BIOLOGY 115 LECTURE Lecture 3.

e 3.3 Monocotyledons: Non-Commelinids Adapted from: Simpson (2010), Rubite and Padolina (2013) 1 trichomes located in the axils of sheathy leaves
I. DIAGNOSTIC APOMORPHIES
Alismatales
Orders Acorales Dioscoreales Pandanales Liliales Asparagales
(Intravaginal squamules) 1
AMARYLLIDEA
FAMILIES ACORACEAE ALISMATACEAE ARACEAE DIOSCOREACEAE PANDANACEAE LILIACEAE AGAVACEAE ALLIACEAE ASPHODELACEAE IRIDACEAE ORCHIDACEAE
CEAE
1)Herbs or
1) Sympodially 1-2) 1) Perennial 1-2) 1-3) Mycorrhizal
1) Perennial pachycaulous
1) Marsh 1) Aquatic or branched Perennial subshrubs to Perennial, 1-2) Perennial, Perennial
Habit/Stem 2) Rhizomatous or trees (woody, 1)Perennial herbs
plants marsh herbs 2) Woody Bulbous branched bulbous bulbous herbs Terrestrial or
tuberous trunklike, swollen
3) Prop roots herbs trees herbs epiphytic herbs
basally)
2) Ensiform
Leaf 4) Simple 2-3) 2) Ensiform
3) 1) Bifacial/ 3) Simple- 3) Narrow
Type/Shape/ 5) Linear- Xenomorphic 2) Succulent 3) Unifacial/
Unifacial Dorsiventral palmate leaves leaves
Anatomy ensiform Fibrous isobilateral
/isobilateral
2) Parallel or
Leaf Venation 4) Netted
netted
Phyllotaxy/ 4) Distichous 6) 3-4 ranked 3) Basal/
4) Spiral 4) Basal
position 7) Acrocaulis cauline
4) Bracteate spike
or panicle of
4) Resupinate
2) Flowers 4)Raceme/ solitary flowers
5) Spadix 3) Spadix and flowers (inverted
Inflorescence solitary or umbel/ 5) Umbel 3) Umbel Or spathaceous
and spathe spathe or twisted 180
whorled solitary rhapidia
deg)
(monochasial
cyme)
5)Hermaphroditic 8) Dioecious;
Flower Sex
or dioecious unisexual
3) Dichlamyde
Perianth 6) Trimerous 5) Trimerous 3)Trimerous 5) Trimerous
ous
5) Three stamens
6-7) Trimerous;
Androecium 7) Trimerous 6) Trimerous 4)Trimerous opposite outer
both adnate =
tepals
column,
7) Trimerous
8-9) Inferior; 5) Superior 5-6) Superior; 4) Inferior gynostemium
Gynoecium 4) Apocarpous 8) Superior- 6) Superior 6) Inferior ovary
trimerous ovary trimerous ovary (inferior ovary)
perigynous
Placentation 5) Basal
6)
9) Berry or
Fruit type Achenecetum/
drupe
follicetum
6) Perisperm 4)
Seed char ous/endo Endospermo 7) Arillate
spermous us
Other 7) Oil cells 5) Raphides 6) Lack 9) Dimorphic 8-10) Labellum
apormorphie 8) No onion odor chromosome 7) Onion (inner median
s raphides s with 5long odor due tepal); Pollinia
and 25 short to alliin (fused pollen
grains) and
 Pollinarium stalk
II. TAXONOMY AND IMPORTANT SPECIES Crocus sp.
Order Acorales Gladiolus
Family Acoraceae (SWEET FLAG) Order Liliales
Acorus calamus Family Colchicaceae Family Orchidaceae (ORCHID)
Order Alismatales Colchicine source Vanilla planifolia (vanilla orchid)
Family Hydrocharitaceae Family Smilacaceae Calopogon (non-resupinate)
Hydrilla Smilax (sarsaparilla) Cattleya sp.
Thallasia (sea grasses) Family Liliaceae (LILY) Cypripedium sp. (ladys slipper)
Family Alismataceae (WATER PLANTAIN) Lilium philippinense (Benguet lily) Dracula sp.
Sagittaria sp. Tulipa Encyclia sp. (cockleshell orchid)
Echinodorus berteroi Order Asparagales Vanda sanderiana (waling-waling)
Family Araceae (ARUM) Family Agavaceae (AGAVE) Dendrobium anosmum (sanggumay)
Alocasia Cordyline fruticosa (baston ni San Jose)
Colocasia esculenta (taro) Sanseviera trifasciata (buntot tigre)
Monstera deliciosa Dracaena
Anthurium Agave tequilana (source of tequilla)
Arisaema triphyllum (Jack-in-the-pulpit) Agave deserti (century plant)
Caladium (elephants ear) Yucca schidigera (Mohave Yucca)
Dieffenbachia (dumb cane) Yucca brevifolia (Joshua tree)
Lemna minuscula (duckweed) Family Alliaceae (ONION)
Philodendron Allium cepa (onion)
Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce/quiapo) Allium sativum (garlic)
Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum (peace lily) Tulbaghia violacea (society garlic)
Symplocarpus foetidus (skunkweed) Family Asphodelaceae (ALOE)
Zantedeschia aethiopica (calla-lily) Aloe spp. (aloin source)
Amorphophallus titanum (largest flowers) Asphodelus sp.
