AN2946

Application note
Solar-LED streetlight controller with 25 W LED lamp driver
and 85 W battery charger based on the STM32F101Rx

Introduction
The solar-LED streetlight controller described in this application note is designed to achieve
an 85 W solar energy battery charger and a 25 W LED lamp driver. During the daytime the
controller preserves the electricity energy gathered by the solar module (PV module), then
stores it in the battery. In the evening the controller uses the battery energy to power the
LED streetlight. When the battery runs out of power after several rainy days, the controller
enables the external offline power supply (not included in this system) instead of the battery
to power the LED streetlight until the system battery is fully charged again.
Due to the clean nature of solar energy, and the highly efficient energy conversion of the PV
module and very long operating life of the LED lamp, the solar-LED streetlight controller,
compared to conventional streetlights, can save electricity remarkably, thus abating
greenhouse gas (e.g. CO2) emission.
This application note is based on the solution of solar-LED streetlight controller architecture,
including a battery charger and LED lamp driver. The description of the architecture involves
hardware and firmware design with design parameter settings. The solar-LED streetlight
controller demonstration board is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Solar-LED streetlight controller demonstration board

September 2010 Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 1/38

www.st.com
Contents AN2946

Contents

1 Safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1 Intended use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Electrical connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Board operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 General description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1 Controller features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Solar-LED streetlight system architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Scope of the solar-LED streetlight controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Main functions of the controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4.1 Battery charging management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4.2 LED lamp driving management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4.3 System monitoring circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3 Hardware design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1 Circuit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1.1 Power supply circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1.2 Electricity power collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1.3 LED lamp driving circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1.4 Analog signal acquisition circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 Test results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.1 Battery charger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.2 LED driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4 Firmware design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1 Main loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2 Battery charging management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.1 MPPT principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.2 Battery charging management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3 LED lamp driving management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4 System monitoring management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2/38 Doc ID 15473 Rev 2

AN2946 Contents

5 Overview of demonstration board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

5.1 Application schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.2 Application board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.3 Bill of material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

7 Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 3/38

List of figures AN2946

List of figures

Figure 1. Solar-LED streetlight controller demonstration board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Figure 2. Solar-LED streetlight system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Figure 3. System block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Figure 4. Battery charging pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Figure 5. LED lamp driving scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Figure 6. 12 V power supply circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figure 7. 3.3 V power supply circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figure 8. Noise filtering circuit for VDD and VDDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Figure 9. Solar module control circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Figure 10. Hardware OVP circuit for battery overcharging protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Figure 11. Battery charger circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Figure 12. LED lamp driver circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 13. Temperature sensing circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Figure 14. Voltage and current detection circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Figure 15. Charging current versus solar module output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Figure 16. MPPT test diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Figure 17. V-I curve and PSC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Figure 18. Battery voltage versus charging current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Figure 19. Charger input current (Isc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 20. Charger output current (Iba) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 21. Vds on Q2, current on L2, and Vak on D4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 22. LED lamp current, efficiency vs. battery voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 23. LED current, efficiency vs. LED voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Figure 24. Driver input current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Figure 25. Driver output current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Figure 26. Vgs, Ids, and Vds on Q4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Figure 27. Main loop flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Figure 28. 80 W solar module I-V and P-V curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Figure 29. P and O method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Figure 30. P and O tracing route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Figure 31. Three-stage charging routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Figure 32. MPPT flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Figure 33. Ambient light sensing flowchart (day and night judgment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Figure 34. LED light-off routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Figure 35. LED light-on routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Figure 36. System monitoring flowchart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Figure 37. LED_fault IRQ flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Figure 38. System self-recovery flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Figure 39. Anti-backflow for battery charging flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Figure 40. Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Figure 41. Top view of demonstration board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Figure 42. Bottom view of demonstration board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4/38 Doc ID 15473 Rev 2

AN2946 Safety instructions

1 Safety instructions

Warning: The demonstration board must be used in a suitable

laboratory by qualified personnel only who are familiar with
the installation, use, and maintenance of electrical systems.

1.1 Intended use

The demonstration board is a component designed for demonstration purposes only, and
shall be used neither for domestic installation nor for industrial installation. The technical
data as well as the information concerning the power supply and operating conditions shall
be taken from the documentation included with the demonstration board and strictly
observed.

1.2 Installation
The installation of the demonstration board shall be taken from the present document and
strictly observed. The components must be protected against excessive strain. In particular,
no components are to be bent, or isolating distances altered during the transportation,
handling or usage. The demonstration board contains electrostatically-sensitive
components that are prone to damage through improper use. Electrical components must
not be mechanically damaged or destroyed (to avoid potential risks and health injury).

1.3 Electrical connection

Applicable national accident prevention rules must be followed when working on the mains
power supply. The electrical installation shall be completed in accordance with the
appropriate requirements (e.g. cross-sectional areas of conductors, soldering, and PE
connections).

1.4 Board operation

A system architecture which supplies power to the demonstration board shall be equipped
with additional control and protective devices in accordance with the applicable safety
requirements (e.g. compliance with technical equipment and accident prevention rules).

Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 5/38

General description AN2946

2 General description

2.1 Controller features

MPPT maximizes solar module efficacy
Automatic day and night detection
Automatic mains switch enable function when battery low
Constant current control for LED lamp
Battery charge control
Optional LED lighting mode
LED indicators for system status monitoring and debugging status
Full protection function for OVP, UVP, OCP, and OTP.

2.2 Solar-LED streetlight system architecture

The solar-LED streetlight controller not only controls solar energy storage to the battery, but
it also manages the power consumption to the LED streetlight. The system architecture of
the solar-LED streetlight system is illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Solar-LED streetlight system

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6/38 Doc ID 15473 Rev 2

AN2946 General description

1. The sunlight delivers rays of photons (solar energy) which hit the solar panel
(Photovoltaic or PV module). The photons (energy) are absorbed by the PV and
electrons are released.
2. The electrons flow along the metal contact of the PV and form electricity.
3. Energy is stored in the battery during daytime and consumed at night.
4. The LED lamp (LED streetlight) is driven to operate by the LED lamp driver. This
controller monitors the system and manages the light-on and light-off in day and night
time.
5. When the battery goes low, the controller sends an enable signal to the 'Mains switch'
which enables the AC offline power supply.
6. The AC offline power supply (not included in this application note) works as a backup
source to power the LED streetlight.

2.3 Scope of the solar-LED streetlight controller

The block diagram of the solar-LED streetlight controller is shown in Figure 3. The controller
consists of the following blocks:
Auxiliary power supply - supplied from the battery, regulated to 12VDC for driving every
MOSFET and then 3.3 VDC for the MCU and its peripherals.
Battery charger - a DC/DC converter using buck topology. It converts solar energy to
electricity and stores the electricity in the battery.
LED lamp driver - a DC/DC converter using flyback topology in order to drive the LED
lamp and provide even illumination.
Driver - generates gate voltage in order to drive every MOSFET properly in the battery
charger and the LED lamp driver including KCHG.
Protection circuits - OVP, UVP, OCP, OTP (through the temperature sense block) and
reverse-connection protection for the battery and the LED lamp.
MCU - the microcontroller includes the human machine interfaces (HMI), the DIP
switch for the selection of the operating time schedule and the indicators of the
debugging status. The software routines for OVP, UVP, OCP and OTP are implemented
in the MCU.

Figure 3. System block diagram

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Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 7/38

General description AN2946

The MCU implements the sophisticated peripherals as listed in Table 1.

Table 1. MCU peripheral allocation

Peripheral Number Description

ADC 11 USC+, USC-, UBAT, ULED, ISC, IBAT, ILED, TCHG, TBAT, TDRV, TLED
GPIO 12 Inputs DIP1~4 (up to 16 modes) JTAG
Charger_EN for anti-backflow charge
Mains_EN for switching to mains supply
Status indication
Battery LED1-2 for indicating battery status
Debug LED1-4 for diagnosis (up to 16 messages)
PWM 2 PWMCHG, PWMDRV (100 kHz)
EXT1 1 LED fault

2.4 Main functions of the controller

2.4.1 Battery charging management

During the daytime, the battery is charged by PV electricity according to the typical pattern.
An MPPT (maximum power point tracing) algorithm is applied to enable the PV module to
output as much electricity power as it can. Refer to Section 4.2 for more information
concerning MPPT. The pattern for the 12 V battery system is shown in Figure 4. The pattern
differentiates the entire charging process into 3 stages. During stage 1 and stage 2, the
battery is charged with the solar module maximum power. In stage 3, the battery is charged
in constant voltage algorithm.

Figure 4. Battery charging pattern

!-V

Stage 1 (trickle charging): UBAT < 11 V. The battery is charged with the maximum
power of the PV module. This stage is designed for a battery which is deeply

8/38 Doc ID 15473 Rev 2

AN2946 General description

discharged. In order to prolong battery operating life, the charging current is

constrained at Imax = 0.5 A.
Stage 2 (high-current bulk charging): 11 V UBAT < 14.3 V. In this stage, the battery is
charged with the maximum power of the PV module. The charging current (Imp) may
not be constant.
Stage 3 (floating charging): UBAT 14.3 V. In this stage, battery is charged at constant
voltage (14.3 V).
The voltage values 11 V and 14.3 V define the boundaries of the stages that are based on
the characteristics of a typical 12 V lead acid battery. The voltage needed depends on the
type of battery.

2.4.2 LED lamp driving management

During nighttime, normally the ambient light is weak, the LED lamp lights for N hours. The
determined light-on duration (N hours) can be set by selecting a switch, DIP1~4. The
controller turns on/off the LED lamp to automatically correspond to the ambient light.
Figure 5 illustrates how the controller turns on the LED lamp. The DIP switch also provides a
test mode to test the LED lamp.

Figure 5. LED lamp driving scheme

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2.4.3 System monitoring circuit

The microcontroller (MCU) provides a real-time system monitoring for the controller,
including:
Error detection/protection for solar module output voltage (USC), battery voltage(UBAT),
LED lamp voltage(ULED), battery charging current (IBAT) and LED lamp current(ILED)
Temperature detection for the operating temperature of the battery, MOSFET and LED
lamp
System self-recovery

Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 9/38

Hardware design AN2946

3 Hardware design

3.1 Circuit description

3.1.1 Power supply circuit

The system auxiliary power supply can be built with a 12 V battery. In order to drive the
power MOSFET and some analog ICs perfectly, a regulated 12 V is required. The 12 V
power supply schematic is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. 12 V power supply circuit

The MCU requires a 3.3 V source which is obtained from the output of the linear regulator
(U11), see Figure 7 .

