Tissues Origin Protoplasm Characteristi Function Chemical Location

cs
Parenchyma Ground tissue Living; large Thin walled Leaf- - Leaves, stems,
amount of Nucleus is photosynthesi and roots
protoplasm present s
Stems and
roots- storage
and support
Collenchyma Ground tissue Living Thin walled Additional Pectin Below or
but thick on support above the
corners Protection epidermis of
Nucleus is Plasticity petiole
present
Sclerenchym Ground tissue Dead Thick walled Support, Lignin Stem or main
a Nucleus is strengthening, body, trunk,
absent conduction roots,
and surrounding
protection, the region of
water conduct
proofing element
Epidermis Protoderm Living Thin walled Water Cutin
Nucleus is proofing,
absent indigetible by
other
Cork Cork cambium Living but will Nucleus is Water Suberin
die as it absent proofing
mature
Endodermis Water Suberin, lignin
proofing
MONOCOT STEM VS DICOT STEM
Monocot stem Dicot stem
PDIFFERENCES BETWEEN ROOTS AND STEM Cortex Narrow cortex Distinct
Root Stem Vascular Many vascular 8-10 in broken
Vascular tissue Surrounded by a cortex; no pith in Cortex encircles the pith bundle bundles ring
dicot formation scattered
Xylem-phloem arrangement Alternate with phloem Opposite to each other Bundle sheath With bundle Without
Pith Monocot- inner parenchyma Monocot pith no distinct cortex sheath bundle sheath
Dicot- no pith (narrow) with stele (wide) Vascular No vascular With vascular
Dicot- surrounded by vascular bundle cambium cambium cambium
forming a ring Vascular Distinct xylem Not so distinct
Xylem rays Exarch (outer to inner) Endarch tissues and phloem
Arrangement of rays Alternate Opposite Stele Stele very Young dicot
Tip Subterminal Terminal distinct/ has eustele,
mostly ground a true stele
tissues
 Difference between FUSIFORM INITIALS AND RAY INTIALS (FROM VASCULAR CAMBIUM)
Description
Formation/ arrangement
Fusiform initials Ray initials
Produced elongated cells of wood Produced short cells mostly as storage
(trachieds, vessel elements, and fiber), parenchyma and albuminous cells in
phloem as sieve cells, sieve tubes, gymnosperms
companion cells, fiber
May occur in regular horizontal rows( Grouped in short vertical rows as uni,
non-storied-primitive) biseriate, or multiseriate (stories-more
recent in few advanced eudicots ;ex.
Persimmon)

Specialized STEM
Function Example
For support Twines Morning glory (Ipomea sp.)
Twinner Sky flower
Tendirls Squash (Cucurbita sp)
Storage Enlarged, thickened of fleshy Onion (Allium cepa)
subterranean stem
Tubers (starch filled underground Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
stems)
W brace roots Tubo (Saccharium offinarum)
Rhizome Ginger (Zingiber officirale)
Protection Thorns Rose (rosa sp)
Pricides (extensions from within
epidermis)
Reproduction Stolons Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon)
Runners Strawberry(Fragania sp)
Plant like stem Allium sepa
- Corms (bulb-like fleshy stem) Gladiolus, Colocassia esculentua
- Rhizoma (shoot upground and Irish plant
produce leaf)
- Bulb (surrounding by fleshy leaves)
Photosynthesis Green stem Stick plant, Euphorbia
Green stem Malayan spurge tree
Absorption Haustoria ? Makahiya
- Spine Mickey mouse plant
- Root climber Celia

ROOT MODIFICATION
Function Example
Support Brace roots (aerial roots arising from Corn (Zea mays)
the main stem which penetractes the Pandan (Pandanus ordoratissimus)
ground; at nodes)
 Prop roots (aerial arising from Banyan tree (Ficus indica)
branches through the soil) Mangrove (Rhizophora sp)
Clinging (adhere to some kind of English ivy (Hedera helix)
support)
Buttress(plant-like extensions from Ficus sp.
lower part of the stem; massive in
size)
Reproduction Adventitious buds in roots Bog Yellowcress (Rorippa palustris)
Suckers, new shoot Spurge
Protection Presence of spines Screw pine (Pandanus tectorius)
Photosynthesis Green aerial roots Vanda sp.
Food storage Enlarged, fleshy, succulent roots White raddish (Raphanus sativus)
(starch storage) Carrot (Daucus carotes)
Ube
Casava
Sugar beet
Turnips (pacchyrhizzus crosus)
Turgin (reproduction and protection
as well, spiny roots)
Camote (Ipomoea batatas; for
reproduction as well)
Aeration Development of pneumatophores Mangrove (Rhizophora sp)
Absorption Aerial roots Epiphytes, orchid
Contractile roots (pump excessive water away) Onion roots
Parasitic roots (through HAUSTORIA) Mistle toe

