POLLUTION

INTRODUCTION TO POLLUTION AND SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT

GROUP 4 BSCE-3C | ENV 101 | February 29, 2016

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Group number: 4
Members: MEJIDO
MOLABOLA
NASE
OREJOLA
PADERAN
PANTAS
PEREGRINO
PICA
Course, Year, & Section: BSCE 3C
TOPIC: POLLUTIONS
Sub-topics:

- Human activities that causes pollution;

- Construction activities that contributes to pollution including tools.
- Solid waste management;
- Types and sources of wastes;
- Methods of solid waste management;
- Laws mandating Solid Waste Management;

WHAT IS POLLUTION?
Pollution
- Contamination of the environment as a result of human activities. The
term pollution refers primarily to the fouling of air, water, and land by wastes (see air
pollution; water pollution; solid waste). In recent years it has come to signify a wider
range of disruptions to environmental quality. Thus litter, billboards, and auto junkyards
are said to constitute visual pollution; noise excessive enough to cause psychological or
physical damage is considered noise pollution; and waste heat that alters local climate or
affects fish populations in rivers is designated thermal pollution.
- Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of
air, water and soil that may harmfully affect the life or create potential health hazard of
any living organism. Pollution is thus direct or indirect change in any component of the
biosphere that is harmful to the living components and in particular undesirable for man,
affecting adversely the industrial progress, cultural and natural assets or general
environment of living society.
- It is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse
change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat
or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign
substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.
- In short it is defined as contamination of natural environment with pollutants hazardous
to human and animal health.

Causes of Water Pollution

- Factors that contribute to water pollution can be categorized into two different groups
o Point sources
o Non-point sources

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 - Point sources are the easiest to identify and control
- Non point sources are ambiguously defined and harder to control

Point Sources
- Some point sources of water pollution include
o Factories
o Sewage system
o Power plants
o Underground coalmines
o Oil wells
- Are direct sources of water pollution and can be reduced and monitored

Non-point Sources
- The term non-point source encompasses a large range of sources such as:
o when rain or snow moves through the ground and picks up pollutants as it moves
towards a major body of water
o the runoff of fertilizers from farm animals and crop land
o air pollutants getting washed or deposited to earth
o storm water drainage from lawns, parking lots, and streets
Most of these sources can be summed up to one cause, ignorance of people.

WHAT ARE SOME HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT CAUSES POLLUTION?

- Air Pollution
o Emissions from industries and manufacturing activities
Consider a typical manufacturing plant: You will notice that there are long
tubes (called chimneys) erected high into the air, with lots of smoke and
fumes coming out of it. Waste incinerators, manufacturing industries and
power plants emit high levels of carbon monoxide, organic compounds,
and chemicals into the air. This happens almost everywhere that people
live. Petroleum refineries also release lots of hydrocarbons into the air.
o Burning Fossil Fuels
After the industrial age, transportation has become a key part of our lives.
Cars and heavy duty trucks, trains, shipping vessels and airplanes all burn
lots of fossil fuels to work. Emissions from automobile engines contain
both primary and secondary pollutants. This is a major cause of pollution,
and one that is very difficult to manage. This is because humans rely
heavily on vehicles and engines for transporting people, good and
services.

Fumes from car exhauts contain dangerous gases such as carbon

monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons and particulates. On their
own, they cause great harm to people who breath them. Additionally, they
react with environmental gases to create further toxic gases.
o Household and Farming Chemicals
Crop dusting, fumigating homes, household cleaning products or painting
supplies, over the counter insect/pest killers, fertilizer dust emit harmful
chemicals into the air and cause pollution. In many case, when we use
these chemicals at home or offices with no or little ventilation, we may fall
ill if we breathe them.

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- Water Pollution
o Industrial waste
Industries cause huge water pollution with their activities. These come
mainly from
Sulphur This is a non-metallic substance that is harmful for
marine life.