Figure 7. 3.3 V power supply circuit

Since the 3.3 V supply is mainly for the MCU, a proper filter, which avoids high-frequency
switching noise interference between the digital power supply (VDD) and analog power
supply (VDDA), is strongly recommended. The filter circuit is shown in Figure 8.

10/38 Doc ID 15473 Rev 2

AN2946 Hardware design

Figure 8. Noise filtering circuit for VDD and VDDA

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3.1.2 Electricity power collection

In Figure 9, C1, and C4//C5//C6 are used to reject the high switching frequency interference
from the charger so that only the "clean" current flows through the solar cells (P1). When
photons hit the solar cells, P1 releases electrons which flow along the metal contacts and
stores electricity to C1 and C4/C5/C6 through R1//R2//R3//R4 and Q1. R1~R4 are current
sense resistors which are used to sense the solar module current. An operational amplifier
U1 (LM258D) is used to amplify and smooth the sense signal, then feedback to the MCU.
When solar cells charge the battery with high current, Q1 is turned on in order to minimize
the power losses. Q1 is turned off if solar cells voltage falls below the battery voltage. Q1
also works as a polarity protection diode, preventing that the solar module is reversely
connected. The gate driving signal (PWM_Input) of Q1 is given by the MCU through U4. In
order to properly drive Q1, the 3.3 V PWM signal from the MCU must be sent to U4
(comparator TS391). Q11 and Q13 are configured as the push-pull totem to turn on/off Q1
perfectly.

Figure 9. Solar module control circuit

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A hardware solution to protect the battery from being overcharged is important. When
battery voltage exceeds 15 V (example of 12 V battery in system), D3 in Figure 10 is
triggered and SCR (Q10) is turned on. The battery provides latch-current to Q10 and the
fuse (F1 in Figure 11) is blown. Then battery is protected.

Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 11/38

Hardware design AN2946

Figure 10. Hardware OVP circuit for battery overcharging protection

The schematic of the battery charger is shown in Figure 11 which is based on buck topology.
Q2, D4 are the buck MOSFET and diode, respectively. L2 is the inductor and C13 is the
output capacitor. The charger operates in a continuous current mode so that small output
current ripple is achieved and a small output capacitor can be used. C10 and C11 are used
as a snubber to suppress high voltage spikes.
Since Q2 is floating and high-side transformer T2 is used to drive the MOSFET, the gate
driving circuit is similar to the one shown in Figure 9.
Resistors R9, R17 ~ R20 and R55 are used to sense the charge current to the battery. U3
(TSC101) is the high-side current sensor which amplifies the signal and gives feedback to
the MCU.
P2 is the connector to the battery. One fuse (F1) is in series with the battery to prevent
catastrophic failure. To prevent reverse connection of the battery, one Schottky diode D14 is
added. F1 blows out with D14 if the battery is reversely connected. This helps to protect the
rest of the circuits.

Figure 11. Battery charger circuit

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12/38 Doc ID 15473 Rev 2

AN2946 Hardware design

3.1.3 LED lamp driving circuit

The LED lamp driver is designed with flyback topology. No isolation is required in this
application. Flyback is suitable for a wide ratio range of output voltage to input voltage. The
battery voltage is 11 V ~ 14.3 V while for the LED lamp, which is connected in a 3*7 matrix
(3 LED lamps in series and 7 strings in parallel), the maximum LED voltage is defined as
12 V. The flyback converter keeps the LED current constant in the above-mentioned battery
voltage range. In Figure 12, T1 is the flyback transformer and Q4 is the power MOSFET. D5
and D9 clamp the maximum voltage across Q4 in the off-state. D10 acts as the output
rectifier and C30 and C33 are the output capacitors. R46, R47 and U9 are used to sense the
LED lamp current and feedback to the MCU for constant current regulation. The PWM signal
from the MCU is converted from TTL level to CMOS level via U2 and amplified by Q7 and
Q8 to drive Q4. When OCP and/or OVP activate, Q3 and Q9 are used to guarantee a single
turn-on within each switching cycle. The MOSFET current is sensed by resistors R30, R33
and R54 and amplified by U5B. The output of U5B is used to achieve OCP. There are two
levels of OCP implemented in the LED lamp driver. The MOSFET current is sensed and
transferred to comparators U7A and U7B. U7B sets the first current limit which is activated
cycle by cycle. R37 and R36 form a voltage divider and set the threshold at the negative
input of U7B. Overcurrent in the primary circuit of T1 results in high logic output of U7B, thus
pulling down the voltage of the 'LED_Protection' node at the Q5 collector. Consequently,
comparator U2 outputs low voltage and forces Q4 to shut down. In case a heavy overload or
short-circuit occurs, such as a physical short-circuit of T1 or D10 which might exist for some
time, a second level OCP is needed to protect the driver. R41 and R43 form another voltage
divider and set a higher threshold. A high current spike from Q4 triggers the threshold and
U7A generates 'LED_Fault' interrupt to the MCU. After receiving continuous interrupts, the
MCU stops outputting the 'PWM_Driver' signal and waits for a certain time for the next try
(refer to Section 4.4). Such burst mode operation definitely lowers the voltage stress and
current stress on power components. The OVP of the LED lamp is achieved by D12. The
principal is similar to that of the first level of OCP.

Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 13/38

Hardware design AN2946

Figure 12. LED lamp driver circuit

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3.1.4 Analog signal acquisition circuit

The operating voltage, current and temperature of the battery and LED lamp are monitored
by the MCU. The temperature sensing circuits are illustrated in Figure 13. The voltage and
current sensing circuits are shown in Figure 14. For the battery charger and LED lamp
driver, NTC(s) is soldered on the heat sink of MOSFET (or rectifier). The operating
temperature of the MOSFET (or rectifier) is sensed via NTC(s) and sent to the MCU. These
key power components are protected against overtemperature. For the battery and LED
lamp, the sensing NTC(s) is applied on the battery case and the heat sink of the LED lamp
with wires connected to P4 and P5. For each temperature sensing circuit, a simple RC filter
is added before the signal feeds to the MCU. The temperature sensing is not only for
protection but also applicable for charge pattern optimization online. The battery life is
prolonged.

14/38 Doc ID 15473 Rev 2

AN2946 Hardware design

Figure 13. Temperature sensing circuits

For the LED lamp, if the sensed temperature rises to a certain level, the LED lamp current is
reduced to correspond to entering LP (low power) mode. The LED lamp is dimmed then
without further increasing temperature, the LED lamp is shut down only when the sensed
temperature rises to an even higher level. For all the voltage and current sensing, an RC
filter and clamp circuit are added before the signal feeds to the MCU. Track routing of these
sensing circuits should be done very carefully to avoid picking up noise, otherwise the noise
influences the MCU and results in an unpredictable result.

Figure 14. Voltage and current detection circuit

3.2 Test results

3.2.1 Battery charger

As discussed in Section 2.4.1, the battery charger operation is divided into 3 stages. This
section shows us the test results for each stage.
Stage 1:
In this stage, when VBATTERY < 11 V, the controller executes the MPPT algorithm with
current constraint IBATTERY < 0.5 A. The charging current is shown in Figure 15.

Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 15/38

Hardware design AN2946

Figure 15. Charging current versus solar module output voltage

!-V

The charging current is measured against different output voltages of the solar module. A
DC source is used to simulate the solar module output and when its voltage changes from
13.1 V to 19.1 V, the charging current is limited to around 0.5 A. This demonstrates the
proper operation of the first stage.
Stage 2:
In stage 2, when 11 V < VBATTERY < 14.3 V, MPPT is implemented. To simulate the V-I curve
of the solar module, the test method is proposed as shown in Figure 16 with two important
equations below.

Equation 1
Usc = Udc R Isc

Equation 2
Psc = Usc Isc = ( Udc R Isc ) Isc

Figure 16. MPPT test diagram

!-V

The V-I curves of this test system and charger power are shown in Figure 17.

16/38 Doc ID 15473 Rev 2

AN2946 Hardware design

Figure 17. V-I curve and PSC

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According to Equation 1 and Equation 2, the maximum power point (MPP) occurs at
Usc = 0.5 Udc. A different R value results in different output power at the MPP delivered to
the charger. From Table 2 as long as Udc is 36 V, Usc is kept at18 V no matter what the R
value is. Table 3 shows the result with fixed R and variable Udc. Usc is always half of Udc
during steady state. Thus the test diagram shows the way to find the MPP during the test.

Table 2. Test results for different values of R (Vdc = 36 V)

Charger
R[] Usc [V] Isc [A] Uba [V] Iba [A]
efficiency [%]

4.6 18.0 3.90 13.08 5.03 93.7

5.2 18.0 3.45 13.08 4.41 94.0
6.0 18.0 3.00 13.03 3.88 93.6
7.1 18.0 2.53 12.81 3.31 93.1
8.8 18.0 2.05 12.54 2.76 93.8
11.6 18.0 1.55 12.34 2.10 92.9
17.3 18.0 1.04 12.07 1.43 92.2
34.0 18.0 0.53 11.96 0.69 86.5

Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 17/38

Hardware design AN2946

Table 3. Test results for different values of Vdc (R = 4.6 )

Charger
Udc [V] Usc [V] Isc [A] Uba [V] Iba [A]
efficiency [%]

36 18.0 3.90 13.08 5.03 93.7

35 17.5 3.80 12.99 4.79 93.6
34 17.0 3.65 12.90 4.57 95.0
33 16.5 3.50 12.82 4.33 96.1
32 16.0 3.48 12.73 4.12 94.2
31 15.5 3.38 12.65 3.90 94.2
30 15.0 3.30 12.57 3.69 93.7
29 14.6 3.17 12.47 3.48 93.8
28 14.4 2.97 12.39 3.26 94.4

Stage 3:
In stage 3 when VBATTERY 14.3 V, the controller enters into floating charging, and Uba is
limited to 14.3 V. Figure 18 shows the battery voltage (Uba) and charging current (Iba) in
this stage.

