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INTRODUCTION

Varanasi, or Benaras, (also known as Kashi) is one of the oldest living

cities in the world. Varanasi`s Prominence in Hindu mythology is
virtually unrevealed. Mark Twain, the English author and literature,
who was enthralled by the legend and sanctity of Benaras, once
wrote : "Benaras is older than history, older than tradition, older even
than legend and looks twice as old as all of them put together" .
According to the Vamana Purana, river Varuna and Assi originated
from the body of the primordial Person at the beginning of time
itself. The tract of land lying between them is believed to be
Varanasi, the holiest of all pilgrimages.

The word Kashi originated from the word Kas which means to
shine. Steeped in tradition and mythological legacy, Kashi is the
'original ground' created by Shiva and Parvati, upon which they stood
at the beginning of time. Varanasi is the microcosm of Hinduism, a
city of traditional classical culture, glorified by myth and legend and
sanctified by religion , it has always attracted a large number of
pilgrims and worshippers from time immemorial. To be in Varanasi is

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 an experience in itself. an experience in selfdiscovery an eternal
oneness of the body and soul.

To every visitor; Varanasi offers a breathtaking experience. The rays

of the dawn shimmer -ing across the Ganges the high-banks ; the
temples and shrines along the banks bathed in a golden hue soul
stirring hymns and mantras alongwith the fragrance of incense filling
the airand the refreshing dip in the holy waters gently splashing at
the Ghats. Varanasi the land where experience and discovery reach
the ultimate bliss.
Varanasi is also renowned for its rich tapestry of music, arts, crafts
and education. Some of the world renowned exponents India has
produced in these fields were schooled in Varanasis cultural ethos.
Luminaries apart, Varanasi abounds in the art of silk weaving, an
exotic work of art which manifests itself in precious Banarasi Silk
Sarees and Silk brocades which are cherished as collectors items
across the world today.

Varanasi
Area 4,036 Sq KmS
Population 37,82,949
Temperature Summer : Max : 460C, Minimum 320C
Winter : Max : 150C, Minimum 050C
Best Season September March
STD Code 0542

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 THE HOLY CITY VARANASI

Varanasi, Kashi or Banaras, is older than traditions. The divine grace

of this city lies in unique combination of physical, metaphysical and
supernatural elements. Ghats of Varanasi are natural supplement to the
concept of divinity. It is a city witch liberate soul from human body to
ultimate. The much quoted Sanskrit Skloka Proclame Kasyam maranam
mukti (death in Kashi is Liberation). In fact the extension of this belief
could be visualised in early concept of Pancha Trirtha symbolically
identified with the human body it is explicitly equated with the fire elements
(Panch Tattva) of witch body is composed interesting people now defining as
all the Ghats are points on the divine cosmic road ( 12 th Zodiacs X 7cakras of
body thus 98 ) represents its manifest transcendential dimension. That is how
this frame shows a cosmic order and harmonic relationship between micro
cosmos (divine order) and micro cosmos (human order)through the interlink
of mesocosmos ( the physical order of ghats). The Gahadvala inscriptions
( c.12th cent) mention only five ghats . A mid 17th cent.

HISTORY OF VARANASI

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 The land of Varanasi (Kashi) has been the ultimate pilgrimage spot for

Hindus for ages. Often referred to as Benares, Varanasi is the oldest living

city in the world. These few lines by Mark Twain say it all: "Benaras is older

than history, older than tradition, older even than legend and looks twice as

old as all of them put together". Hindus believe that one who is graced to die

on the land of Varanasi would attain salvation and freedom from the cycle of

birth and re-birth. Abode of Lord Shiva and Parvati, the origins of Varanasi

are yet unknown. Ganges in Varanasi is believed to have the power to wash

away the sins of mortals.

Ganges is said to have its origins in the tresses of Lord Shiva and in

Varanasi, it expands to the mighty river that we know of. The city is a center

of learning and civilization for over 3000 years. With Sarnath, the place

where Buddha preached his first sermon after enlightenment, just 10 km

away, Varanasi has been a symbol of Hindu renaissance. Knowledge,

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philosophy, culture, devotion to Gods, Indian arts and crafts have all

flourished here for centuries. Also a pilgrimage place for Jains, Varanasi is

believed to be the birthplace of Parsvanath, the twenty-third Tirthankar.

Vaishnavism and Shaivism have co-existed in Varanasi harmoniously.

With a number of temples, Mrs. Annie Besant chose Varanasi as the home

for her 'Theosophical Society' and Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya, to institute

'Benares Hindu University, the biggest University in Asia. Ayurveda is said

to be originated at Varanasi and is believed to be the basis of modern medical

sciences such as Plastic surgery, Cataract and Calculus operations. Maharshi

Patanjali, the preceptor of Ayurveda and Yoga, was also affiliated with

Varanasi, the holy city. Varanasi is also famous for its trade and commerce,

especially for the finest silks and gold and silver brocades, since the early

days.

Varanasi has also been a great center of learning for ages. Varanasi is

associated with promotion of spiritualism, mysticism, Sanskrit, yoga and

Hindi language and honored authors such as the ever-famous novelist Prem

Chand and Tulsi Das, the famous saint-poet who wrote Ram Charit Manas.

