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  • Java Applet Basics: Life Cycle of An Applet

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    Java Applet Basics

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    applet in java

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    59 visualizzazioni7 pagine

    Java Applet Basics: Life Cycle of An Applet

    Caricato da

    Yugandar Reddy Narra
    applet in java

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF, TXT o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    di 7

    JavaAppletBasics

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    AnappletisaJavaprogramthatrunsinaWebbrowser.AnappletcanbeafullyfunctionalJavaapplicationbecauseithastheentire
    JavaAPIatitsdisposal.

    TherearesomeimportantdifferencesbetweenanappletandastandaloneJavaapplication,includingthefollowing

    AnappletisaJavaclassthatextendsthejava.applet.Appletclass.

    Amain()methodisnotinvokedonanapplet,andanappletclasswillnotdefinemain().

    AppletsaredesignedtobeembeddedwithinanHTMLpage.

    WhenauserviewsanHTMLpagethatcontainsanapplet,thecodefortheappletisdownloadedtotheuser'smachine.

    AJVMisrequiredtoviewanapplet.TheJVMcanbeeitherapluginoftheWebbrowseroraseparateruntimeenvironment.

    TheJVMontheuser'smachinecreatesaninstanceoftheappletclassandinvokesvariousmethodsduringtheapplet'slifetime.

    AppletshavestrictsecurityrulesthatareenforcedbytheWebbrowser.Thesecurityofanappletisoftenreferredtoassandbox
    security,comparingtheapplettoachildplayinginasandboxwithvariousrulesthatmustbefollowed.

    OtherclassesthattheappletneedscanbedownloadedinasingleJavaArchive(JAR)file.

    LifeCycleofanApplet
    FourmethodsintheAppletclassgivesyoutheframeworkonwhichyoubuildanyseriousapplet

    initThismethodisintendedforwhateverinitializationisneededforyourapplet.Itiscalledaftertheparamtagsinsidethe
    applettaghavebeenprocessed.

    startThismethodisautomaticallycalledafterthebrowsercallstheinitmethod.Itisalsocalledwhenevertheuserreturnsto
    thepagecontainingtheappletafterhavinggoneofftootherpages.

    stopThismethodisautomaticallycalledwhentheusermovesoffthepageonwhichtheappletsits.Itcan,therefore,becalled
    repeatedlyinthesameapplet.

    destroy This method is only called when the browser shuts down normally. Because applets are meant to live on an HTML
    page,youshouldnotnormallyleaveresourcesbehindafterauserleavesthepagethatcontainstheapplet.

    paintInvokedimmediatelyafterthestart()method,andalsoanytimetheappletneedstorepaintitselfinthebrowser.The
    paint()methodisactuallyinheritedfromthejava.awt.

    A"Hello,World"Applet
    FollowingisasimpleappletnamedHelloWorldApplet.java

    importjava.applet.*;
    importjava.awt.*;

    publicclassHelloWorldAppletextendsApplet{
    publicvoidpaint(Graphicsg){
    g.drawString("HelloWorld",25,50);
    }
    }

    Theseimportstatementsbringtheclassesintothescopeofourappletclass

    java.applet.Applet

    java.awt.Graphics

    Withoutthoseimportstatements,theJavacompilerwouldnotrecognizetheclassesAppletandGraphics,whichtheappletclassrefers
    to.
    TheAppletClass
    Everyappletisanextensionofthejava.applet.Appletclass.ThebaseAppletclassprovidesmethodsthataderivedAppletclassmaycall
    toobtaininformationandservicesfromthebrowsercontext.

    Theseincludemethodsthatdothefollowing

    Getappletparameters

    GetthenetworklocationoftheHTMLfilethatcontainstheapplet

    Getthenetworklocationoftheappletclassdirectory

    Printastatusmessageinthebrowser

    Fetchanimage

    Fetchanaudioclip

    Playanaudioclip

    Resizetheapplet

    Additionally,theAppletclassprovidesaninterfacebywhichtheviewerorbrowserobtainsinformationabouttheappletandcontrolsthe
    applet'sexecution.Theviewermay

    Requestinformationabouttheauthor,version,andcopyrightoftheapplet

    Requestadescriptionoftheparameterstheappletrecognizes

    Initializetheapplet

    Destroytheapplet

    Starttheapplet'sexecution

    Stoptheapplet'sexecution

    TheAppletclassprovidesdefaultimplementationsofeachofthesemethods.Thoseimplementationsmaybeoverriddenasnecessary.

