PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED by S. W. Spielvogel BYRNE. ASSOCIATES, INC NEW TORK N.Y. FIFTH EDITION COPYRIGHT, 1955, 8. W. SPIELVOGEL, Lake Succass, N. Y.PREFACE |ALCULATION of pipe stress under changing temperature conditions has heretofore been confined to engineers having an extensive background and working knowl- edge of calculus. In this brief presentation exact solutions have been worked out in arithmetical form so that the practical pipe designer-can refer to typical problems for both form and method of computation. Methods for calculating expansion stresses in high-temperature power piping have been worked out in a number of ways by several investigators. Engineers engaged in this field have adopted one or another of these procedures, depending on personal preference or extent of theoretical background. Material in this text, applying to one such method, has been discussed in sufficient detail so that the mathematical theory can be traced from principle to actual calculation of typical problems. ‘The relatively simple concepts are familiar to most men who have already been required to design piping. Others can acquire a working understanding of the methods presented in a short period of study. Once the basic methods are understood, the engineer can follow through the mathematical procedures at will. Fortunately, it is possible to strip these formulas to a point where the practical designer can recognize the results without need for following the detailed derivations. “This book is arranged in such a manner that one familiar with pipe calculations can refer quickly to formulas or computations involved in any specific case without reviewing the theoretical background. Specific instructions not only facilitate com- putation but also reduce the probability of error through omission of some de Computation forms are arranged to permit sharing of labor on three-dimensional piping systems by allocating parts of the work to several persons. ‘The method isexact within slide-rule accuracy. Thorough understanding of the complex problems of elasticity, moments and forces, codified values, and varied methods of calculation can properly be restricted to the very few that have specialized in the field. This book brings the ordinary layout problem well within the grasp of many who wish practical answers to immediate piping layouts, 8. W. Sprevvocex. Lass Soccrs‘This edition incorporates the provisions of the 1955 American Standard Association Code for Pressure Piping. ‘The new Code recognizes the concept of "stress-range” as the criterion for the safety of piping systens. The problems of this edition therefore have been adjusted to conform to this concept as well as to new stress values, elastic constants and coefficients | of expansion as published in the Code. The mmerical examples take into account the now mandatory requirement of applying stress ine ‘tensification factors found to exist in components other than plain straight pipe.Piping ayatens vithin the scope of thie vork are atruc— tures designed to absord expansions by the inherent flexibility of the layout. ‘The requirements for “xpansion and Flexibility” are regulated in Section 6, Chapter 3 of the "Code for Pressure Pipiag* ublished by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ‘The intention of these regulations ts to provide adequate safety with economical use of aaterials while allowing maxima latitude in procedure or method of aatheaatical analys: ‘The Code recognizes the fact that stresses in piping syst ity, that expansion stresses at elevated necessarily of constant inti temperatures may not be sustained because of relaxation or creep and con~ quently will drop to the stress level which the aaterial can sustain, ‘This phenomenon of yielding in the elastic range or flow in the plastic different from thet encountered in the analysis atege presents « probli of structures or aschinery which operate at relatively low temperatures and therefore are in a state of steady stress. In this case the clesents é a limiting stress or deformation within the elastic are a igned to Limit of the material, In contrast, the stresses in a piping system can trespass the elastic Limit with strese reversals from cold to hot condition provided the number of stress reversals remains below certain linits so as to exclude the of- fect of fatigue, Piping eyetems can absorb relatively Large displaceneatswithout 401 effect, changing from one shape to another without return= Ang exactly to previous configurations, Relaxation