Asbestos This pollutant has cancer-causing properties. When

inhaled, it can cause illnesses such as asbestosis and some types of
cancer.
Lead and Mecury These are metallic elements and can cause
environmental and health problems for humans and animals. It is
also poisonous. It is usually very hard to clean it up from the
environment once it gets into it because it is non-biodegradable.
Nitrates & Phosphates These are found in fertilizers, and are often
washed from the soils to nearby water bodies. They can cause
eutrophication, which can be very problematic to marine
environments.
Oils Oils form a thick layer on the water surface because they do
not dissolve in water. This can stop marine plants receiving enough
light for photosynthesis. It is also harmful for fish and marine birds.
A classic example is the BP oil spill in 2012 with killed thousands of
animal species.
o Oil Pollution by Oil Industries
Routine shipping, run-offs and dumping of oils on the ocean surfaces
happen every day. Oil spills make up about 12% of the oil that enters the
ocean. Oil spills cause major problems, and can be extremely harmful to
local marine wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters and other aquatic
life. Because oil does not dissolve, it stays on the water surface and
suffocates fish. Oil also gets caught in the feathers of sea birds, making it
difficult for them to fly. Some animals die as a result.
o Sewage and waste water
Every day, we cook, do laundry,
flush the toilet, wash our cars,
shower and do many things that
use water. Think about how we
use water in schools, hospitals
and public places.

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 Where do you think all the water, liquid waste, toilet and urine ends up?
In many developed communities, this wastewater and soluble waste
(called sewage) is treated, cleaned and dumped into the sea or river. Even
though they are treated, they are never the same as fresh water.

In some not-so-developed countries, the sewage is not treated, but

quickly dumped into the sea or water bodies. This is VERY dangerous
because they contaminate the environment and water bodies and bring
many deadly diseases to us.
o Septic Tanks
Every domestic (home) toilet is connected to septic tank usually located
outside the house. Each time poop is flushed down the toilet, it goes into
this tank, where the solid part is separated from the liquid part. Biological
processes are used to break down the solids and the liquid is usually
drained out into a land drainage system. From this stage, it can escape
into the soil and nearby water bodies.
o Ocean and marine dumping
Again, think of the rubbish we all
make each day. Paper waste, food
waste, plastic, rubber, metallic and
aluminium waste. In some
countries, they are deposited into
the sea. All these waste types take
time to decompose. For example, it
is know that paper takes about 6 weeks, aluminium takes about 200 years
and glass takes even more years. When these end up in the sea, they
harm sea animals and cause a lot of water animal deaths.
- Land Pollution
o Agricultural sources:
These include waste matter produced by
crop, animal manure, and farm residues. They
also include the chemical left over of all
pesticides, fertilisers and insecticides used for
agricultural activities.
o Ashes:
The residual matter that remains after solid
fuels are burned. When waste is burned in
incinerators, two types of ashes are
produced. Bottom ash is the debris from burnt metal and glass waste.
Bottom ash are not bio-degradable. The second type of ash is called fly
ash. This is the ash that is trapped by filters in the chimney of the
incinerators. It is know to be very toxic (poisonous). Every four trucks of
waste burnt produces about one truck of ashes that end up in the landfill
too. Ashes easily leak into the soil and water tables causing land and water
pollution.
o Mining sources:
This includes piles of coal refuse and heaps of slag and underground
debris. Mining and forestry activities that clear the land surfaces
(clearcutting) and use 'skid trails' often leave leave the land unrestored.
The surface is exposed to erosion which destroys the quality of the land.

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 Additionally, iron and other chemicals such as copper, mercury and lead
from mining practices leach into the soil, polluting it and leaving it
exposed to water bodies as well.
o Industrial sources:
These include paints, chemicals, metals and aluminum, plastics and so on
that are produces in the process of manufacturing goods.
o Sewage Treatment:
Wastes that are left over after sewage has been treated, biomass sludge,
and settled solids. Some of these are sent directly to landfills whiles other
treatment plants burn them to generate electricity. Both end up polluting
the environment.
o Garbage or waste:
These include household or municipal waste such as glass, metal, cloth,
plastic, wood, paper, and so on. Some of these can decay and others
cannot. They are usually collected and sent to landfills where the pollution
action begins.
o Construction sources:
These include waste like debris, wood, metals and plastics that are
produced from construction activities.
o Deforestation:
This is when trees are cut down for economic purposes, mining, farming
and construction. In forests areas, trees absord and reflect about 20% of
the intense heat from the sun, protecting and preserving its surface soils.
Cutting down trees mean that the land is exposed to direct sunlight and
rain, resulting in soil erosions, desertification and land degradation
o Chemical And Nuclear Plants:
These include chemical waste from chemical industries that are disposed
off into landfills.
o Oil Refineries:
When crude oil is refined into usable petro,
gas or diesel, there are by products that end
up as waste.