Figure 18. Battery voltage versus charging current

The result shows that with different charging currents, the battery voltage is kept at around
13.8 V and remains constant. Figure 19 and 20 show the typical current output from the
solar module and the current charged to the battery. Both currents are smooth and no large
current ripple is observed. In Figure 21 the inductor current waveform shows that the buck
converter works at continuous current mode. Peak-to-peak current (IL) ripple is around 0.7
A. Such a small current ripple requires a small output capacitor. The turn-off switching
voltage spike of the MOSFET (Vds) and diode (Vak) are very small in actuality.

18/38 Doc ID 15473 Rev 2

AN2946 Hardware design

Figure 19. Charger input current (Isc) Figure 20. Charger output current (Iba)

!-V !-V

Figure 21. Vds on Q2, current on L2, and Vak on D4

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!-V

3.2.2 LED driver

The LED driver provides the LED lamp with constant current for different battery and lamp
voltages. The LED currents are shown in Figure 22 and 23.

Figure 22. LED lamp current, efficiency vs. battery voltage

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Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 19/38

Hardware design AN2946

Figure 23. LED current, efficiency vs. LED voltage

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LED current is constantly regulated with different lamp and battery voltages. The measured
efficiency is around 82%. The efficiency is not high when compared to a buck converter, but
it can keep LED current constant for a large input voltage range. Figure 24 and 25 show
some typical waveforms for LED drivers.

Figure 24. Driver input current Figure 25. Driver output current

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Figure 26. Vgs, Ids, and Vds on Q4

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!-V

20/38 Doc ID 15473 Rev 2

AN2946 Firmware design

4 Firmware design

In accordance with the main functions of the controller described in Section 2.4, solar-LED
lamp controller firmware also consists of the following 3 main modules:
Battery charging management
LED lamp driving management
System monitoring circuit
The main loop in Section 4.1 coordinates the above 3 function modules. All the reference
parameters are listed in Table 4.

Table 4. Firmware reference parameters

Parameter Value Description

USC-th1 7.0 V Lower threshold of solar cell cathode voltage

USC-th2 15.0 V Upper threshold of solar cell cathode voltage
USCth 5.0 V Solar cell voltage threshold for detecting day and night
UBATth1 10.0 V Lower limit voltage for battery
UBATth2 11.0 V Empty charge voltage for battery
UBATth3 13.8 V Full charge voltage for battery
UBATth4 14.5 V Upper limit voltage for battery
ULEDth 13.0 V Upper limit voltage for LED
ISCth 0.5 A Current threshold for switching on/off KCHG
IBATth1 0.5 A Charging current for battery (deep discharge)
IBATth2 8.0 A Upper limit of charging current for battery
ILEDth1 2.0 A Current for LED (LP mode)
ILEDth2 2.45 A Nominal current for LED
ILEDth3 2.8 A Upper limit current for LED
TCHGth1 60 C Recovery temperature for battery charger
TCHGth2 90 C Upper limit temperature for battery charger
TBATth1 30 C Recovery temperature for battery
TBATth2 45 C Upper limit temperature for battery
TDRVth1 60 C Recovery temperature for LED driver
TDRVth2 90 C Upper limit temperature for LED driver
TLEDth1 80 C Threshold temperature to enter LP mode for LED
TLEDth2 100 C Upper limit temperature for LED
Timth1 1 sec Cool down period for recovery
Timth2 1 min Continuous sensing time for day & night judgment
Timth3 1 ms Response time of PWM output
Timth4 10 min MPPT self-calibration time interval

Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 21/38

Firmware design AN2946

Table 4. Firmware reference parameters (continued)

Parameter Value Description

EXTIth 3 Number of times that LED_Fault EXTI has been triggered

1 system clock
Step of duty cycle adjustment (may not be constant)
cycle (~28 ns)

4.1 Main loop

In the main loop in Figure 27, the parameter 'Timth3' restricts the execution time of every
loop within around 1 ms to make sure system is in steady state after changing the duty cycle
of the battery charger or LED lamp driving. A loop speed that is too fast might cause an
inaccurate value to be processed by the ADC.

Figure 27. Main loop flowchart

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22/38 Doc ID 15473 Rev 2

AN2946 Firmware design

Once the battery is deeply discharged, and the voltage falls below 'UBATth2', the MCU stops
driving the LED lamp immediately. For battery life cycle considerations, the battery cannot
be discharged until it is fully charged. DD_Flag is set when UBAT < UBATth2 and is reset
when UBAT UBATth3.

4.2 Battery charging management

4.2.1 MPPT principle

The objective of the MPPT algorithm is to get the maximum battery charging power. Taking
into account the charger efficiency, this is the most efficient way to utilize solar energy. In
Figure 28 there exists a maximum power point for each curve.

Figure 28. 80 W solar module I-V and P-V curve

!-V

In actual conditions, the I-V curve and P-V curve of the solar module change with different
irradiance and temperature which means the charging current cannot remain constant even
when the charging voltage is fixed. This kind of state causes the MPPT algorithm to be
adaptive and dynamic. The solar-LED streetlight controller adopts one of the MPPTs, i.e.
P&O (perturbation and observation) method.