to the sustaining Level of the material will tend to establish a condition of permanency An but a few cycles, each cycle lowering the upper limit of the hot stress until a state of equilibriun is reached in which the system 1s completely relaxed and capable of maintaining constant stress indefinitely. The stress of which a material is relieved due to relaxation reappears as stress in the opposite tenperature state with equal intensity but oppo= site sign. Thus, a system which originally was stressless could within a fea cycles accumulate stresses in the cold condition and spring tteelf without the application of extraneous work. ‘This phenonenon is called "self springing, It may originate in the cold as well as in the hot condition, that is whenever the contraction = or expansion stresses are of sufficient intensity to cause yielding. In- itdal cold springing therefore loses its significance because the stresses calewlated on the basis of predetermined short-cutting of the pipe and springing 1t into position will be altered by subsequent self springing of the systen, This fact is recognized by the Code by omission of the credit allowance for cold springing as far as stresses are concerned. Reactions, hovever, are credited for the effect of cold springing as will be shown separately, The phenomenon of self springing is denonstrated ty the following ax- ample: Let it be assumed that the 90° turn shown belov is to absorb 6" of ax- Pansion between anchors and that the calculated maximum stress is 24,000 peiSYSTEM RELAXED TO SUSTAINING LEVEL. p Z716" FREE EXPANSION SYSTEM SELF SPRUNG Supyosing the material at the particular operating temperature can Sustain only 18,000 pst or three-quarters of the calculated stress, Yielding will take place to this sustaining level, On cooling to room temperature the system mst contract 6", At 3/4 of this contraction ise, 4.5" the system will be stressless, Completing the contraction through the remaining 1,5" will result in a stress of 6,000 psi oppo= site in sign to that caused by an expansion of 1.5", The system which at the start was stressless is nov cold sprung. ‘THE STRESS RANGE From the foregoing it is evident that the true magnitude of the stresses in either the hot or the cold condition cannot be determined by caleulation because the amount of relaxation is unknoyn and cannot be judged relisbly, However, service failures are ated to cyclic rather than s tic stress conditions and it is therefore permissible to assume that a piping systen will operate satisfactorily if the sum of : ‘the cold and the hot stress is within a stress range shich 1s considered safe for the expected number of stress reversals, This concept provides1a logical basis on which to design a piping system because it takes into consideration all stress levels to which a systen will adjust itself to support the loading to which it is subjected, The stress intensity at a specific stage is of academic interest only. ‘The expansion stress range is set by the Code at, Sy = f (1,25 Se + 0625 Sn) S, = allovable expansion stress range in psi Se = allowable stress (S-value) in the cold condition Sh = allevable stress (Savalue) in the hot condition f£ = stress range reduction factor for cyclic condition, from the fol- lowing table: Total mmber of full temperature cycles over ax= pected life, f 7,000 and less 0 14,000" * 0.9 22,000 * * 0.8 45,000" * 100,000 * * 250,000 and over ‘The starting point for the application of the stress range reduction factor has been selected at 7,000 cycles which is approximately equal to one cycle per day over a period of 20 years. By expected life is meant ‘the total nunber of years during which the system is expected to be in active operation.‘The Basis for the Allowable Stress Range Sys i -- ‘The allovable S-values given in the Code are the lesser of the follow- ing stresses: 1) 25% of the minimum specified tensile strength. 2) 256 of the tensile strength at temperatures as reported by test data. 3) 62.56 of the yield strength Y.S. at temperatures as reported by test data i.e, that stress which will produce a strain of 0.002 inches per inchs 4) A conservative average of the stress to give a creep rate of 0.01% in 1,000 hours as reported by test data. 5) 60% of the average or 80f of the minimum stress to produce rupture in 100,000 hours as reported ty test data. ‘The meximum stress range a system could be subjected to without pro~ ducing flow neither in the cold nor in the hot condition was proposed by cy Markl*, reasoning as follows: (A) At cold temperatures the stress will limit itself automatically ! to the yield strength or to 166 Soe (Note that So is Limited to 0.625 T.5., Item 3 above. Therefore YS. 9g) 625 = 1668q) (B) At temperatures conducive to creep the stress will lintt itself to the rupture strength or sinilarly to 1.6 S,, Item 5 above. 