is correct option
CT ratio = 500 5 100 : 1

Maximum fault current 2000

PSM = 20
CT primary current 100

0.14 0.1
Top = = 0.2267 s
20 0.02 1

Unsolved Problems:

Q.1 A fault current of 2000A is passing on the primary side of a 400/5 CT. on the secondary
side of the CT an inverse-time over current relay is connected whose plug setting is set at
50%. The plug setting multiplier will be
(A) 25 (B) 50 (C) 10 (D) 30

33
Q.2 The rated secondary current of a current transformer (CT) is 5A. The plug setting of relay
connected to the secondary is 2.5 A. If the effective VA burden on the CT is 12 VA, then the
VA burden of the relay at 2.5 A plug setting is
(A) 0.75 A (B) 3 A (C) 6 A (D) 12 A
Q.3 An over-current relay, having a current setting of 12.5% is connected to a supply circuit
through a current transformer of ratio 400/5. The pick-up current value is?
(A)0.625A (B)10A (C)12.5A (D)15A

34
 Answer Key

1 2 3 4 5
Type 1 A B C C B
Type 2 B
Type 3 B B B A B
Type 4 C A D B
Type 5 C B D A
Type 6 B D
Type 7 B B
Type 8 B C B A A
Type 9 A A B B
Type 10 B C C B B
Type 11 B B
Type 12 B B B D
Type 13 B A B C B
Type 14 C B A D
Type 15 B C D D
Type 16 A C B B D
Type 17 C D C A
Type 18 C D C D B
Type 19 C C C

35