Figure 29. P and O method

!-V

1. Step 1: Suppose the charger is working at point A, the duty cycle is DC(A). At the next
step, the MCU increases the duty cycle to DC(B). The charger then moves to point B at

Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 23/38

Firmware design AN2946

steady state. Since the resulted power at point B is higher than the power at point A,
the MCU continues to increase the duty cycle.
2. Step 2: The MCU increases the duty cycle from DC(B) to DC(C). During steady state
the charger operates at point C. Because the power at point C is still higher than the
power at point B, the MCU keeps the same trend and increases the duty cycle.
3. Step 3: The charger now moves to point D after the MCU increases the duty cycle from
DC(C) to DC(D). Since the power at point D is lower than the power at point C, the
MCU reverses the direction. At the next step, it decreases the duty cycle and moves to
C.
4. Step 4: The MCU keeps decreasing duty cycle from DC(C) to DC(B). After detecting
that the power at B point is lower than that at C point, MCU reverses direction again.
Then system comes back to step 2.
The P&O tracing route can be described as shown in Figure 30. This tracing route explains
that the MPPT algorithm is dynamic. The charger does not operate at a fixed point, and it
works within a certain range that the maximum power point locates.

Figure 30. P and O tracing route

!-V

The P&O method is based on the fact that the P-V curve remains almost unchanged during
a very short time period. Generally, the MCU executes each P&O step in several
milliseconds, while the P-V curve drift caused by environmental change usually takes a few
seconds or even several minutes, which is much longer. The P&O method is a feasible
method to achieve MPP tracking.

24/38 Doc ID 15473 Rev 2

AN2946 Firmware design

4.2.2 Battery charging management

Figure 31. Three-stage charging routine

!-V

The battery charging flowchart is illustrated in Figure 31. The MPPT algorithm is involved in
stage 1 and stage 2 charging. The stage 1 is a current constraint. In stage 3, the charger
keeps changing the charging current to maintain a constant charging voltage.
The MPPT algorithm illustrated in Figure 32, simplifies the conventional P&O method. Since
battery voltage cannot drastically change in a short period, the maximum power point must
lie on the maximum current point. This allows the MCU to compare current instead of a
power comparison which is more complex for an embedded system.

Figure 32. MPPT flowchart

!-V

Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 25/38

Firmware design AN2946

4.3 LED lamp driving management

The controller judges whether there is sufficient ambient light (daytime) or weak ambient
light (nighttime) by detecting the solar module voltage. When the ambient light becomes
weak, the solar module voltage might fall below a certain level. If the voltage does not
exceed this level for a period, the controller considers that it is nighttime. The parameter
'Timth2' is used to avoid misjudgment caused by very cloudy weather or a solar eclipse. The
day and night judgment routine is illustrated in Figure 33.

Figure 33. Ambient light sensing flowchart (day and night judgment)

!-V

Once the controller detects that it is night and starts to turn on the LED, the light-on routine
increases the duty cycle of the LED driver by '' for every loop. LED driving is implemented
by constant current control. Generally, it takes 200 ms ~ 300 ms to reach the nominal
current. For streetlight applications, this startup time is acceptable. Figure 34 shows light-off
routines for LED lamp driving. The LED lamp does not turn on if PWM driving is zero.

Figure 34. LED light-off routine

!-V

To turn on the LED lamp perfectly, the MCU also detects the LED lamp temperature. In
Figure 35 when the LED temperature exceeds 'TLEDth1', the controller reduces the target
current to enter LP mode (low power). The LP mode has been introduced in Section 3.1.4.
This action is to prevent loss of efficiency at a high temperature for the LED and to extend
the LED life cycle as well.

26/38 Doc ID 15473 Rev 2

AN2946 Firmware design

Figure 35. LED light-on routine

!-V

4.4 System monitoring management

The system monitoring routine is executed at the beginning of every loop. It checks if
voltage, current or temperature is abnormal or not. A corresponding protective action is
implemented and 'ErrorFlag' is set if any error occurs. The controller maintains the
protective action until 'ErrorFlag' is cleared by the system recovery routine. The flowchart is
shown in Figure 36.

Figure 36. System monitoring flowchart

!-V

Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 27/38

Firmware design AN2946

In system monitoring management, LED_Fault IRQ is the only interrupt to trigger the MCU
EXTI peripheral which is implemented by the hardware and firmware. In some abnormal
situations, the primary current of LED driving might rise radically, and then the pulse-shaped
LED_Fault signal is generated by a comparator. Several rising edges of this interrupt in EXTI
tell the controller to stop driving the LED and wait for system recovery. The flowchart is
shown in Figure 37.

Figure 37. LED_fault IRQ flowchart

!-V

A complete monitoring system should include a self-recovery function. Every second, which
is defined by 'Timth1', the controller tries to recover system errors by clearing 'ErrorFlag'.
This enables all the error functions paused at the last system monitoring routine to run
again. The system self-recovery flowchart is shown in Figure 38.

Figure 38. System self-recovery flowchart

!-V

To prevent battery power backflow through the charger, KCHG should be turned off when
charging current is very low. In normal conditions, KCHG is turned on to reduce power loss in
its body diode. The flowchart of anti-backflow for the battery charger is shown in Figure 39.