5 The sun of the two limits therefore is 166 (Se + Sn) Piping Flexibility Analysis. A.S.M.E. paper No. 53-A-51+‘The range established by the Code 1s 1.25 (8, +5) which Ancludes all stresses that is expansion, pressure and weight stresses. The range for expansion stresses only is S, = 1425 Sp + 0625 5, for which further explanation is given in the following section. The Expansion Stress Sy Teaperature changes in restrained piping cause bending stresses in single plane systens, and bending and torsional stresses in three-dimensional sya tens. The naximun stress due to thermal changes solely is called the expan- sion stress Sg This stress must be within the allovable stress range 5, The str ses due to internal pressure and weight of the piping are perma- nently sustained. They do not participate in stress reductions due to relax- ation and are excluded from the camparison of Sp with S, as the latter has been adjusted to allow for them with the following provision: "The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to pressure, weight and other sustained external loading shall not exceed Sy. Where the sum of these stresses is less than S, the difference between S, and this sum may be added to the term 0.25 S, in the formula for Se" To explain the foregoing quotation fron the Code for Pressure Piping ref= erence is made to the method of calculating the pipe wall thickness and to the general analysis of cylindrical vessels subjected to pressure. Accord= ingly, the maximun stress due to internal pressure is tensile transversely to the pipe axis. This stress is limited by the Code to the Sevalue Sy atoperating temperature. Pressure also causes a longitudinal stress which equals one-half the transverse stress and which is additive to the bende ing stress caused by expansion. In reducing the stress range by Sh. one~ half of this anount is assigned to stress due to pressure leaving the other half available for stress due to weight. The expansion stresses shall be combined in accordance with the follow ang forma se = Nah + hay? Where = iuMy:Z = resulting bending stress, psi = My22 resulting bending moment, in. Ib. torsional stress, pst = torsional monent, in. 1b. “FFP ES = Section modulus of pipe, in’. Stress intensification factor ‘The Code stipulates that flexibility calculations for the expansion stress Sg be based on the modulus of elasticity Bp at room temperature ine cluding the effect of stress intensification. Inasmuch as it is customary to make flexibility calculations for, the en tire expansion range using the modulus of elasticity Ey at operating temper~ ature, the resulting stress mst be increased ty the factor Eq ip to obtain the expansion stress Sg. On the other hand if the calculation for the en- tire expansion range ts made with modulus Ey the result gives Sz which in, this case signifies either the stress in the cold condition for a system which 4s cold sprung 100% or the stress in the cold condition for @ system which, operating in the creep range, has relaxed completely and becomes stressless at operating temperature.In reference to the stress intensification factor the Code permits sim plifying assumptions in calculations or model tests, It 4s permissible for exanple to substitute square corners for circular bends or elbows foregoing the increased Mexibility attributable to these components. The stress in- tensification factor, however, mist be included in the calculation of the bending stress Sp. REACTIONS In contrast to the procedure for determining the stresses the method for recording the magnitude of the reactions is based on the initial condition with no consideration for subsequent relaxation but with specific credits for the effect of cold springing. Thus the mamfacturer of equipment is protected against excessive actions during the initial stages of operation and the user 1s granted adequate bene- fit for cold springing the systen. For this purpose the degree of cold springing is expressed ty the "cold spring factor C* which varies from zero for no cold springing to unity for 100f cold springing. Let R denote the reaction obtained fron the flexibility calculation based on the modulus By, (1f the calculation 1s made with the modulus 8, at operate Ang