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Endurance training
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Endurance training is the act of exercising to increase endurance. The term endurance training generally refers to
training the aerobic system as opposed to anaerobic. The need for endurance in sports is often predicated as the need
of cardiovascular and simple muscular endurance, but the issue of endurance is far more complex. Endurance can be
divided into two categories including: general endurance and specific endurance. It can be shown that endurance in
sport is closely tied to the execution of skill and technique. A well conditioned athlete can be defined as, the athlete
who executes his or her technique consistently and effectively with the least effort.[1]
Contents
1 Endurance in sports
2 Physiological effects
3 Risks of excessive endurance training
4 Methods and training plans
5 Devices to assess endurance fitness
6 References
7 See also
Endurance in sports
Endurance training is essential for a variety of endurance sports. A notable example is distance running events (800
meters upwards to marathon and ultra-marathon) with the required degree of endurance training increasing with race
distance. Two other popular examples are cycling (particularly road cycling) and competitive swimming. These three
endurance sports are combined in triathlon. Other endurance sports for which extensive amounts of endurance trained
include rowing and cross country skiing. Athletes can also undergo endurance training when their sport may not
necessarily be an endurance sport in the whole sense but may still demand some endurance. For instance aerobic
endurance is necessary (to varying extents) in racket sports, football, rugby, martial arts, basketball and cricket.
Endurance exercise tends to be popular with non-athletes for the purpose of increasing general fitness or burning
more calories to increase weight loss potential.
Physiological effects
Long-term endurance training induces many physiological adaptations both centrally and peripherally mediated.
Central cardiovascular adaptations include decreased heart rate, increased stroke volume of the heart,[2] increased
blood plasma, without any major changes in red blood cell count, which reduces blood viscosity and increased
cardiac output as well as total mitochondrial volume in the muscle fibers used in the training (i.e. the thigh muscles in
runners will have more mitochondria than the thigh muscles of swimmers). Mitochondria increase in both number
and size and there are similar increases in myoglobin and oxidative enzymes. Adaptations of the peripheral include
capillarization, that is an increase in the surface area that both the venous and arterial capillaries supply. This also
allows for increased heat dissipation during strenuous exercise. The muscles heighten their glycogen and fat storing
capabilities in endurance athletes in order to increase the length in time in which they can perform work. Endurance
training primarily work the slow twitch (type 1) fibers and develop such fibers in their efficiency and resistance to
fatigue. Catabolism also improves increasing the athletes capacity to use fat and glycogen stores as an energy source.
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These metabolic processes are known as glycogenolysis, glycolysis and lipolysis. There is higher efficiency in
oxygen transport and distribution. In recent years it has been recognized that oxidative enzymes such as succinate
dehydrogenase (SDH) that enable mitochondria to break down nutrients to form ATP increase by 2.5 times in well
trained endurance athletes[2] In addition to SDH, myoglobin increases by 75-80% in well trained endurance
athletes.[2]
Traditionally, strength training (the performance of exercises with resistance or added weight) was not deemed
appropriate for endurance athletes due to potential interference in the adaptive response to the endurance elements of
an athlete's training plan. There were also misconceptions regarding the addition of excess body mass through muscle
hypertrophy (growth) associated with strength training, which could negatively effect endurance performance by
increasing the amount of work required to be completed by the athlete. However, more recent and comprehensive
research has proved that short-term (8 weeks) strength training in addition to endurance training is beneficial for
endurance performance, particularly long-distance running.[12]
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References
1. Michael Yessis (2008). Secrets of Russian Sports Fitness 7. Bennell, KL; Brukner, PD; Malcolm, SA (September
& Training. ISBN 978-0-9817180-2-6. 1996). "Effect of altered reproductive function and
2. "Physiology of Sport and Exercise" J.H. Wilmore, D.L. lowered testosterone levels on bone density in male
Costill, W.L. Kenney; 4th Ed, Human Kinetics 2008 endurance athletes." (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm
3. Mhlenkamp S, Lehmann N, Breuckmann F, Brcker- c/articles/PMC1332330). British journal of sports
Preuss M, Nassenstein K, Halle M, Budde T, Mann K, medicine. 30 (3): 2058. doi:10.1136/bjsm.30.3.205 (htt
Barkhausen J, Heusch G, Jckel KH, Erbel R (200). ps://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsm.30.3.205). PMC 1332330
"Running: the risk of coronary events : Prevalence and (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC133233
prognostic relevance of coronary atherosclerosis in 0) . PMID 8889111 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub
marathon runners". Eur. Heart J. 29 (15): 190310. med/8889111).
doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn163 (https://doi.org/10.1093% 8. Hackney, AC (October 2008). "Effects of endurance
2Feurheartj%2Fehn163). PMID 18426850 (https://www. exercise on the reproductive system of men: the
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18426850). "exercise-hypogonadal male condition".". Journal of
4. Benito B, Gay-Jordi G, Serrano-Mollar A, Guasch E, endocrinological investigation. 31 (10): 9328.
Shi Y, Tardif JC, Brugada J, Nattel S, Mont L (2011). doi:10.1007/bf03346444 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf
"Cardiac arrhythmogenic remodeling in a rat model of 03346444). PMID 19092301 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
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(1): 1322. 9. The Triathlete's Training Bible, Joe Friel, 2nd ed, p. 28,
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PMID 21173356 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubme Velo Press, 2004
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Maceira A, Sharma S, George K, Whyte G (2011). 12. Beattie, K; Kenny, IC; Lyons, M; Carson, BP (2014).
"Diverse patterns of myocardial fibrosis in lifelong, "The Effect of Strength Training on Performance in
veteran endurance athletes" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g Endurance" (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2
ov/pmc/articles/PMC3119133). J Appl Physiol. 110 (6): Fs40279-014-0157-y). Sports Medicine. 44: 84565.
16226. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01280.2010 (https://d doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0157-y (https://doi.org/10.100
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See also
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