28/38 Doc ID 15473 Rev 2

AN2946 Firmware design

Figure 39. Anti-backflow for battery charging flowchart

!-V

Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 29/38

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AN2946
AN2946 Overview of demonstration board

5.2 Application board

Figure 41. Top view of demonstration board

Figure 42. Bottom view of demonstration board

Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 31/38

Overview of demonstration board AN2946

5.3 Bill of material

Table 5. BOM
Name Value Rated Type

B1 One way 6x6 mm (SMD), 4.3 mm(H), tactile switch OMRON

C1, C6 1 F (1210), 100 V, ceramic capacitor
C2, C3, C12, C14, C24,
C36, C39, C41, C42, C43,
C46, C48, C49, C50, C51,
100 nF (0603), 50 V, ceramic capacitor
C52, C56, C57, C58, C60,
C62, C65, C66, C67,
C68, C77, C79
C4, C5, C13 470 F 63 V, Al-cap electrolytic capacitor Rubycon
C7, C8, C35, C38, C45,
1 F (0805), 25 V, ceramic capacitor
C53, C73, C74
C9, C22, C34, C44, C75,
22 F 50 V, Al-cap electrolytic capacitor Rubycon
C76, C80
C10, C11, C25, C26 220 pF (0805), 50 V, ceramic capacitor
C15, C20 1 F (1206), 50 V, ceramic capacitor
C17 560 pF (0603), 50 V, ceramic capacitor
C18, C19, C30, C33 220 F 50 V, Al-cap electrolytic capacitor Rubycon
C23, C59, C61, C63, C69,
330 nF (0805), 50 V, ceramic capacitor
C70, C71, C72,
C27, C29, C32, C64, C83 100 pF (0603), 50 V, ceramic capacitor
C28 220 pF (0603), 250 V, ceramic capacitor
C47 10 F (3528-21), 16 V, tantalum VISHAY
C54, C55 20 pF (0603), 50 V, ceramic capacitor
CN1 20-way box header (Right angle mounting), JTAG connector Tyco electronics
D1, D11, D13, D17, D18,
D19, D20, D21, D22, D23,
D24, D25, D26, D27, D28, BAT46JFILM (SOD323), small signal Schottky diode STMicroelectronics
D29, D30, D31, D32, D33,
D34, D35, D36, D37
D2, D3, D12 15 V (SOD 80C), Zener diode
D4, D10 STPS20H100CFP (TO-220FPAB), power Schottky rectifier STMicroelectronics
(SMA or DO-214AC), 24V 400W
D5, D9 SMAJ24A-TR STMicroelectronics
TransilTM (TVS)
D7 3.9 V (SOD 80C), Zener diode
(SMA or DO-214AC), power Schottky
D8 STPS1H100A STMicroelectronics
rectifier
D14 STPS2045CFP (TO-220FPAB), power Schottky rectifier STMicroelectronics

32/38 Doc ID 15473 Rev 2

AN2946 Overview of demonstration board

Table 5. BOM (continued)

Name Value Rated Type

(SMA or DO-214AC), power Schottky

D16 STPS1L60A STMicroelectronics
rectifier
(2.54 x 7.2 mm, axial lead), 251 series
F1 10 A Littelfuse
fuse
JP1 (see Table 6) 0.64x0.64 mm, 2 way 2.54 mm pitch, Pin strip header 3M
L2 (see Table 6) 39 H Inductor BOBITRANS
(0603), Chip ferrite bead, 25%, 200mA
L5, L6 600 @ 100 MHz MuRata
max.
LD1, LD2, LD3, LD4 80 mcd, yellow (0603), LED VISHAY
LD5 45 mcd, red (3.0, diffused, radio lead), LED VISHAY
LD6 10 mcd, green (3.0, undiffused, radio lead), LED VISHAY
P1, P2, P3 Terminal block 2 Terminal, pitch 7.5 mm DEGSON
P4, P5, P6 Header, 2 pin HDR1x2, pitch 2.54 mm
Q1 STP40NF10 (TO-220), N-channel MOSFET STMicroelectronics
Q2, Q4 STP75NF75FP (TO-220FP), N-channel MOSFET STMicroelectronics
Q3, Q5, Q6, Q7, Q11,
MMBTA42 (SOT-23), NPN bipolar transistor STMicroelectronics
Q12
Q8, Q9, Q13, Q14 BC807 (SOT-23), PNP bipolar transistor
Q10 TYN616RG (TO-220AB), Triac STMicroelectronics
R1, R2, R3, R4, R9, R17,
R18, R19, R20, R46, R47, 0.1 (1206), 1%, resistor
R55
R5, R7, R10, R12, R15,
R16, R22, R23, R24, R26,
10 (0805), 1%, resistor
R28, R31, R40, R53,
R101
R6, R13, R29 10 k (0805), 5%, resistor
R8 0.2 (Axial lead), cement, 2 W, resistor TOKEN
R11, R45, R48, R49, R59,
R60, R61, R62, R63, R64,
R65, R67, R69, R95,
R97, R104, R105, R110,
10 k (0603), 5%, resistor
R111, R112, R113, R114,
R117, R118, R119, R120,
R121, R122, R123, R124,
R125
R14, R27, R50 1.2 k (0805), 5%, resistor
R21, R70, R71, R72, R73,
330 (0603), 5%, resistor
R74, R106
R25 1.8 k (0603), 5%, resistor
R30, R33, R54 33 m (1210), 1%, resistor

Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 33/38

Overview of demonstration board AN2946

Table 5. BOM (continued)