Wolffia spp. (watermeal - smallest flowers) Gasteria sp.
Order Dioscoreales Haworthia sp.
Family Dioscoreaceae Kniphofia uvaria (red hot poker)
Dioscorea alata (ube) Family Amaryllidaceae
Dioscorea esculenta (tugi) Amaryllis (belladonna lily)
Order Pandanales Narcissus (daffodil)
Family Pandanaceae Crinum (spider lily)
Pandanus amaryllidifolius(pandang Hippeastrum puniceum (liryo)
mabango) Family Iridaceae (IRIS)
Iris sp.
 Importance in religious rituals, insecticide, A 4,6,8 or (4,6,8) [112] G (3) [1()]
perfume and flavoring plant (e.g., in superior.
liqueurs)
Examples Alocasia*
Colocasia esculenta (taro)*
III. ALTERNATE REVIEWER Monstera deliciosa *
II. ALISMATALES Aglaonema modestum
A. Alismataceae - Water-Plantain family Anthurium
Monocotyledons (Monocotyledonae, Monocots) (Alisma, a name used by Dioscorides for plantain- Arisaema triphyllum (Jack-in-the-
Monophyletic group leaved aquatic plant). 15 genera / 88 species pulpit)
Comprise 22% of all angiosperms Caladium (elephants ear)
Relationships to other basal angiosperms unclear Dieffenbachia (dumb cane)
Plant Habit aquatic or marsh herbs
at present Epipremnum
Flowers solitary or often whorled
Apomorphies: Lemna minuscula (Duckweed)
Perianth dichlamydeous, homochlamydeous
o sieve tube plastids with cuneate (wedge- Philodendron
Pistil apocarpous
shaped) proteinaceous inclusions Pistia stratiotes (Water-
Placentation basal
o atactostele stem vasculature lettuce/Quiapo)
Fruit achenecetum or follicetum
o parallel leaf venation (penni-parallel in Pothos sp.
Floral K 3 C 3 A 6,9 [3] G 3,
some) Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum
Formula superior
o single cotyledon (peace lily)
o NOTE: a trimerous flower merosity is not a Syngonium
Example Sagittaria sp.
Monocot apomorphy Symplocarpus foetidus (Skunkweed)
Sagittaria montevidensis Xanthosoma sagittifolium
Echinodorus berteroi
I. ACORALES Zantedeschia aethiopica (calla-lily)
Economic used as food by indigenous people, Amorphophallus titanum (largest
Acoraceae Sweet Flag family
Importance others used as aquatic, cultivated inflorescences of any flowering plant)
(Acorus, meaning "without pupil," originally in
ornamentals. Wolffia spp. (watermeal -smallest
reference to a species of Iris used to treat cataracts).
1 genus/2-3 species flowers)
B. Araceae - Arum family
(Arum, used by Theophrastus). 111 genera / 2980 Economic food sources* (rootstocks, leaves, or
Plant Habit marsh plants species Importance fruits) in the tropics
Leaves distichous, ensiform, cultivated ornamentals
unifacial/isobilateral (mirror) Leaves bifacial = dorsiventral
Flowers spadix and spathe (resembling parallel or netted venation
Araceae) Flowers inflorescence a spadix of numerous, C. Hydrocharitaceae
Seeds perispermous, endospermous small flowers with a subtending Hydrilla
Unique ethereal oil cells spathe Thallasia sea grasses
character *raphide crystals absent Seeds endospermous
Floral P 3+3 A 3+3 G (23) superior, Unique raphide crystals present III. DIOSCOREALES
Formula hypanthium absent char. Dioscoreaceae
Example Acorus calamus Floral P 2+2,3+3,(2+2),(3+3) or 0 [4+4,
Economic medicinally (e.g., as calamus oil) Formula (4+4)] Plant Sex hermaphroditic to dioecious
 Leaves simple to palmate C. Smilacaceae Smilax (sarsaparilla) Formula hypanthium absent.