temperature multiply result by EqiB,) then the initial reaction in the hot condition 1s calculated from m= (2-2/3c) x Sh ie ‘This formula credits the system with two-thirds of the designed cold spring.1 = The reaction in the col3 condition is obtained from = ck eo Pee one) eo fhe BR) ep C78) whichever is greater and with the further condition that Sp 33 is less than unity as? The following diagram will denonstrate these rules 3 *. | Initial reactions in the hot condition are shown above the horizontal base Line with credit allovance and correction for the modulus of elasti- city at operating temperature, (As stated previously R is the reaction obtained from the flexibility calculation based on the modulus Ze at room temperature, ) ‘The inclined Line below the base line and the intercepting horizontal ptt give the reaction in the cold condition for noneyielding and yielding systems respectively. For a system which is 100% cold sprung i.e, C= 1. Bg Re ‘or a lesser anount of cold springing. sevens = Re10 Howaver, in a yleldis 12 systen Re can be more than CR because of self- speis Bvidently the amount of relaxation which causes the self~springing depends on the ratio of the stress which can be sustained 1 Sy, to the stress Sz produced ty the expansion, Therefore the term Sh 5 Phe has been assuned to represent an appraisal of the effect of self-springing and the reaction in the cold condition then is R= (Sh, 2) 2 oe, FE)SMMOARY OF STRESS EXAMINATION The Code confines the stress examination to the most significant stresses created by the diversity of loading to which a piping system As subjected. They are: 1. Stresses due to the thermal expansion of the line. 2. The longitudinal stress due to internal or external pressure. 3. The bending stress created by the weight of the pipe and its insulation, the internal fluid, fittings, valves and external loading such as wind. ‘The suitability of the system is established by the following con- Sq must be within the stress range Sq (see Page 4). Sg is the result of a stress analysis based on the modulus of elasticity in the cold condition and for the total expansion range from ‘the maximum to the minimum operating temperature (for hot Lines this nay be taken as the erection tenperature). For three dinensional systems the combined expansion stress is ob- tained from the formla on Page 7. ‘The longitudinal pressure stress plus the stress due to weight mst not exceed the allovable stress S, in the hot condition. Where this sum 4s less than Sy the difference may be added to the term 0.25 Sp in the formula for $4 (see Page 6). ‘The longitudinal pressure stress equals internal pressure tines in- side area of pipe divided by the pipe metal area or va? internal pressure in pounds per square inch. inside diameter of pipe in inches. outside diameter of pipe in inches.DETERMINING PIPE WALL THICKNESS Before the stress caused by tenpersture expansion of piping can be calculated, at least one possible arrangenent of given lengths of piping of known size and weight must be developed. Arrangenent and size depend on the amount of fluid to be carried and the physical layout of other equipment; pipe thickness is established from codified standards. The basis for selecting pipe wall thickness is the A.S-A.+ Code for sure Piping and the A.S-A, standard 2364101950 the former in respect ‘to strength, the latter in respect to dinensions. ‘The appropriate material specification depends on the service pressure. It As obtained by reference to the specific requirements of the Codes When the material has been jected, the stress S for the particular service temperature is taken from the table entitled Allovable S Value, ‘This stress is used in the following formulas to determine the pipe wall thickness. - (pe) ‘an " (eae) *° p= -28(tmin ac De2y (tmin ©) minimum pipe wall thickness, in paximum internal service pressure, pat outside diameter (0.D.) of pipe, ine SLiovable stress in'material due to internal pressure at the operating temperature, pat By PIPE SPEC cc = allowance for threading of Corrosion, ins C = 0,065 in. fe lain-end steel or wrought-iron pipe or tube for sizes eStore ° wune VP To @ Wewwowe 3/2" 000 Fe@® Pian EdD Sree. O& WReveNT IRod 44 lances. 