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Fondasi II

Pile Foundation

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Pile capacity
based on
insitu soil investigation

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Insitu soil investigation

3
Variety of Field Testing Devices
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Pile capacity
based on CPT data

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Cone Penetration Test
p Popular in Europe, Gaining favor in US
p Rapid subsurface exploration without taking soil
samples
p Base area = 1000mm2
p Methods
n Static cone test
when pushed
n Dynamic cone test
when driven

Mechanical cone penetrometer

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Cone Pentration Test

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Heijnen (1974)
De Ruiter & Beringen (1979)

q +q
q p
= c1
2
c2
15000 kPa (150Kg / cm 2 )
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Pile capacity
based on SPT data

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
SPT SPT

N-SPT : The number


of blows to drive the
sampler the last 305
mm (12 in)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Summary Perhitungan Daya Dukung Aksial Pondasi Tiang!
Rangkuman Perhitungan Daya Dukung Aksial Pondasi Tiang!
! Lempung Pasir
Tiang Pancang Tiang Bor Tiang Pancang Tiang Bor

Berdasarkan c Berdasarkan c Dasar N-SPT Dasar N-SPT


= c = c = 0.1 (t/m2); (displacement = (0.1-0.32) (t/m2)
- (API, 1986); Gbr. 3.15 - (Kulhawy, 1984); Gbr. 3.17 kecil) rata-rata = 0.2 (t/m2)
- (revised API meth, 1987) - = 0.55 (Reese & Wright, 1988) = 0.2 (t/m2); (displacement
= 0.5()-0.5, untuk y 1.0 - (Reese & ONeil,1988); Gbr 3.18 besar) (Rata-rata antara
= 0.5()-0.25, untuk y > 1.0 Meyerhof-1976 dan Reese &
- (Tomlinson, 1977); Gbr 3.16 Wright-1977)
Dasar API RP2A 1987
Q
S = tan
= 0.8 (open ended piles)
= 1.0 (full displacement piles)
Tbl. 3.5

Dasar N-SPT (Meyerhoff) Dasar N-SPT (Reese


qp = 40 (t/m2) < 1600 (t/m2) & Wright,1977)
= (1+2)/2
qp = 7 (t/m2) < 400 (t/
m2)
Dasar (API, 1986) = (1+2)/2

qp = 9c qp = Nq
QP Nq Tbl. 3.2 Dasar N-SPT
qb NAVDOC
qp = 13 (t/m2)
(1/3 tiang pancang)
= (1+2)/2

Pult = 2r L + r2 qp
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Daya Dukung Ujung untuk Tanah
Pasir dng Korelasi Empiris N-SPT

Tiang Pancang :
Qp = 40 x N SPT x Ap
Dimana,
NSPT = (N1+N2)/2
N1= harga rata-rata N dari dasar ke 10-D keatas
N2= harga rata-rata N dari dasar ke 4-D kebawah

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
NILAI N SPT UNTUK DESIGN TAHANAN UJUNG
PADA TANAH PASIRAN :

Ground Surface
Nilai N SPT Desain
Tiang Pancang adalah:

Ndesain = (N1 +N2)

(10 x D)
dirata-rata untuk
desain tahanan ujung = N1

(4 x D)
dirata-rata untuk
desain tahanan ujung = N2
D

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Tahanan Geser Selimut Tiang dari
Tanah Berpasir Dari Korelasi Empiris
dng N-SPT
Menurut Naval Engineering Facilities Command:

1. Tiang Pancang :
Qs = 0.2 x (N SPT) x Li x p (ton) displasemen besar

Qs = 0.1 x (N SPT) x Li x p (ton) displasemen kecil

2. Tiang Bor :
Qs = 0.1 x (N SPT) x Li x p (ton)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Pile driving

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Benicia-Martinez Noyo River

Ten Mile River


Other
Bridges
Richmond-San Rafael Humbolt Bay
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Pile Types
Timber Piles Concrete Piles

Small Diameter Large Diameter


& H Piles Steel

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Hammer Types

Diesel Hammer Vibratory Hammer

Drop Hammer Hydraulic Hammer


Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Airborne Noise HAMMER Propagation
Air
Compression Waves Water
Mud
High Damping Sands