WHAT ARE SOME CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES THAT

CONTRIBUTES TO POLLUTION?
The construction industry is a major source of pollution,
responsible for around 4% of particulate emissions, more water
pollution incidents than any other industry, and thousands of noise
complaints every year. Although construction activities also pollute
the soil, the main areas of concern are: air, water and noise pollution.

Air Pollution
Activities that contribute to air pollution; land clearing, operation of diesel engines,
demolition, burning, and working with toxic materials.
All construction sites generate high levels of dust (typically from concrete, cement, wood,
stone, silica) and this can carry for large distances over a long period of time. Construction dust is
classified as PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter, invisible to the naked eye.

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 Research has shown that PM10 penetrate deeply into the lungs and cause a wide range of
health problems including respiratory illness, asthma, bronchitis and even cancer. Another major
source of PM10 on construction sites comes from the diesel engine exhausts of vehicles and heavy
equipment. This is known as diesel particulate matter (DPM) and consists of soot, sulphates and
silicates, all of which readily combine with other toxins in the atmosphere, increasing the health
risks of particle inhalation.
Diesel is also responsible for emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides
and carbon dioxide. Noxious vapours from oils, glues, thinners, paints, treated woods, plastics,
cleaners and other hazardous chemicals that are widely used on construction sites, also contribute
to air pollution.

Water Pollution
Sources of water pollution on building sites include: diesel and oil; paint, solvents, cleaners and
other harmful chemicals; and construction debris and dirt.
When land is cleared it causes soil erosion that leads to silt-bearing run-off and sediment
pollution. Silt and soil that runs into natural waterways turns them turbid, which restricts sunlight
filtration and destroys aquatic life.
Surface water run-off also carries other pollutants from the site, such as diesel and oil, toxic
chemicals, and building materials like cement. When these substances get into waterways they
poison water life and any animal that drinks from them. Pollutants on construction sites can also
soak into the groundwater, a source of human drinking water. Once contaminated, groundwater
is much more difficult to treat than surface water.

Noise Pollution
Construction sites produce a lot of noise, mainly from vehicles, heavy equipment and
machinery, but also from people shouting and radios turned up too loud. Excessive noise is not
only annoying and distracting, but can lead to hearing loss, high blood pressure, sleep
disturbance and extreme stress. Research has shown that high noise levels disturb the natural
cycles of animals and reduces their usable habitat.

Measures to Prevent Pollution

Good construction site practice can help to control and prevent pollution. The first step is
to prepare environmental risk assessments for all construction activities and materials likely to
cause pollution. Specific measures can then be taken to mitigate these risks:
- To prevent erosion and run-off, minimise land disturbance and leave maximum vegetation
cover.
- Control dust through fine water sprays used to dampen down the site.
- Screen the whole site to stop dust spreading, or alternatively, place fine mesh screening
close to the dust source.
- Cover skips and trucks loaded with construction materials and continually damp down
with low levels of water.
- Cover piles of building materials like cement, sand and other powders, regularly inspect
for spillages, and locate them where they will not be washed into waterways or drainage
areas.
- Use non-toxic paints, solvents and other hazardous materials wherever possible
- Segregate, tightly cover and monitor toxic substances to prevent spills and possible site
contamination.

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 - Cover up and protect all drains on site.
- Collect any wastewater generated from site activities in settlement tanks, screen,
discharge the clean water, and dispose of remaining sludge according to environmental
regulations.
- Use low sulphur diesel oil in all vehicle and equipment engines, and incorporate the latest
specifications of particulate filters and catalytic converters.
- No burning of materials on site.
Reduce noise pollution through careful handling of materials; modern, quiet power tools,
equipment and generators; low impact technologies; and wall structures as sound shields.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: INTRODUCTION

Before introducing solid waste management, it is prudent to begin the discussion with outlining
the scope of solid waste, the material to be managed.

Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials generated from combined
residential, industrial and commercial activities in a given area. It may be categorised
according to its origin (domestic, industrial, commercial, construction or institutional);
according to its contents (organic material, glass, metal, plastic paper etc.); or according to
hazard potential (toxic, non-toxin, flammable, radioactive, infectious etc.).