1 american Standards Associationy= & coefficient having values as follows: 900 150 ‘Temp and and F below 950 -«'1000»«1050 «1100. above Ferritte steels O,t. 05 067 «7 77 Austenitic steels Ot Ou OOS? It is customary to order pipe by its nominal wall thickness adding they manufacturer's tolerance. pute By For rolled pipe tnon = tnin + 04375 For pipe made of plate, the plate tolerance applies, shen the wall thickness t has been determined, the "schedule munber* is obtained from the A.S.A, dimensional standard B36,J0 in which pipe of the same nominal size has the sane outside diameter for all sched- ule murbers. ‘Example 12” pipe operating at 900 F and 1000 psi pressure, Material specification ASTM 4335 Grade Pl2: Allowable Sevalue at 900 Few ee ee ee ee ee ne + 134100 vst (Page 106) y= 05 see Pree SPES e000 +2470 . x oe — i TROIS TE OLE TOO) ] ocean ee odo + OBIS: 0-533" vse Sew thon = 04535 “0,875 = 0,612" Use Schedule 8... ....4.¢ = 0,687 Lasom * $75 Edom 2 Een t Ot PLASINGLE-PLANE PIPING Ifa pipe line, owing to the character of its supports or end conditions, is prevented from free expansion, then it is compelled to assume a distorted shape. The new configuration attained will be that which requires the least effort. Actual shape depends on the resistance to distortion offered ¥ by individual sections of pipe or fittings Ive The pipe line (Fig. 1) is fixed at its two ends and subjected to thermal expansion. Each end will react with a force and a moment. For convenience the force is rey resented by its two rectilinear components . a and Y. The relationship between expansion “ly and reactions may be visualized if one of the supports is removed to permit an unrestricted expansion of the pipe. If, for example, ‘the support at c is removed, the expanded shape will be as in Fig. 2. Let the expansion of leg be be designated by Ar and that of ab by ay. Then, in order to restore the conditions of Fig. I, it is necessary to apply suitable forces X and Y opposite to the expansions and a moment Mc. These three actions combined will move ¢’ back to e and rotate the pipe to obtain a horizontal tangent at c, as shown in Fig. 1. The determination of the unknowns X,, ¥,and Mcis considerably simplified Fra. Fio.2. Fi. 3. if the end c is temporarily connected with the centroid C by means of a rigid bracket and the actions necessary to bring.’ back to care applied at C. During this operation the bracket is assumed to be absolutely stiff, ic., it transfers all actions without bending, contracting, or elongating. It ean be proved by theory that, to restore the original conditions of Fig. 1 with actions at the centroid, only the forces X and Y are required; in other words, the two forces X’ and ¥ acting at the centroid accomplish the same as X, ¥, and Me acting at point c. Once the centroid forees X and ¥ are found, the moment at ¢ is obtained by multiplying these forces by their respective offsets from ¢. Assigning a plus sign to clockwise moments, we obtain from Fig. 3 Me = The unknowns in the problem are thus reduced from three to two, namely, X and Y. wwPIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED DETERMINING X AND Y Remove one of the two supports, connect that end temporarily with the centroid by means of a rigid bracket, and permit the line to expand freely. Next apply unit forces (1 Ib) in directions opposite to the two component expansions Az and Ay. ‘These directions shall be the positive z- and the positive y-axes of a coordinate system (Fig. 4). The unit force acting in the z-direction will move the centroid in the z-direetion as well as in the y-direction. These two movements shall be designated by 6., and buy the first subscript indicating the direction of the force, the second the direction of the move- ment. Similarly, the unit force acting in the y- direction will produce defiections 5,, and Se. If the actual reactions X and Y are applied 4 the total movements will be, respectively, ’ and Prot, ¥ times larger than the movements produced by the unit forces. ‘Thus the total movement in the z-direction is Xs + ¥b,x, and the total movement in the y-direction is Xj + Yi The reactions X and Y must have such intensities as to make the sum of all movements in the z-direction equal to the expansion 4z, and the sum of all movements in the y-direction equal to the expansion Ay. Expressing this fact in form of equations we obtain X6,.