Majority of Energy Very Stiff Clays with Dense


Dissipation Through Soil Sand Layers
Resistance

Dense to
Very Dense Sand with
Pile Tip Elevation Clay Layers

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Formula Dinamik ENR
WR h
Qu =
S +C
atau
E.H E
Qu =
S +C
dimana:
Qu : Kapasitas daya dukung ultimate
WR : Berat ram (kN)
h : Tinggi jatuh ram (cm)
S : Penetrasi tiang untuk setiap pukulan (m/blow)
C : konstanta, untuk drop hammer = 2.54 cm, untuk steam hamm
er = 0.254 cm
Angka keamanan yang direkomendasikan adalah 6.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Modified New ENR
2
E .W R .h W R + n W p

Qu
=
S + C W R + W P

dimana:

E : Efisiensi hammer
C : 0.254 cm untuk unit S dan h dalam centimeter
Wp : Berat tian g
n : koefisien restitusi antara ram dan pile cap
Angka keamanan yang direkomendasikan adalah 6.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Harga Efisiensi Hammer dan
Koef. Restitusi

Tipe Hammer Efficiency, E


Single and Double acting hammer 0.7 0.8
Diesel Hammer 0.8 0.9
Drop Hammer 0.7 0.9

Pile Material Coefficient of restitution, n


Cast iron hammer and concrette pile (whitout cap) 0.4 0.5
Wood cushion on steel pile 0.3 0.4
Wooden pile 0.25 0.3

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Michigan State Highway Commission

2
2 . 5 H E W R + n W p


Qu =
S + C W R + W P

dimana:

HE : Rated hammer energy (from the factory)


C : 0.254 cm
Angka k eamanan yang direkomendasikan adalah 6.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Dannishs Formula


E.H E
Qu
=
+ E.H E .L
S 2. Ap .E p

dimana:
Ep : Modulus Young dari material tiang
L : Panjang tiang
Ap : Luas penampang tiang
Angka keamanan yang direkomendasikan bervariasi dari 3 hingga 6.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Contoh Perhitungan

Diameter PC Spun Pile : 400 mm


Berat Tiang Per m : 200 kg
Berat hammer pemancang : 3,42 ton (K 35)
Tinggi Jatuh : 1,60 m
Daya Dukung Ultimate yang diinginkan : 210 ton.
Daya Dukung Ijin yang diinginkan : 50 ton.
Panjang tiang : 18m

Perhitungan Final set :

SF = 6 ! ultimated bearing Capacity = 300 ton.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Contoh Perhitungan

1. Menggunakan Modified ENR Formula

2
E.WR .h WR + n Wp
Qu =
S+ C WR + Wp
0,8x 3,42 x1,6 3,42 + 0.523,6
300 =
s + 0.254 3,42 + 3,6
13,47
300 =
(s + 0.254) x (7,02)
13,47
300 =
7,02S + 1.783
2106s + 534,9 = 13,47
2106s = (521,43)
s = 0,248 cm

Final Set adalah 0,248 cm/blow ! 2,48 cm/10 blows.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Contoh Perhitungan

2. Menggunakan formula dari Michigan state Highway Commision (1965)

2
2.5 H E WR + n W p
Qu =
S +C WR + W p
2.5 5,5 3,42 + 0,5 2 3,6
300 =
S + 0.254 3,42 + 3,6
13.75
300 = 0.6154
s + 0.254
8,461
300 =
s + 0.254
300s + 76,2 = 8,461
300s = (67,74)
s = 0,2258 cm

Final Set adalah 0,225 cm/blow ! 2,25 cm/10 blows.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Contoh Perhitungan

3. Menggunakan formula Danish

E HE
Qu =
E.H E .L
S+ 0.5 5,5
2 A p .E p 300 =
0,5 5,5 18
S+
2 0,0765 2,1.10 7
2,75
300 =
4,95
S+
3213000
2,75
300 =
S + 0.0392
300s + 11,775 = 2,75
300s = 9,025
s = 0,03 cm / blow

Final Set adalah 0,03 cm/blow ! 0,3 cm/10 blows.


Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Final Set = ? In/10
blows

Spesifikasi
end bearing = 1 in/ 10
blows
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Pile load test

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Pile load Test

p Static Load Test (SLT)


n Kentledge system

p Dynamic Load Test


n Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Static Load Test
p Pile dibebani dalam beberapa cycle

p Pile
dibebani hingga failure (gross
sttlement 1,5 inch @ net settlement 0,75
inch) Q ultimate (unused pile)

p Qallowable= Qult/2

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Static Load Test
p Pile dibebani dalam beberapa cycle

p Pile dibebani hingga 200% design load

p Settlementyang terjadi harus lebih kecil


dari net settlement 0,75 inch) design
load safe! used pile

p Dilakukan
beberapa cara interpretasi
untuk mengetahui Qultimate

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Tipikal hasil Static Load Test
Load
Load (L)
Settlement

Net Settlement = L-R

Rebound (R)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Pile Load Testing

Pile Load Testing is the Most Positive


Method of Determining Pile Capacity.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Load - Settlement Graph
Load
Settlement

Ultimate
Bearing
Capacity

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Static Load Test Types
ASTM D1143

p Maintained Load

p Quick Load (Texas Quick Test)

p Constant Rate of Penetration (CRP)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Static Load Test - Test Setup
Reaction
Stiffeners
Beam
Plate
Load Cell
Spherical Bearing
Ram
Hydraulic
Bourdon Gage
Jack

Dial Gage
LVDT

Mirror
Bracket Attached to Pile
Wire Grade
Scale
Test
Pile
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Typical Arrangement for Load Testing a
Pile or Drilled Shaft
Reaction Beam

Dial
Gage Jack

Support
Beam

Test Pile or Anchor Pile or


Drilled Shaft Drilled Shaft

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Static Load Test - Mechanism
Q1+Q2+Q3, etc.
Q1+Q2+Q3

Q1+Q2
Q1 Load (Q)

Telltale B
Telltale A
Telltale A Movement

Pile Head

Telltale B Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978


Dynamic Pile Testing
ASTM D4945
p Measures strain and pile acceleration to
predict capacity
p Requires experienced personnel to
interpret results
p Correlates well with static test results
p Used for time-related capacity changes

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Osterberg Load Test Concept
Reaction System
Qr

Rs Rs Expanding
Osterberg Cell
Qo

Rt Qo

Rt
Conventional Osterberg
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Osterberg Load Test Setup
Cell Expansion Telltale

Dial Gage 2 Dial Gage 1

High Strength Pipe


Friction Collar Shaft Compression Telltale
Pile Top (Side Shear)
Movement Gage
Reference Beam

Hand Operated
Hydraulic Pump
with Pressure
Gage and
Pressure Prestressed
Transducer Concrete Pile
Pile Shaft
Resistance

Osterberg Cell
Cast Into Pile

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Osterberg Load Test Mechanism
Deflection Up

Extrapolated
9
Measured Shaft Friction Curve
8
Friction Load 7
Curve 5 6
3 4
2
1
Deflection Down

1 2 3
4 Maximum
5 Load
6
Measured End 7 from O-
8
Bearing Load Curve 9 Cell Test
10
11

Load

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Statnamic Load Test Concept
Reaction
Mass

- FSin

Pressure
Chamber

+ FSin

Pile

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Statnamic Load Test Setup
Concrete or Steel Reaction Mass

Loose Granular Fill


Pressure Chamber
Propellant
Load Cell Launching Cylinder
Base Plate Grouted to Piston Base
Foundation Displacement
Measuring Means

Pile or Drilled Shaft

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Statnamic
0
Load Test Mechanism
-1
Displacement (mm)

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6
0 1 2 3 4 5
Load (MN)
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Examples of Cost Savings From Pile
Load Testing
p West Seattle Freeway - Major Project
Design Phase Program
p North Carolina DOT - Coordinated Design
Phase Programs
p Oregon DOT - Routine Project Test
Programs

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
West Seattle Freeway Bridge

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
West Seattle Freeway Bridge Design

p Friction Piles for all Foundations


n 36 Diameter Open-end Pipe Piles for Main
Channel Piers (24,000 LF driven)
n 24 Octagonal Prestressed Concrete Piles for
Approach Piers (172,000 LF driven)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
West Seattle Freeway Bridge

Item Estimated Remarks


Saving
Piles $ 9,000,000 -
Pile cap size $ 1,000,000 -
Test pile data ? Difficult to
provided to quantify savings
bidders

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
North Carolina Design Phase Load
Test Programs
Projects Project Cost Test Cost $ Estimated
1994-1999 $ (Bid) (Bid) Savings and (%)
Neuse 92,998,000 310,000 10,500,000 (11)
River
New River 16,457,000 276,000 850,000 (5)

Chowan 33,923,000 375,000 1,357,000 (4)