netted venation Examples Allium cepa - onion
Roots rhizomatous or tuberous VI. ASPARAGALES Allium sativum - garlic
Pistil epigynous Very large order! Tulbaghia violacea - Society Garlic
Examples Dioscorea alata - ube Apomorphy for all but Orchidaceae: phytomelan
Dioscorea esculenta tugi (black substance) in seed coat (lost in some taxa) C. Asphodelaceae - Asphodel or Ale family
Economic Steroidal saponins pharma source 15 genera/780 species
Importance of corticosteroids *sex hormones A. Agavaceae - Agave family
Diosgenin used in production of (after Agave, meaning "admired one"). 8 genera / 300 Plant Habit plants herbs or pachycaulous trees
contraceptions species (woody, trunklike, swollen basally)
Leaves usually succulent
IV. PANDANALES Plant perennial subshrubs to branched Flower trimerous
Pandanaceae Habit trees Pistil superior ovary
Leaves spiral, xeromorphic, generally Seeds with aril
Plant sympodially branched, woody fibrous leaves Floral P 3+3 or (3+3) A 3+3 G (3),
Habit Flower trimerous hypogynous to Formula superior
Plant Sex dioecious perigynous flowers
Leaves 3-4 ranked Unique characteristic chromosomes (base Examples Aloe aristata
Simple, acrocaulis, linear to ensiform char. number with 5 long and 25 short Aloe marlothii
leaves (appearing spiral) chromosomes) Asphodelus fistulosus
Roots prop roots Floral P 3+3 A 6 G (3) superior or Bulbine aloifolia
Flower unisexual Formula inferior, hypanthium present in Gasteria trigona
Fruit berry or drupe some. Haworthia cooperi
Examples Pandanus amaryllidifolius pandang Examples Cordyline fruticosa - baston ni San Haworthia linifolia
mabango Jose Haworthia truncata
Sanseviera trifasciata- buntot tigre Kniphofia uvaria Red Hot Poker
V. LILIALES Dracaena Economic *medicinal (e.g., as laxatives and
A. Liliaceae Lily family Agave tequilana source of tequila importance treatment of burns) as well as in
(after Lilium, a name used in Virgil's writings) Agave deserti skin, hair, and health products -
Yucca schidigera - Mohave Yucca Aloe spp. (esp. A. vera and A. ferox,
Plant perennial, usually bulbous herbs Yucca brevifolia - Joshua Tree from which aloin is derived)
Habit *lack an onion-like odor Hesperoyucca whipplei *cultivated ornamentals, e.g., Aloe,
Leaves basal or cauline Asphodelus, Gasteria, Haworthia,
Flower inflorescence a raceme, umbel or of B. Alliaceae [Amaryllidaceae] - Onion family Kniphofia.
solitary flowers (Latin name for garlic). 7 genera / >600 species
Floral P 3+3 A 3 G (3), superior Plant perennial, bulbous herbs D. Amaryllidaceae
Formula Habit with an onion-like odor (caused by
Examples Lilium philippinense Benguet lily alliin, coverted to allyl sulfides), Plant perennial, bulbous herbs
Tulipa Leaves basal, narrow Habit
Flower umbel inflorescence Flower umbel inflorescence
B. Colchicaceae - colchicine Floral P 3+3 A 3+3 G (3), superior, Pistil ovary inferior
 Examples Amaryllis belladonna lily
Narcissus daffodil Floral P (3+3) A 1-3, when 1 a pollinarium
Crinum spider lily Formula G (3), inferior, with gynostemium
Hippeastrum puniceum - liryo Examples Vanilla planifolia vanilla orchid
Caladenia longiclavata Australia
E. Iridaceae - Iris family Calopogon - a non-resupinate
(after Iris, mythical goddess of the rainbow). 70 genera / orchid
1750 sp. Cattleya sp.
Cymbidium sp.
Cypripedium sp. Ladys Slipper
Plant perennial herbs
Dendrobium phalaenopsis
Habit
Dracula chimaera
Leaves ensiform, unifacial leaves
Dracula vampira
Flower bracteate to spathaceous rhapidia
Encyclia sp. Cockleshell Orchid
or spikes (sometimes solitary)
Epidendrum sp.
Stamen with 3 stamens opposite outer
Ludisia sp.
tepals
Oncidium lanceanum
Floral P/(P) 3+3 A/(A) 3 (G) 3, inferior Orchis spectabilis
Formula (superior in Isophysis) Paphiopedilum sp.
Examples Iris sp. Stanhopea trigrinum
Crocus sp. Thelymitra antennifera Australia
Chasmanthe aethiopica (South Vanda sanderiana waling-waling
Africa) Dendrobium anosmum -
Sisyrhinchium bellum sanggumay
Gladiolus
Economic *largely as cultivated ornamentals,
F. Orchidaceae - Orchid family Importance including some quite monetarily
(orchis, testicle, from the shape of the root tubers). valuable in the horticultural trade.
Plant Habit perrennial, terrestrial or epiphytic *The fermented capsules of Vanilla
herbs planifolia are the source of vanilla
Roots mycorrhizal; pseudobulb food flavoring.
Flower resupinate
Perianth Inner median tepal often modified
as showy labellum End
Reproductive Androecium and gynoecium adnate
part = column, gynostegium, or 5.13.13 20:04
gynostemium
*Stamen Pollen grains often fused, 1-
pollinia, with sticky-tipped stalk,
pollinia and stalk termed a
pollinarium (unit of pollen dispersal
during pollination)