+ VY. = At Xa, + Yin = wt @ These two equations contain only two unknowns, because the expansions Az and Ay are known, and the coefficients 4.., 5,,, ete., are deflections produced by unit loads acting at the free end of a cantilever and are calculable. ‘Thus the problem involves, first, calculating the coefficients and, then, solving the equations for X and Y. ‘Note that 8. = 6., because of Maxwell's law of reciprocity of defleetions, wich, applied to this problem, may be stated as follows: ‘The deflection in the z-direction produced by a force acting in the y-direction equals the deflection in the y-direction due to the same jorce bul applied in the a-direction. i ‘ y DETERMINING THE COEFFICIENTS The coefficients, also known as shape constants, depend on the geometrical distribution of the material or the shape of the line. They are deflections due to unit loads and as such are directly proportional to the moment of inertia or the product of inertia of the line with 1/ET as factor of proportionality. is the modulus of elasticity of the material, and J is the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional metal ‘area of the pipe. Referring to Fig. 4, I, it and by = BESINGLE-PLANE PIPING where J, is the moment of inertia of the line about the z-axis, I, the moment of inertia of the line about the y-axis and J., the product of inertia of the line, with respect to the coordinate axes. ‘The moment of inertia of a line is the sum of the products obtained by multiplying the length of each line element by the square of its distance from the reference axis. ‘The product of inertia of a line is the sum of the products obtained by multiplying the length of each element by its coordinates. (A line element is an infinitesimal part of the total length.) Introducing the line inertia in equations (1), with signs as explained below, we obtain @ Explanation of signs: ‘A foree acting in the positive z-direction will move the free end in the same direction, This deflection is associated with the moment of inertia, which always is positive value. The same force will also move the free end normal to its line of action, and the intensity of this movement depends on the product of inertia of the line, which may have either sign. With the assumption of positive axes opposite to the anticipated expansions, a positive X-force causes one movement in the positive z-direction, and another in the negative y-direction, Similarly a positive Y-foree causes one movement in the positive y-direction and another in the negative z-direction. ‘With negative signs in equations (2), products of inertia are introduced alge- braically with the result that the end reactions X and Y will be obtained with plus signs indicating that their assumed directions are correct. Equations (2) are used in two distinct forms. 1. Lines with Constant Cross Section and Same Modulus B, Since the product ET in equations (2) is always the same for this case, it is convenient to transfer it to the right side. XI — YIq, = 32 EI Se ° ‘The solution of these equations is x = P(d2 ED + Inlay ED TA, — Dy y = LAAv ED + La{se ED Tl, = Ey Note that the denominators for X and ¥ are the same. In numerical solutions the products (Ar EJ) and (Ay ET) are calculated at the start and therefore will appear in equations (3) and (4) as numbers. 2, Lines with Variable Cross Sections and Same Modulus E. In this case each branch of the line must be divided by the moment of inertia of its own cross- 161” PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED sectional area. Thus only E can be brought to the right side, and the general equation becomes XI, - Yin = ee) -XI, + YI, = sy E 6) where I t, 1, = Tete ‘The solution of these equations is v2 Blaz £) + Mi,(ay E) oe ee ©) y = Liu 8) + Tylae 6) Tl, = Ty Summary of procedure: 1, Caloulate the expansions Az and Ay. 2. Calculate the products Az ET and Ay EL 3. Determine the centroid of the line. | 4. Make centroid the origin of a system of coordinates with positive directions opposite to the anticipated expansions. 5. Caleulate the line inertias Lay, Lz, Iy 6. Insert in equations (3), and solve for X and ¥ (equations (4)] Momeat of Inertia of Straight Lines ne xen §- we mT t al 1 Product of inertia (Line paral fan axis) Fea,SINGLE-PL. EB PIPING ‘Moment of inertia of ea Inclined Branch vy o } About axes parallel to 2’ or y’ at distances L=t, L=t, o ° 0.0038 ast | 0.00558 0.07775 aor | 0.02088, 0-06350 ws | o.one7 0.08167 f aor | 0.06280 0.02088 rst | o.ors | 0.00688 oor | 0083s 0 i tose | 0.07775 0.00888 var | 0.06280 03088 ast | o.one7 0.08167 sot | 0.02088 0.06250 1 est | 0.00858, oor 0° ° 0.08538PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED Product of Inertia of a Tneined Branch ey About axes 2’, y/ through its own centroid = psa Lab 24 le About axes 2, y, parallel to 2’, y’ at distances m, n Tey Tay = Ing + lon ° -+0.00088 $0.03608 Fo.0a67 $0:03608 qs 0.02089, wr 0 toss 0.02088 ro oan808 13s" Lo-o467 sor 0.03608 esr 0.02088, rg °i 1 Prodactof Inertia