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CAPTULO
COGUMELOS: UMA
FONTE PROMISSORA
DE COMPOSTOS
ATIVOS PARA O
DESENVOLVIMENTO
DE BIOPRODUTOS
FARMACUTICOS E
NUTRACUTICOS
Carlos Ricardo Soccol
Francisco Menino Destfanis Vtola
Roslia Rubel
Margarete Kimie Falbo
Luiz Alberto Junior Letti
Marcelo Bellettini
Vanete Thomaz Soccol
9.1 INTRODUO
Figura 9.2 Representao esquemtica do ciclo de vida dos cogumelos. Ver texto para maiores detalhes.
Tabela 9.1 Composio fsico-qumica, em peso seco, de cogumelos. Adaptado de Trione e Michaels (1977, apud Yokomizo & Bononi,
1985)17
Figura 9.3 Exemplos de macromicetos que produzem substncias alucingenas. Psylocibe cubensis (esquerda)24 e Amanita muscaria
(direita).
Figura 9.4 Exemplos de macromicetos que produzem substncias letais. Amanita phalloides (esquerda) 25 e Galerina marginata
(direita)26.
Tabela 9.2 Atividades farmacolgicas de substncias extradas de cogumelos, confirmadas em testes clnicos
Tabela 9.3 Substncias ativas encontradas em Ganoderma lucidum e seus respectivos efeitos
5,8-epidioxi-22E-ergosta-6,22-dien-3-ol; 5,8-epidioxi-22E-ergosta-
6,9(11),22-trien-3-ol; 5,6-epoxi-5-ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol; 5,8--
epidioxi-24(R)-metilcolesta-6,22-dien-3-D-glucopiranosdio; 6-epoxi-
-24(R)-metilcolesta-7,22-dien-3-ol; miriocina; melanina; cordisinina A-E,
sitosterol, ergosterol, e serina protease93.
Para esses produtos, so citadas na literatura mais de 30 aes benficas
para o homem, quer como medicamentos quer como produtos nutracuticos.
As principais aes so: imunomoduladora, antifatiga, imunosupressora,
antimicrobiana, antitumoral, anti-inflamatria, antiglicmica, antioxidante,
anti-asma, produo de hormnio, antidepresso, anti-isquemia cerebral93.
Polissacardeos imunomoduladores e substncias com alto poder antio-
xidante so produzidas por C. militaris em cultivo micelial30,94. Esse cogu-
melo apresentou efeito hipolipidmico e normalizou nveis de testosterona
de camundongos expostos a dietas com alto contedo de lipdeos33.
Extratos desse cogumelo tambm vm demonstrando resultados promis-
sores no tratamento da asma: inibem a proliferao e a diferenciao das
clulas Th2 e reduzem a expresso de citocinas, por inibir a expresso do
mRNA GATA-3 e estimular a expresso do mRNA Foxp3 em clulas mono-
nucleares do sangue perifrico. Esses extratos aliviam inflamaes crnicas,
por aumentar as concentraes de IL-1068.
9.4.1 Antibiticos
9.4.3 Antiparasitrios
9.4.4 Imunomoduladores
9.4.5 Antitumorais
Figura 9.8 Cadeia de glucana (13) com ramificaes (16) (esquerda). Diagrama destacando posies das ligaes (direita).
336 Biotecnologia Aplicada Agro&Indstria
9.4.6 Antioxidantes
9.4.7 Antidiabticos
Figura 9.11 Representao esquemtica de tcnica para coleta de esporos: (1) Campnula de vidro e papel-alumnio autoclavados;
pleo com himnio voltado para baixo, estipe cortado. (2) Sistema montado para coleta de esporos. (3) Impresso de esporos.
lucidum pode sobreviver nessas condies por mais de seis meses, mas usual-
mente no possvel conservar cepas nessas condies por anos. Consequen-
temente, para manter culturas puras dessa forma, se fazem necessrios repi-
ques peridicos. Algumas cepas no suportam refrigerao e precisam ser
mantidas em temperatura ambiente. A manuteno prolongada de miclios
por repique pode levar seleo de mutaes indesejadas e a consequente
degenerao das linhagens.
Para perodos de conservao mais longos existem outras tcnicas, como
a submerso em gua estril ou leo mineral e tcnicas de criopreservao
em ultrafreezer (80 C) ou nitrognio lquido (196 C). So necessrias
substncias crioprotetoras (como, por exemplo, glicerol) e/ ou suportes ade-
quados (como, por exemplo, perlita ou vermiculita) criopreservao. Com
essas tcnicas de conservao a baixas temperaturas, podem-se conservar
culturas miceliais de diversas espcies viveis por muitos anos, e imagina-se
que at mesmo por sculos, mantendo caractersticas genticas estveis.
Material
Mtodo
Material
Mtodo
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