    The"Hello,World"appletiscompleteasitstands.Theonlymethodoverriddenisthepaintmethod.

    InvokinganApplet
    AnappletmaybeinvokedbyembeddingdirectivesinanHTMLfileandviewingthefilethroughanappletviewerorJavaenabledbrowser.

    The<applet>tagisthebasisforembeddinganappletinanHTMLfile.Followingisanexamplethatinvokesthe"Hello,World"applet

    <html>
    <title>TheHello,WorldApplet</title>
    <hr>
    <appletcode="HelloWorldApplet.class"width="320"height="120">
    IfyourbrowserwasJavaenabled,a"Hello,World"
    messagewouldappearhere.
    </applet>
    <hr>
    </html>

    NoteYoucanrefertoHTMLAppletTag tounderstandmoreaboutcallingappletfromHTML.

    Thecodeattributeofthe<applet>tagisrequired.ItspecifiestheAppletclasstorun.Widthandheightarealsorequiredtospecifythe
    initialsizeofthepanelinwhichanappletruns.Theappletdirectivemustbeclosedwithan</applet>tag.

    Ifanapplettakesparameters,valuesmaybepassedfortheparametersbyadding<param>tagsbetween<applet>and</applet>.The
    browserignorestextandothertagsbetweentheapplettags.

    NonJavaenabledbrowsersdonotprocess<applet>and</applet>.Therefore,anythingthatappearsbetweenthetags,notrelatedto
    theapplet,isvisibleinnonJavaenabledbrowsers.

    TheviewerorbrowserlooksforthecompiledJavacodeatthelocationofthedocument.Tospecifyotherwise,usethecodebaseattribute
    ofthe<applet>tagasshown

    <appletcodebase="https://amrood.com/applets"code="HelloWorldApplet.class"
    width="320"height="120">

    If an applet resides in a package other than the default, the holding package must be specified in the code attribute using the period
    character(.)toseparatepackage/classcomponents.Forexample

    <applet="mypackage.subpackage.TestApplet.class"
    width="320"height="120">

    GettingAppletParameters
    Thefollowingexampledemonstrateshowtomakeanappletrespondtosetupparametersspecifiedinthedocument.Thisappletdisplays
    acheckerboardpatternofblackandasecondcolor.

    Thesecondcolorandthesizeofeachsquaremaybespecifiedasparameterstotheappletwithinthedocument.

    CheckerApplet gets its parameters in the init() method. It may also get its parameters in the paint() method. However, getting the
    valuesandsavingthesettingsonceatthestartoftheapplet,insteadofateveryrefresh,isconvenientandefficient.

    Theappletviewerorbrowsercallstheinit()methodofeachappletitruns.Theviewercallsinit()once,immediatelyafterloadingthe
    applet.(Applet.init()isimplementedtodonothing.)Overridethedefaultimplementationtoinsertcustominitializationcode.

    TheApplet.getParameter()methodfetchesaparametergiventheparameter'sname(thevalueofaparameterisalwaysastring).Ifthe
    valueisnumericorothernoncharacterdata,thestringmustbeparsed.

    ThefollowingisaskeletonofCheckerApplet.java

    importjava.applet.*;
    importjava.awt.*;

    publicclassCheckerAppletextendsApplet{
    intsquareSize=50;//initializedtodefaultsize
    publicvoidinit(){}
    privatevoidparseSquareSize(Stringparam){}
    privateColorparseColor(Stringparam){}
    publicvoidpaint(Graphicsg){}
    }

    HereareCheckerApplet'sinit()andprivateparseSquareSize()methods

    publicvoidinit(){
    StringsquareSizeParam=getParameter("squareSize");
    parseSquareSize(squareSizeParam);

    StringcolorParam=getParameter("color");
    Colorfg=parseColor(colorParam);

    setBackground(Color.black);
    setForeground(fg);
    }

    privatevoidparseSquareSize(Stringparam){
    if(param==null)return;
    try{
    squareSize=Integer.parseInt(param);
    }catch(Exceptione){
    //Letdefaultvalueremain
    }
    }

    The applet calls parseSquareSize() to parse the squareSize parameter. parseSquareSize() calls the library method Integer.parseInt(),
    whichparsesastringandreturnsaninteger.Integer.parseInt()throwsanexceptionwheneveritsargumentisinvalid.