for Quarter Bead ‘Located in Plane of Projection fay: (i007 Bian] Drs] G + a +y 20 To obvain the sigs of the erm 0197 RY, pase through We centroid ofthe 90° bend two ance 3! and +’ parale! tothe pone gravity axes of the entire ne. The sign is then determined fromthe postion of +2" snd Eyeeative to the are. "The coordinates m and n are introduced algebraically. Product of Inertia of Quarter Bend. ‘Located at Right Angles to Pase of Projection SEE PAGE 184 ooirice canara» AZ By OBER RE mK Ienassen! “RE mi). Charter bend in tre length uarter bein eed lengthPIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED ‘The Product of Inertia of « Circular Are (Genera! Formala ay = [hk RO ~ AB co0 8+ HRY sin 9 + OSB! sin! OB ‘The Moment of Inertia of « Cicaler Are (Geceral Formule Bsn 2-4) mnsc-407§ 0,98) asescesf(0,+0;) About axes through center of circle tow Bee 1 in 20 » i" t= Bie soto About axes through centroid La l- mt Tala ont where K = flexibility constant. = modified length of aro, é.e., actual length X K.PROBLEM 1 90° Bend, Both Ends Fixed 22PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED PROBLEM 1 90° Bend, Both Ends Fixed 12-in, pipe, A.8.T.M. Specification A—106 Steam temperature = 7100" Pressure = $50 pet ‘Wall thickness required: Stress value S = 11,650 ast | tein = 0-528 ime tain + 0.125toem = trons them = 0.595 in. ‘Use 12-in. pipe, Schedule 80 t = 0.687 in. I = 475 in. S = 74.5 in. Expansion = 5.75 in. per 100 ft. E = 25 X 10° psi _ | = Tog BX 80 ft 4.6 in. az BI = 49 in, x 25 x 108 x 12" x HP = 31,600,000 Ib ft ay Br = 28 in, x 25 x 10" x 128 x FFP = 19,800,000 Ib te * Manufacturing tlerance.PROBLEM 1 3 Wren sw sae [Oe thw ofS ED + Lnisy ED) eT le y= Hv £'+ flor £0) | That x = 98710 emo «208101950000 | : ar aca = Soa = ipo = 200 x uma = 0810 x 3140000 ‘aaa So = sb aeag meme a | Tao an Swoon 5.408 2 onan ending mona Sandie ate ono 20.60 Fes. 0 eding moma at Sean TS wom a8 2 -sxsc0 1 | ore: The mame’ hin ht are | cel nine ete erin mote Ser Aer names dng monet TES ages tment red he itt mena hese fom en 1900. i Pants of nfectonareat Dl ca 4 BS oe Fro. ale25 SIMPLIFIED TABULATION The computation of the line inertias can be conveniently contracted into a single table. The procedure which 1s demonstrated below has the added advantage of being partly self-checking. First enter in table the effective lengths and the coordinat: the branches about the gravity axes, Then enlculate the terns 132, ly? and lay and check these values as follows: ‘The product of the first tuo divided by the third should equal the third. A check in this manmer confirms the cor- rectness of all thre For example refer to branch ab (18,940 x 7,370) 11,820 = 11,820 The moment of inertia of a branch which is parallel to an axis con- sists of one term only, nanely 1x2 or ly? depending on the axis about which calculation is made, Branches which are at right angle to an axis have the additional term 15/12 which is placed immediately below the first term. For values of 13/12 refer to Page 182 and t Page 183.26 SIMPLIFIED TABULATION i FOR PROBLEM 2. 3 3 8, 50" To @ Love Branch | tenethi | x y | 2+ 15 ay a go | 15.4 | -9.6 | 28,980 7,370 | + 22,820 42,600 | be 50 |+ 24,6 |+15.4 | 30,200 yaw | + 13,990 10,416 { Jy = 91,740 | j Tx = 29,600 | Igy = + 30,810 t Ip = moment of inertia about gravity axis of branch.Streas Calculation for Problea 1 The stress values for ASTM A106 Grade A material in the cold and hot condition are So = 12,000 pat ~ Sh = 11,460 pat ‘The atrens range Ls Sq = 1.25 x 12,000 + 0.25 x 11,460 = 17,865 pat According te the requiresent of the Code for Pressure Piping the ‘expansion stress calculated vith the zedulus of slasticity im the gold condition mst be within the stress rence Sy. Inasmch as this calculation was based on the modulus of elasticity im the het condition, the bending aoneats mist be increased in the ratio of By! By = 29.9: 25 = 14195. and ‘The maximum aoment eccurs in the straight pipe at poiat equals 58,500 ft1b 58,500 x 14195 = 69,900 ftlbe. equals 69,900 ftlbs, x12: 74.5 ta) The oxpansion stresa Sy at to! = 11.250 pai Ia the curved pertien, corner "dD", the bending memeat is 41,000 ftlbs. 41,000 x 1.195 = 49,000 ft1be. 8) Using a short radius veld-elbow Schedule 80, the stress iatensifi- cation facter (from table). Lo 2042 Sy = 2,42 x 49,000 x12: 7445 = 19,100 pat which is beyond the stress range of 17,365 pate ») Using a long radius weld elbow Schedule 30, the stress intensifi- cation factor 12 Las Sg = 1485 249,000 212: 74.5 = 1,600 pat which 1s vithia the stres range.