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After the arc has been extinguished, the voltage across the
breaker terminals does not normalise instantaneously but it
oscillates and there is a transient condition.
dq d(cv c )
i
dt dt
S
where vc(S) is the Laplace Transform of vc
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
5.3.1 Expression for Restriking Voltage and RRRV (cont.)
or
1
wn , therefore
1
2n
LC LC
or
2n E n E n
Vc (s) ( 2 )
S(S n )
2 2
S (S n2
As = 0 at t = 0, constant = 0
= Restriking voltage
The maximum value of restriking voltage = 2 Epeak
= 2 x peak value of the system voltage
The Rate of Rise of Restriking voltage (RRRV)
= (1 - cos wn t) = wn E sin wnt
Solution
= = 0.00954 H
= =
= = 13.291 kHz
= E [ 1 - cos wnt ]
The maximum value of the restriking voltage = 2 Epeak
= 2x
= 215.56 kV
(c) maximum value of RRRV = wn Epeak
132
2f n x x 2 x1000
3
132
2 x13.291x100 0 x x 2x1000 V/s
3
9010.45 x 10 6 V/s 9.01045 kV/V
sec
Solution :
3
V 1 10
RRRV where t sec
t 2f n 2 x 16
187.7 x 2 x 16
RRRV -3
32 x 187.7 x 10 3
kV/sec
10
6.0 kV/V/
sec
Therefore,
di c d 2 (C c ) d2 c
2
C 2
dt dt dt
di R d ( c /R) 1 d c
dt dt R dt
Substituting these values in the main equation, we get
d 2 C L d c
LC 2 C E
dt R dt
Figure 5.9 shows the transient conditions for three different values of
R. The frequency of damped oscillation is given by
f =
1 1010 1010
= 3.413 kHz
2 6.36 9
f = 3.413 kHz
Solution
V1 + V2 = V = system voltage
V2 = 25% of the system voltage
and
V1 = 75% of the system voltage
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
5.8.1 Plain-break Oil Circuit Breakers
The arc extinction takes place when the first or second lateral
orifice of the arc splitter is uncovered by the moving contact.
The pot operates as a cross-jet explosion pot.
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
5.8.2 Self-generated Oil Circuit Breakers
These two chambers are filled with oil but they are physically
separated from each other.
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
5.8.4 Bulk Oil and Minimum Oil Circuit
Breakers
Figure 5.18 (a) Cross-blast circuit breaker (b) Single blast type axial-blast
circuit breaker (c) Double blast type ( or radial-blast type) axial-blast circuit
breaker
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
5.9.1 Axial-blast Circuit Breakers
Figure 5.18
(d) : axial-
blast type
circuit
breakers.
The mean free path of the gas molecules is small and the
ionization process multiplies the number of electrons to form
an electron avalanche. In high vacuum, of the order of 10-5
mm of mercury, the mean free path of the residual gas
molecules becomes very large. It is of the order of a few
meters.
Spring are very good for opening as their force is large in the
beginning and gradually decreases as the distance of
travel of the moving contact increases. But it is not
suitable for closing because the closing operation must
be a smart one. However, in circuit breakers of small
capacity, it is also used for closing.
Miniature circuit breaker Air at atmospheric pressure 400-600 V; for small current
rating
Air-break circuit breaker Air at atmospheric pressure 400 V 11 kV; 5-750 MVA
Air blast circuit breaker Compressed air at high pressure 6.6 kV 1100 kV;
(20-30 kg/cm2) 2500 60,000 MVA
Below 1 kV Air-break CB
132 kV 220 kV SF6 CB, air blast CB, minimum oil CB SF6 preferred
Figure 5.25
Short-circuit
current
waveform
2
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
5.16.1 Breaking Capacity
Solution :
Given
Rated voltage = 3.3 kV
Rated normal current = 1500 amp
So, 100
Rated symmetrical breaking current (rms) = = 17.5 kA
3 x3.3
Rated making current = 17.5 x 1.8 x 2 = 44.62 kA
Short-time current rating is 17.5 kA for 3 seconds.
Example 5.6
The portion of the test oscillograms which were
obtained during a make-break test on a circuit
breaker is shown in the figure. Given A = 20kV, B =
30kA, X = 21kA and Y = 12kA. Determine:-
a) The line voltage rating of the breaker
b) The peak making current for the red phase only.
c) The AC and DC components of breaking current at
the instant of contact separation for yellow phase
only. Hence determine whether the test is
symmetrical or asymmetrical, and estimate the
breaking current.
Solution
a) Peak to peak phase system voltage = A = 20 kV.
rms phase system voltage = 20/(22) = 7.07 kV
line voltage rating of breaker = 3 * 7.07 = 12.25
kV
b) Peak making current = B = 30 kA.
c) AC component of making current = 21 kA.
DC component of making current = 12 kA.
Y/X = 12/21 = 0.578, therefore the test is
asymmetrical. (Note : greater than 0.5)
asymmetrical breaking current :
5.16.5 Rated Operating Duty
(i) O-t-CO-t-CO
(ii) O-t-CO
B Dt MB
Short-circuit generator
In a laboratory, short-circuit generators are used to
provide power for testing.
Short-circuit transformer
Such a transformer has a low reactance and it is
designed to withstand repeated short-circuits. To get
different voltages for tests, its windings are arranged in
sections. By series and parallel combinations of these
sections, the desired test voltage is obtained.
Making Switch
Capacitors
First of all, the master circuit breaker and the circuit breaker
under test are closed.
I =
Unit testing
Synthetic testing
Synthetic testing(cont.)
Thank You