    Therefore,parseSquareSize()catchesexceptions,ratherthanallowingtheapplettofailonbadinput.

    TheappletcallsparseColor()toparsethecolorparameterintoaColorvalue.parseColor()doesaseriesofstringcomparisonstomatch
    theparametervaluetothenameofapredefinedcolor.Youneedtoimplementthesemethodstomakethisappletwork.

    SpecifyingAppletParameters
    ThefollowingisanexampleofanHTMLfilewithaCheckerAppletembeddedinit.TheHTMLfilespecifiesbothparameterstotheapplet
    bymeansofthe<param>tag.

    <html>
    <title>CheckerboardApplet</title>
    <hr>
    <appletcode="CheckerApplet.class"width="480"height="320">
    <paramname="color"value="blue">
    <paramname="squaresize"value="30">
    </applet>
    <hr>
    </html>

    NoteParameternamesarenotcasesensitive.

    ApplicationConversiontoApplets
    ItiseasytoconvertagraphicalJavaapplication(thatis,anapplicationthatusestheAWTandthatyoucanstartwiththeJavaprogram
    launcher)intoanappletthatyoucanembedinawebpage.

    Followingarethespecificstepsforconvertinganapplicationtoanapplet.

    MakeanHTMLpagewiththeappropriatetagtoloadtheappletcode.
    SupplyasubclassoftheJAppletclass.Makethisclasspublic.Otherwise,theappletcannotbeloaded.

    Eliminate the main method in the application. Do not construct a frame window for the application. Your application will be
    displayedinsidethebrowser.

    Move any initialization code from the frame window constructor to the init method of the applet. You don't need to explicitly
    constructtheappletobject.Thebrowserinstantiatesitforyouandcallstheinitmethod.

    RemovethecalltosetSizeforapplets,sizingisdonewiththewidthandheightparametersintheHTMLfile.

    RemovethecalltosetDefaultCloseOperation.Anappletcannotbecloseditterminateswhenthebrowserexits.

    IftheapplicationcallssetTitle,eliminatethecalltothemethod.Appletscannothavetitlebars.(Youcan,ofcourse,titletheweb
    pageitself,usingtheHTMLtitletag.)

    Don'tcallsetVisible(true).Theappletisdisplayedautomatically.

    EventHandling
    Applets inherit a group of eventhandling methods from the Container class. The Container class defines several methods, such as
    processKeyEventandprocessMouseEvent,forhandlingparticulartypesofevents,andthenonecatchallmethodcalledprocessEvent.

    Inordertoreacttoanevent,anappletmustoverridetheappropriateeventspecificmethod.

    importjava.awt.event.MouseListener;
    importjava.awt.event.MouseEvent;
    importjava.applet.Applet;
    importjava.awt.Graphics;

    publicclassExampleEventHandlingextendsAppletimplementsMouseListener{
    StringBufferstrBuffer;

    publicvoidinit(){
    addMouseListener(this);
    strBuffer=newStringBuffer();
    addItem("initializingtheapple");
    }

    publicvoidstart(){
    addItem("startingtheapplet");
    }

    publicvoidstop(){
    addItem("stoppingtheapplet");
    }

    publicvoiddestroy(){
    addItem("unloadingtheapplet");
    }

    voidaddItem(Stringword){
    System.out.println(word);
    strBuffer.append(word);
    repaint();
    }

    publicvoidpaint(Graphicsg){
    //DrawaRectanglearoundtheapplet'sdisplayarea.
    g.drawRect(0,0,
    getWidth()1,
    getHeight()1);