River
Oregon 122,800,000 1,155,000 1,200,000 (1)
Inlet
Croatian 88,963,000 998,000 1,800,000 (2)
Sound Reg :
Test Programs

p Benefits to Project Design


n Reduction in length
n Increase in capacity
n Reduced number of piles
n Driveability, jetting, and set-up evaluated
n Improved special provisions

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Test Programs

p Benefits to Project Construction


n Improved special provisions
n Restructured pay items
n Eliminated unsatisfactory alternates
n Established dynamic test criteria
n Established pile equipment requirements
n Reduced potential claims

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Test Programs

p Benefits of new technology verified.


n Pile driving analyser
n Osterberg cell axial test
n Statnamic axial & lateral test
n Integrity test procedures

.and applied to reduce the costs of


subsequent test programs

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Cost Savings for Oregon DOT from Small
Project Pile Load Tests
Bridge Pile Size & Length Net Piling
Location Type Reduction Savings Saving

Denny 12 Sq. 10 $55,000 26%


Rd. Precast
Concrete
30
Allen 12 Sq. 10 $60,000 20%
Blvd Precast
Concrete
30
Airport 12 Closed 30 $135,000 25%
Reg :
What Methods of Deep
Foundation Load Testing
Have Been Used in the
Past 5 Years?

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Load Testing Points To Remember

p Detailed Soil Investigation


p Technically Qualified Staff to Carry Out
Test Program
p Use Production Pile & Driving Equipment
p Measure Pile Head and Tip Movement
p Load to Failure
p Define Method to Interpret Failure Load

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Static Load Test
Factor of Safety
Safe Load Test
= Failure Load
Design Load
F.S. = 2

p May
Need F.S. > 2 When Settlement
May Control Safe Allowable Load

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Interpretation of the Failure Load by Davissons Limit

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
STUDENT EXERCISE NO. 10
Static Load Test
Objective:
Determine the failure load for the static load test
plot shown below. Plot both the elastic line and
Davisson failure line for a 14 square prestressed
concrete pile 35 feet in length and an Fc of 5,000
psi (MODULUS OF ELASTICITY of 4,000 ksi).

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE NO. 10
PL
Use = AE to find @ P = 400 tons (800 kips)

800,000 lbs 35 ft 12 in/ft.


= = 0.43 in
196 in 2 4,000,000 lbs/in 2

X = 0.15 in + 14/120 = 0.27 in

0.43
0.70

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Pile groups

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Pile groups

Jumlah tiang pada kelompok tiang :


n1 x n2

L g = (n1 1)d + 2(D / 2)


Bg = (n 2 1)d + 2(D / 2)

d optimum = 3 3,5D

d = spasi (jarak as-as tiang)


D = Diameter tiang

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Failure zone
Pu

Ground Surface

Qu

Failure Zone

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Pile groups & spacing
p Piles placed in groups of three or more
p Pile groups tied together by a pile cap
n attached to the head of the individual piles and
causes several piles to work together.

p Pile spacing
n minimum spacing
p driven in rock
p Not driven in rock

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Keuntungan kelompok tiang
p Dapat menahan beban besar

p Mengatasi eksentrisitas tiang tunggal yang mungkin


terjadi

p Kegagalan sebuah tiang dapat diminimisasi

p Kapasitas kelompok dapat lebih tinggi dari jumlah tiang


tunggal

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Kelompok tiang pada tanah pasir
p Pada s 3,0 D, Kapasitas dukung kelompok tiang
(Qg(u)) = Jumlah kapasitas dukung individual tiang
(Qu)
Qg(u) = Qu = n1 x n2 x Qu

p Pada s < 3,0 D


Qg(u) = Eg. Qu

p Tiang bor dengan s = 3D :


friksi dominan Eg=0,67-0,75
end bearing dominan Eg=1

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Group-efficiency (Eg)
Formula Converse-Labarre

(n1 1)n 2 + (n 2 1)n1


E g = 1
90.n1.n 2

1 D
(deg) = tan
d

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Kelompok tiang pada tanah clay
(diambil yang kecil)
p Tentukan jumlah kapasitas tiang individual :
(
Qu = n1.n 2 Qp + Qs )
(
= n1.n 2 Ap .9.cu + p. .cu .L )
p Tentukan kapasitas kelompok tiang berdasarkan blok

*
( )
Qu = Lg .Bg .c u .N c + 2 Lg + Bg c u .L
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Mencari Nc*

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

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