MIMO : (Multiple input, Multiple output)

What is MIMO:

MIMO (Multiple input, Multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless communications in
which multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter) and the destination (receiver).

The antennas at each end of the communications circuit are combined to minimize errors and
optimize data speed.

MIMO is one of several forms of smart antenna technology, the others being MISO (Multiple input,
single output) and SIMO (Single input, Multiple output).

Why MIMO used:

In conventional wireless communications, a single antenna is used at the source, and another single
antenna is used at the destination.

In some cases, this gives rise to problems with multipath effects.

When an electromagnetic field (EM field) is met with obstructions such as hills, canyons, buildings,
and utility wires, the wave fronts are scattered, and thus they take many paths to reach the
destination.

The late arrival of scattered portions of the signal causes problems such as fading, cut-out (cliff
effect), and intermittent reception (picket fencing).

In digital communications systems, such as wireless Internet, it can cause a reduction in data speed
and an increase in the number of errors.

The use of two or more antennas, along with the transmission of multiple signals (one for each
antenna) at the source and the destination, eliminates the trouble caused by multipath wave
propagation, and can even take advantage of this effect.

MIMO technology has aroused interest because of its possible applications in digital television (DTV),
wireless local area networks (WLANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and mobile
communications.

TYPES OF MIMO SYSTEMS

Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD)

Referred to as Matrix A. Same data is coded and transmitted through different antennas, which
effectively doubles the power in the channel. This improves Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) for cell edge
performance.

Spatial Multiplexing (SM)

Referred to as Matrix B or the Secret Sauce of MIMO. SM delivers parallel streams of data to CPE
by exploiting multi-path. It can double (2x2 MIMO) or quadruple (4x4) capacity and throughput. SM
gives higher capacity when RF conditions are favourable and users are closer to the BTS.

Uplink Collaborative MIMO Link (Also known as Uplink Multiuser MIMO)

Leverages conventional single Power Amplifier (PA) at device. Two devices can collaboratively
transmit on the same sub-channel which can also double uplink capacity.
MIMO OFDM Integration

MIMO is often combined with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) as it greatly
simplifies the channel equalization of the wireless system. As the research and the standardization
efforts on MIMO-OFDM technology continues to progress, it becomes increasingly important to test
the real-world performance of MIMO-OFDM systems.

Multiple Input, Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a technology that
uses multiple antennas to transmit and receive radio signals. MIMO-OFDM allows service providers
to deploy a Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) system that has Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS)
functionality. Specifically, MIMO-OFDM takes advantage of the multipath properties of
environments using base station antennas that do not have LOS.

MIMO-OFDM combines OFDM and MIMO techniques thereby achieving spectral efficiency and
increased throughput. A MIMO-OFDM system transmits independent OFDM modulated data from
multiple antennas simultaneously. At the receiver, after OFDM demodulation, MIMO decoding on
each of the sub channels extracts the data from all the transmit antennas on all the sub channels.

Advantages of Smart Antenna:

i) Increased number of users

ii) Increased Range

iii) Security

v) Reduced Interference

iv) Increased bandwidth

Disadvantages of Smart Antenna:

i) Complex

ii) More Expensive

iii) Larger Size

iv) Location

Vodafone also implements 4-way uplink (UL) diversity which requires an RRU to be connected to
four RX paths at the antennas, and thus receive four different versions of the users data stream
from the mobile device. The BBU combines these signals to increase the received signal power and
to aid in error correction, which improves the data throughput achievable on a single carrier.
By increasing the number of carriers assigned to a user, the resulting data rate can be increased two-
fold or three-fold, depending on how many carriers are added together. This process is called Carrier
Aggregation (CA) and has a dramatic effect on user data rates.

Vodafone is implementing 4-way UL diversity for all technologies and prefers to deploy RRUs
wherever possible for Greenfield and existing sites with the following priorities:

RRU 3942 3952 3928 3953 3832 3829 3962

Frequency Band 850 850 900, 1800 2100 2100 1800,

(MHz) 1800 2100

Availability Now Now N/A Now Now N/A Now

RF ports 4 4 2 4 4 2 4

Blade No Yes No Yes Yes No No

Transmit/Receive 2T4R 2T4R 2T2R 2T4R 2T4R 2T2R 2T4R

Output Power 80 80 80 2 x 80 80 80 60
(W)

MIMO Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

MIMO Power 60 + 60 20 + 20 20 + 20 40 + 40 60 + 60 50 + 50 40 + 40
(W)

MIMO configuration:

Information About the RF module and BBP Serving the Cell

--------------------------------------------------------

eNodeB ID RF Module Information TX Channel No. RX Channel No. Served BBP Information Work
Status

30038 0-62-0 R0A R0A-R0B 0-1-2 Normal

30038 0-63-0 R0A R0A-R0B 0-1-2 Normal

(Number of results = 2
MIMO issue :

Information About the RF module and BBP Serving the Cell

eNodeB ID RF Module Information TX Channel No. RX Channel No. Served BBP Information Work
Status

30038 0-60-0 - - - No RRU carrier resources available.

30038 0-61-0 R0A R0A-R0B 0-1-2 Normal

(Number of results = 2)

Here Single TX Channel and Single RX having active another one TX and RX channel not available
Due to No RRU carrier resources available.

Alarm details on site:

RF Unit Maintenance Link Failure Cabinet No.=0, Sub rack No.=60, Slot No.=0 Board
Type=MRRU

RF Out of Service Cell ID 303145_RussellStreet_MV_L18A_1,

BBU Optical Module Transmit/Receive Fault Cabinet No.=0, Sub rack No.=1, Slot No.=2,
Port No.=0, Board Type=UBBP, Specific Problem=Receive No Signal

Reason for MIMO Traffic Issue at VHA network:

1.VSWR issue.

2.Hardware issue.

3.Fiber cable issue (CPRI cable)

4.Power Cable (RRU power Cable issue due to water ingress)

5.SFP Module Faulty.

VHA network facing MIMO traffic issue majorly affected Due to RRU power cable connection.