Name Value Rated Type

R32, R88 NTC, 10 k (0805), NTC resistor

R34, R107, R108, R116 1 k (0603), 1%, resistor
R35 24 (1206), 5%, resistor
R36, R41 10 k (0603), 1%, resistor
R37 12 k (0603), 1%, resistor
R38, R39 4.7 k (0603), 5%, resistor
R102 560 (1206), 5%, resistor
R43 9.1 k (0603), 1%, resistor
R44, R89, R91, R93 3.3 k (0603), 1%, resistor
R51 330 k (0603), 5%, resistor
R52 120 (0603), 5%, resistor
R56, R58, R96 47 k (0603), 5%, resistor
R57 3.3 k (0603), 5%, resistor
R66 1 M (0603), 1%, resistor
R68 1.8 k (0603), 1%, resistor
R75 150 k (0805), 1%, resistor
R76, R78, R81, R84 10 k (0805), 1%, resistor
R77, R80 82 k (0805), 1%, resistor
R79, R82, R85, R86, R87,
10 (0603), 5%, resistor
R90, R92, R94
R83 39 k (0805), 1%, resistor
R98, R99, R100, R103 1 k (0603), 5%, resistor
R109, R115 20 k (0603), 1%, resistor
S1 DIP Switch 4 Position DIP Switch
T1 (see Table 6) 33 H EER25.5, transformer BOBITRANS
T2 (see Table 6) 1 mH Driver transformer BOBITRANS
U1, U5 LM258D (SO8 narrow), dual operational amplifiers STMicroelectronics
U2, U4, U8 TS391ILT (SO), single voltage comparator STMicroelectronics
U3, U9 TSC101AILT (SO), current sense IC STMicroelectronics
U6 L78L12ABD-TR (SO8 narrow), positive voltage regulator STMicroelectronics
U7 LM193D (SO8), dual voltage comparator STMicroelectronics
U10 STM32F101RXT6 (LQFP64), 32-bit microprocessor STMicroelectronics
U11 L4931ABD33-TR (SO8 narrow), linear regulator STMicroelectronics
Yuechung
X1 8 MHz (3x8) crystal oscillator
International Corp.

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AN2946 Overview of demonstration board

Note: STM32F101R4, STM32F101R6, STM32F101R8, STM32F101RB, STM32F101RC

STM32F101RD, STM32F101RE are all equivalent for this purpose.

Table 6. Pin strip header

Figure Description

Accessory for JP1 M20 series jumper socket

L2
1: 39 H +/- 4% (W1//W2 and twisted)
2: Winding 1: pin 1 to pin 5 (18 turns CCW)
3: Winding 2: pin 2 to pin 4 (18 turns CCW)
4: Wire gage: AWG31*20
5: Core: EER28-Z-PC40
6: Bobbin: BEER28-1110CPFR

T1
1: 33 H +/- 4% (W1+W3 @ 50 kHz, 1VRMS)
2: Leakage < 0.1 H (W2 short-circuit)
2: Winding 1: pin 1 to pin 5 (5 turns CCW)
3: Winding 2: pin 8 to pin 10 (10 turns CCW)
4: Winding 3: pin 5 to pin 3 (5 turns CCW)
4: Wire gage: AWG31*20
5: Core: EER28-Z-PC40
6: Bobbin: BEER28-1110CPFR
T2
1: 1 mH (W1+W3 @ 50 kHz, 1VRMS)
2: Leakage < 10 H (W2 short-circuit)
3: No air-gap is required
2: Winding 1: pin 1 to pin 2 (17 turns CCW)
3: Winding 2: pin 8 to pin 6 (34 turns CCW)
4: Winding 3: pin 2 to pin 3 (17 turns CCW)
4: Wire gage: AWG31
5: Core: EE10/11-Z-PC40
6: Bobbin: BE10-118CPSFR

Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 35/38

References AN2946

6 References

1. "BAT46JFILM, Small signal Schottky diode" (datasheet)

2. "STPS20H100CFP, Power Schottky rectifier" (datasheet)
3. "STPS1L60A, power Schottky rectifier" (datasheet)
4. "STPS2045CFP, power Schottky rectifier" (datasheet)
5. "SMAJ24A-TR, 24 V 400 W TransilTM" (datasheet)
6. "STPS1H100A, power Schottky rectifier" (datasheet)
7. "MMBTA42, NPN bipolar transistor" (datasheet)
8. "STP40NF10, N-channel power MOSFET" (datasheet)
9. "STP60NF06FP, N-channel power MOSFET" (datasheet)
10. "STP75NF75FP, N-channel power MOSFET" (datasheet)
11. "TYN616RG, Triac" (datasheet)
12. "LM258D, Low power dual operational amplifiers" (datasheet)
13. "TS391ILT, Single voltage comparator" (datasheet)
14. "TSC101AILT, current sense IC" (datasheet)
15. "L78L12ABD, positive voltage regulator" (datasheet)
16. "STM32F101RXT6, 32-bit microcontroller" (datasheet)

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AN2946 Revision history

7 Revision history

Table 7. Document revision history

Date Revision Changes

16-Oct-2009 1 Initial release.

For easy mount and better operating life of demo-board, below
type of connectors are changed.
1: P1: Solar panel connector
2: P2: Battery connector
3: P3: LED lamp connector
28-Sep-2010 2
MCU reset switch is renamed as B1.
Battery use only 12VDC. Below figures are renew according to the
modification.
Figure 1, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 40, 41, 42 changed
Table 5 updated

Doc ID 15473 Rev 2 37/38

 AN2946

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