SOURCES AND TYPES OF SOLID WASTES

Types of waste

Generally, waste could be liquid or solid waste. Both of them could be hazardous. Liquid
and solid waste types can also be grouped into organic, re-usable and recyclable waste.
Let us see some details below:
- Liquid type:
o Waste can come in non-solid form. Some solid waste can also be converted to a
liquid waste form for disposal. It includes point source and non-point source
discharges such as storm water and wastewater. Examples of liquid waste include
wash water from homes, liquids used for cleaning in industries and waste
detergents.
- Solid type:
o Solid waste predominantly, is any garbage, refuse or rubbish that we make in our
homes and other places. These include old car tires, old newspapers, broken
furniture and even food waste. They may include any waste that is non-liquid.
- Hazardous type:
o Hazardous or harmful waste are those that potentially threaten public health or
the environment. Such waste could beinflammable (can easily catch
fire), reactive (can easily explode),corrosive (can easily eat through metal)
or toxic (poisonous to human and animals). In many countries, it is required by
law to involve the appropriate authority to supervise the disposal of such
hazardous waste. Examples include fire extinguishers, old propane tanks,

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 pesticides, mercury-containing equipment (e.g, thermostats) and lamps (e.g.
fluorescent bulbs) and batteries.
- Organic type:
o Organic
waste
comes
from
plants or
animals
sources.

o Commonly, they include food waste, fruit and vegetable peels, flower trimmings
and even dog poop can be classified as organic waste. They are biodegradable
(this means they are easily broken down by other organisms over time and turned
into manure). Many people turn their organic waste into compost and use them
in their gardens.
- Recyclable type:
o Recycling is processing used materials (waste) into new, useful products. This is
done to reduce the use of raw materials that would have been used. Waste that
can be potentially recycled is termed "Recyclable waste". Aluminum products (like
soda, milk and tomato cans), Plastics (grocery shopping bags, plastic bottles),
Glass products (like wine and beer bottles, broken glass), Paper products (used
envelopes, newspapers and magazines, cardboard boxes) can be recycled and fall
into this category.
Sources of waste
- Municipal sources of waste:
o This includes trash or garbage from households, schools, offices, market places,
restaurants and other public places.
o They include everyday items like food debris, used plastic bags, soda cans and
plastic water bottles, broken furniture, grass clippings, product packaging, broken
home appliances and clothing.
- Medical/Clinical sources of waste:
o Medical/clinical waste, normally refers to waste produced from health care
facilities, such as hospitals, clinics, surgical theaters, veterinary hospitals and labs.
They tend to be classified as hazard waste rather than general waste.
o Items in this group include surgical items, pharmaceuticals, blood, body parts,
wound dressing materials, needles and syringes
- Agricultural sources of waste:
o Typically, this is waste generated by agricultural activities. These include
horticulture, fruit growing, seed growing, livestock breeding, market gardens and
seedling nurseries.
o Waste items in this group include empty pesticide containers, old silage wrap, out
of date medicines and wormers, used tires, surplus milk, cocoa pods and corn
husks.
- End-of-life Automobiles:

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 o When cars
are all old
and not
working
again,
where do
they end
up? Many
people just
leave them
to rust in
the fields,
but there is
a better way to deal with them. In many cities, these vehicles are sent to the
plant, where all the removable parts are taken out for recycling. The rest is
flattened up and shredded into peices for recycling. The last bits that cannot be
used again is sent to a landfill.
- Industrial sources of waste:
o Since the industrial revolution, the rise in the number of industries manufacturing
glass, leather, textile, food, electronics, plastic and metal products has
significantly contributed to waste production. Take a look at the things in your
home, every item there was probably manufactured and possibly, waste was
produced as a result.
- Construction/demolition sources of waste:
o Construction waste is that resulting from the construction of roads and building.
Sometimes old buildings and structures are pulled down (demolished) to make
space for new ones. This is particularly common in old cities that are modernizing.
This is called demolition waste.
o Waste items include concrete debris, wood, earth, huge package boxes and
plastics from the building materials and the like.
- Electronic sources of waste:
o This is waste from electronic and electrical devices. Think of DVD and music
players, TV, Telephones, computers, vacuum cleaners and all the other electrical
stuff in your home. These are also called e-waste, e-scrap, or waste electrical and
electronic equipment (WEEE)
o Some e-waste (like TV) contains lead, mercury, cadmium, and brominated flame
retardants. These are harmful to humans and the environment. It is therefore
important that the right authorities ensure the proper disposal of such waste.

Management of solid waste reduces or eliminates adverse impacts on the environment

and human health and supports economic development and improved quality of life. A
number of processes are involved in effectively managing waste for a municipality. These
include monitoring, collection, transport, processing, recycling and disposal.