Internal anatomy of ROOTS

Monocot Dicot
Dermal region Epidermis Epidermis with root hairs
Cortex 1. outer zone of collenchyma 1. outer collenchyma
2. middle zone of parenchyma 2. middle collenchyma
3. inner zone endodermis 3. inner endodermis
Vascular cylinder (siphonostele/siphonostelic) (protostele/protostelic)
1. pericycle 1. pericycle
2. phloem 2. primary phloem
3. xylem 3. primary xylem
4. pith parenchyma 4. vascular cambium
Number of strands Polyarch Diarch, triarch, tetrarch, pentarch
 Monocot vs dicot ROOT
Criteria Monocot (Zea mays root) Dicot (Aristolochia elegans) Presence of secondary growth
Stele Siphonostele Protostele Modern ferns Absent in all species
Presence of cambim Absent Present Gymnosperms Present in all
Presence of pith Present Absent Dicots Present in many
Type of vascular bundle Exarch Exarch species, other species
Arrangement of vascular bundle Alternate Alternate are herbs
Number of xylem poles Polyarch Tetrach Monocots Ordinary type is
absent in many
species, some have
anomalous secondary
growth

MESOPHYLL OF LEAVES
dicot Monocot
Palisade chlorenchyma Tubular compactly arranged with None
chloroplasts
Spongy chlorenchyma Irregular loosely arranged None
Veins Fiber sheath/ bundle sheath With bundle sheath with chlorophyll
as Kranz Anatomy
Fibers as bundle sheath extension
Large vein or midrib for conduction;
minor veins release water from
midrib and load sugar to the phloem
Vascular bundle Xylem upper; phloem- lower Xylem distinct above; phloem distinct
below
Crypts In some- minimize air movements,
water diffusion has trichomes and
stomata
Bulliform cells Absent Present- roll the leaves to avoid loss
of water,
Stomata Lower surface - Upper and lower surface as dumbbell
shaped
With mesophyll cells

Compound leaves
Pinnately compound Odd pinnate Corales
Rose leaf
Tripinnate Malunggay
Bipinnate Acacia
Even pinnate Acapulco
sampalok
Palmately compound Unifoliate Suha
Bifoliate Garlic vine
 Phyllotaxy- arrangement of leaves in the stem
Fascicled Pine tree leaf
Distichous Abanico
Whorled/ verticilate Yellow bell
Opposite Guava
Decussate Santan
Alternate Luha ng dalaga
Spiral

The venation pattern

Parallel Basal parallel Bamboo
Costal parallel Lobster claw
Radial paralle False bird of paradise
Netted/ reticulate Pinnately netted Langka
Palmately netted Alibang bang
Radiately netted Gabi leaf
Trifoliate Santol leaf

Leaf modification
Protection Bud scale Indian rubber
Motile leaves Makahiya
Spiny leaves Solanum viarum
Leaves reduced to spines Ocofillo (vine cactus)
Stipular spines Euphorbia
Apical and marginal spines Ilex aquiforum
Pulvinus Makahiya
Attraction Colored bracts/ petalloid bracts Donya Luz
Bongamvilla
Bright coloration of blade Poinsettia
Support Overlapping leaf trees Banana plant
Tendrils Garlic vine
Floats Water hyacinth
Hookes Rattan
Additional photosynthesis Expanded petiole Suha
Corales
pomelo
Expanded stipule Sycamore, flowering quince
Absorption Pitcher-like structure Pitcher plant
Uncutinized leaves Hydrilla
Pocket leaves Oak-leaf fern
Insectivorous leaves Venus flytrap
Reproduction Plantlet at nodeness (??) Bryphollum diagremotraium- leaf
margins, base, apices
Tip of petiole Kalanchoe
Leaf cuttings Pepperomia, sedum
Storage Fleshy or thickened blades Crassula, sedum
Bulbs and bublet Onion, tulip, lily
Pocket leaves Aloe vera