    //displaythestringinsidetherectangle.
    g.drawString(strBuffer.toString(),10,20);
    }

    publicvoidmouseEntered(MouseEventevent){
    }
    publicvoidmouseExited(MouseEventevent){
    }
    publicvoidmousePressed(MouseEventevent){
    }
    publicvoidmouseReleased(MouseEventevent){
    }
    publicvoidmouseClicked(MouseEventevent){
    addItem("mouseclicked!");
    }
    }

    Now,letuscallthisappletasfollows

    <html>
    <title>EventHandling</title>
    <hr>
    <appletcode="ExampleEventHandling.class"
    width="300"height="300">
    </applet>
    <hr>
    </html>

    Initially,theappletwilldisplay"initializingtheapplet.Startingtheapplet."Thenonceyouclickinsidetherectangle,"mouseclicked"will
    bedisplayedaswell.

    DisplayingImages
    AnappletcandisplayimagesoftheformatGIF,JPEG,BMP,andothers.Todisplayanimagewithintheapplet,youusethedrawImage()
    methodfoundinthejava.awt.Graphicsclass.

    Followingisanexampleillustratingallthestepstoshowimages

    importjava.applet.*;
    importjava.awt.*;
    importjava.net.*;

    publicclassImageDemoextendsApplet{
    privateImageimage;
    privateAppletContextcontext;

    publicvoidinit(){
    context=this.getAppletContext();
    StringimageURL=this.getParameter("image");
    if(imageURL==null){
    imageURL="java.jpg";
    }
    try{
    URLurl=newURL(this.getDocumentBase(),imageURL);
    image=context.getImage(url);
    }catch(MalformedURLExceptione){
    e.printStackTrace();
    //Displayinbrowserstatusbar
    context.showStatus("Couldnotloadimage!");
    }
    }

    publicvoidpaint(Graphicsg){
    context.showStatus("Displayingimage");
    g.drawImage(image,0,0,200,84,null);
    g.drawString("www.javalicense.com",35,100);
    }
    }

    Now,letuscallthisappletasfollows

    <html>
    <title>TheImageDemoapplet</title>
    <hr>
    <appletcode="ImageDemo.class"width="300"height="200">
    <paramname="image"value="java.jpg">
    </applet>
    <hr>
    </html>

    PlayingAudio
    An applet can play an audio file represented by the AudioClip interface in the java.applet package. The AudioClip interface has three
    methods,including

    publicvoidplay()Playstheaudiocliponetime,fromthebeginning.

    publicvoidloop()Causestheaudiocliptoreplaycontinually.

    publicvoidstop()Stopsplayingtheaudioclip.

    To obtain an AudioClip object, you must invoke the getAudioClip() method of the Applet class. The getAudioClip() method returns
    immediately,whetherornottheURLresolvestoanactualaudiofile.Theaudiofileisnotdownloadeduntilanattemptismadetoplay
    theaudioclip.

    Followingisanexampleillustratingallthestepstoplayanaudio

    importjava.applet.*;
    importjava.awt.*;
    importjava.net.*;

    publicclassAudioDemoextendsApplet{
    privateAudioClipclip;
    privateAppletContextcontext;

    publicvoidinit(){
    context=this.getAppletContext();
    StringaudioURL=this.getParameter("audio");
    if(audioURL==null){
    audioURL="default.au";
    }
    try{
    URLurl=newURL(this.getDocumentBase(),audioURL);
    clip=context.getAudioClip(url);
    }catch(MalformedURLExceptione){
    e.printStackTrace();
    context.showStatus("Couldnotloadaudiofile!");
    }
    }

    publicvoidstart(){
    if(clip!=null){
    clip.loop();
    }
    }

    publicvoidstop(){
    if(clip!=null){
    clip.stop();
    }
    }
    }

    Now,letuscallthisappletasfollows

    <html>
    <title>TheImageDemoapplet</title>
    <hr>
    <appletcode="ImageDemo.class"width="0"height="0">
    <paramname="audio"value="test.wav">
    </applet>
    <hr>
    </html>

    Youcanusetest.wavonyourPCtotesttheaboveexample.

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