Whatever the origin, content or hazard potential is, solid waste must be managed systematically
to ensure environmental best practices. As solid waste management is a very important aspect
of environmental hygiene, it needs to be incorporated with our environmental planning.

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Waste Management Definition

Waste Management is defined as the discipline associated with control of generation, storage,
collection, transport or transfer, processing and disposal of waste materials in a way that match
with the best principles of public health, conservation, economics, aesthetic, engineering and
other environmental considerations.

In its scope, solid waste management includes planning, administrative, financial, engineering
and legal functions in the process of solving problems arising from waste materials.

The solutions might include complex inter-disciplinary relations among fields such as public
health, city and regional planning, political science, geography, sociology, economics,
communication and conservation, demography, engineering and material sciences.

Solid waste management practices can differ for residential and industrial producers, for urban
and rural areas, and for developed and developing nations.

Management of non-hazardous waste in metropolitan areas is generally the job of local

government authorities, on the other hand management of non-hazardous waste materials is
typically the job of the generator, subject to local, national and even international authorities.

Objectives of Waste Management

The main goal of solid waste management is reducing and eliminating adverse impacts of waste
materials on human health and environment to support economic development and superior
quality of life.

Functional Elements of Waste Management System

There are mainly 6 functional elements of waste management system which include (1) Waste
generation, (2) Onsite handling, storage and processing, (3) Waste Collection (4) Transfer and
transport (5) Processing and Recovery and (6) Disposal Waste.

Lets briefly discuss about each of above mentioned functional element:

Waste generation refers to activities involved in identifying materials which are no longer useable
and are either gathered for systematic disposal or thrown away.
Onsite handling, storage and processing are the activities around the waste generation points to
facilitate easier collection. Normally, to store wastes, waste bins are placed around the places
which generate sufficient waste.
Waste collection, a very important phase of waste management, includes the activities such as
placing waste collection bins, collecting wastes from those bins and gathering the wastes in the
location where the collection vehicles are emptied. Although collection phase involve a bit of
transportation from point of waste generation, this is not main phase of waste transportation.
Waste transfer and transport are the activities involved in transferring wastes from the smaller
waste storage facilities to the waste disposal sites using larger waste transport vehicles and
equipments.

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Waste processing and recovery refers to the facilities, equipment and techniques employed both
to recover reuseable or recyclable materials from the waste stream and to improve the
effectiveness of other functional elements of waste management.
Waste disposal is the final stage of waste management. It involves the activities aimed at
systematic disposal of waste materials. After collection and transportation, wastes are
systematically disposed in landfills.

METHOD OF WASTE DISPOSAL, How is waste treated and disposed off?

Waste management simply means the collection, transport, processing or disposal,

managing and
monitoring of
waste materials to
minimize its'
consequences on
humans and
environment.
- Reduce
o Waste prevention reduces the amount of waste that needs to be disposed.
o Products can be developed
to last longer or be
environmentally 'cleaner'.
o Packaging can be designed so
that there is no more than is
necessary or so it is easily
recycled. However,
consumers must also be
willing to accept changes to
the ways that goods are
packaged and handled.
o It is best to reduce the
amount of waste but some
will always be made.
- Re-use
o Some manufacturers design
products so that they can be
returned and re-used.
o For example, glass bottles
can be cleaned and re-used.
Containers can be refilled,
carrier bags can be used many times and old clothes can be turned into cleaning
rags.
o Re-using helps to reduce the need to make new products and so preserve raw
materials. It also reduces the amount of waste that needs to be disposed.
o However, it can be quite expensive to re-use some products. Collection, sorting
and washing glass bottles can have significant costs.
- Recycle

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 o Materials can be separated from wastes and recycled to supply raw materials for
the manufacture of new items.
o Recycling helps to preserve natural resources and reduces the amount of waste
disposed in landfill or by incineration.
o Food wastes can be used to produce compost for local residents or parks.
o It can be costly to collect, sort, clean and transport recycled materials from
municipal waste. Also, the quality of recycled materials may not be to the same
standard as those made from fresh raw materials.
- Incineration with energy recovery
o Municipal wastes can be processed into dried fuel pellets. These can be burned in
incinerators in Combined Heat and Power stations (CHP).
o The energy from the waste generates electricity and so reduces the need to burn
oil, coal or gas in conventional power stations.
o Hot water for household central heating can be supplied to local communities.
However, to do this, the incinerators need to be situated close to the
communities they serve.
o Emissions from the incinerator are closely regulated but local residents often
object to building an incinerator in their neighbourhood.
- Incineration
o Municipal wastes can be processed and burned in an incinerator.This reduces the
need for it to be deposited in land fill sites.
o Some incinerators do this without collecting the energy to generate useful heat or
electricity.
o The waste gases from incinerators are closely regulated and there are often
objections from local residents against the building of an incinerator close to
where they live.
- Landfill with energy recovery
o Currently, most municipal waste is deposited in landfill sites. The waste is basically
dumped into large holes in the ground. They are lined with thick plastic to reduce
contamination with local soil and water.
o Methane gas is produced as the biodegradable materials in the landfill break
down. This methane can be used as a fuel to generate electricity or provide heat
for a local community.
o This energy would otherwise be lost and it helps to reduce the amount of
electricity generated by conventional oil, coal or gas-fueled power stations.
o Local residents may complain about unpleasant smells, animal pests and
increased lorry traffic to the site.
- Landfill
o Currently, most municipal waste is dumped in landfill sites. These are large pits
which are lined with thick plastic to reduce contamination with local soil and
water.
o The materials and useful resources in the waste are lost.
o Landfill sites are normally close to the area that has produced the waste. This
minimizes transport costs and vehicle emissions. However, local residents may
complain about unpleasant smells, the attraction of animal pests and also
increased lorry traffic to the site.

WHAT ARE THE LAWS THAT MANDATES SWM?

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Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003)
- This law aims for the reduction of solid waste through source reduction and waste
minimization measures, treatment and disposal of solid waste in accordance with
ecologically sustainable development principles. (Sec. 2-C)
- It also aims to ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment
and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best
environmental practice in ecological waste management excluding incineration.
- RA 9003 considers waste as a resource that can be recovered, emphasizing on recycling,
reuse and composting as methods to minimize waste problems.
o The three Rs of RA 9003
Reduce
Recover
Recycle
o Types of Waste According to Source (RA 9003)
Household or Domestic Waste
Commercial or Industrial Waste
o Types of Waste According to Classification (RA 9003)
Residual waste with no commercial value meant for disposal
Recycle - waste that can be reused
Biodegradable waste that can be decomposed by organisms
Hazardous waste that may cause or contribute to mortality or illness
Toxic waste that may cause immediate death or body damage.
o Provisions of RA 9003
The said act gives strong emphasis on the role of municipal and local
government units (LGUs) providing for the creation of Solid Waste
Management Communities up to the barangay level. This requires the
participation of nongovernment offices, peoples organizations, church
leaders, schools, businesses and community organizations.
o Offenses under RA 9003
Minor Offense
Grave Offense
Punishable by any/all of the following: Fine: 1,000 3,000 pesos
Imprisonment: 15 days 6 months
Major Offense
Offense Punishable by any/all of the following: Fine: 5,000
200,000 pesos Imprisonment: 1 6 years
Examples of Philippine Environmental Laws
- Commonwealth Act No. 383 (Anti-Dumping Law)
o Effective September 5, 1938
o Prohibits the dumping into rivers of refuse waste matter or substance of any kind.
o Punishment of imprisonment of not more than six months or by a fine of not
more than P200 or both.
- Presidential Decree 825
o Effective November 7, 1975
o Penalizes improper disposal of garbage and other forms of being dirty. Violators
may be imprisoned for not less than five days or more than a year or pay a fine or
not less that P100 or more than P2,000 or both.
- Republic Act 6969 (Toxic Substances And Hazardous And Nuclear Waste Control Act)

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 o Effective 1990
o Mandates the control and management of the import, manufacture, processing,
distributi on, use, transport, treatment and disposal of toxic substances and
hazardous and nuclear wastes in the country.
- Republic Act 7160 (Local Government Code)
o Effective 1991
o Mandates local government units to exercise powers, functions and
responsibilities in providing basic services and facilities related to general hygiene,
sanitation, beautification and solid waste collection, transport and disposal.
- Presidential Degree 984 (Pollution Control Law)
o The implementation is specified in DENR Administrative Order 24 (series of 1990)
for water usage and water quality criteria and DENR Administrative Order 35
(series of 1990) on effluent regulations
o Penalty will be P5,000/day but higher for juridical positions who violated this act.
- Republic Act 9275 (The Clean Water Act of 2002)
o This shall institute a policy of sustainable development and a holistic national
water quality management program of fresh, brackish and marine resources
o Penalty is not less than 10,000- 200,000/everyday violation with 10% increase per
year.

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