Aptly called as the cultural capital of India, Varanasi has provided the right

platform for all cultural activities to flourish. Many exponents of dance and

music have come from Varanasi. Ravi Shankar, the internationally renowned

Sitar maestro and Ustad Bismillah Khan, (the famous Shehnai player) are all

sons of the blessed city or have lived here for major part of their lives

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VARANASI CITY MAP

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 VARANASI TEMPLES

Mythologically, the oldest city on earth, Varanasi, is the

most sacred place for Hindus. The city is also called as
Benaras and Kashi. The city has countless number of temples,
spread across the city. The holy temples of Varanasi are
amongst the most visited temples in India. Situated on the
banks of holy river Ganges, Varanasi temples add to the
religious value to Ganges. The older part of city is still refered
as Kashi and it is said that the first ray of light fell on Kashi,
when the earth was created. There are many ancient as well as
new temples which are worth a visit.
Main Temples

Kashi Vishwanath
The most sacred temple of Varanasi, Vishwanath temple
is devoted to lord Shiva. The temple is near Dashashwamedh
ghat, in the heart of old Varanasi.

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 The construction of the temple was destroyed by
Aurangzeb in 18th century, to construct a mosque. Though
the new building is not as elaborate as the temples of South
India and Orissa, the sense of devotion in the temple is very
strong. The temple is one of the holiest temples for a Hindu.

Durga Temple
The Durga temple at Durgakund, is a beautiful temple.
The temple is built next to a lake called Durgakund lake. The
temple is very famous among the locals.

Sankat Mochan Mandir

The most sought after temple of Lord Hanuman. What
Vishwanath Temple is to lord Shiva, Sankatmochan Temple is
to lord Hanuman. The vast campus of temple is filled with
devotees on Tuesdays and Saturdays.

Tulsi Manas Temple

Also called as Birla temple, it was built by the

Industrialist Birla Family. The temple is next to the Durga
Temple. Built in white marble, the temple is very big and is
spread in huge area, covered with green parks and lawns.

Bharat Mata Mandir

The Bharat Mata Mandir, is unusual in the terms of presiding deity. The temple
does not have idols of any god, but a large relief map of India, carved out of Marble. The
temple was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi, and lies 3 Km from Kashi, or the old
Varanasi.

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New Vishwanath Temple
The New Vishwanath Temple, in the premises of
Banaras Hindu University, is dedicated to lord Shiva, and is a
replica of the original Vishwanath temple. The temple is built
in white marbles, and was designed by Madan Mohan
Malviya, founder of the University. The temple is open to
people from all caste and religion, unlike other temples of
Varanasi. The huge campus of New Vishwanath Temple is a
delight to the eyes of visitor.
Kaal Bhairav Temple

The Kaal Bhairav is said to be the Inspector of Kashi. It

is believed if he gets angry on someone, the person cannot
leave Varanasi for his entire life. The legends says that even
death is scared of Kaal Bhairav. People who go on pilgrim
visit to Varanasi, do not forget to visit Kaal Bhairava Temple.

The Vishvanath Temple

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 For at least a thousand years, Vishvanath has been the preeminent
Shiva Linga in Varanasi. Vishvanath is also called Vishveshvar. Both names
mean "the lord of all".

Despite its fame, today's Vishvanath Temple has none of the

magnificence, architectural splendor or antiquity of India's great classical
temples in Orissa or South India. It was built as recently as the late
eighteenth century under the patronage of Queen Ahalyabai Holkar of
Indore. The history of the previous temples that housed the linga of
Vishvanath is, in a nutshell, the history of Varanasi over the past thousand
years: a tale of repeated destruction and desecration. Today atop the ruins of
old Vishvanath Temple, sit two different mosques, one built in the thirteenth
century by Razia and one in the seventeenth century by Aurangzeb.

The present Vishvanath Temple is crowded into the interior of this

tightly woven city and its architectural features are hidden from proper
perspective behind the compound wall. As one approaches Vishvanath, there
are flower merchants whose baskets are heaped with garlands of marigolds
and jasmine.

Entering through the doorway from Vishvanath lane with their

offerings of pushp (flowers), naivedya (sweets) and Gangajal (Ganges
water), pilgrims come into a large rectangular courtyard in the center of
which stands the temple itself. The Linga of Vishvanath is set into the floor
of the temple in a square solid-silver recessed altar. The seat of the linga is
also silver and the shaft of the Linga is smooth black stone.

Shiva is worshipped at five principal aratis during the day, from early
in the morning until late at night. In the evening shringara arati, the linga is
elaborately decked with flowers. At any time of day, however, worshippers
will come, chanting "Har Har Bum Bum!" "Har Har Mahadev!" "Jaya Jaya
Vishvanath Shambho!" "Om namah Shivaya!" They drench the linga with

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water, cover it with flowers and bilva leaves and bend down to touch it with
their hands.

Although the interior of this important temple is neither very large nor
very elaborate, the atmosphere of worship and devotion is powerfully
impressive. The sights and sounds and smells of the temple, the shouting and
chanting and clanging of bells, even the jostling of the crowds, all contribute
to the aura of sanctity.

Not only does Hindu worship make use of the senses in directing them
toward the divine, but the Hindu sensibility appreciates the intensity of
devotion brought to place by the crowds of worshippers. As one of the
priests of Vishvanath temple explained, "Countless people have come here
with worshipfull hearts and have centered their devotion here at Vishvanath
for hundreds of years. By virtue of that history, this place is special. There is
a saying, 'Pilgrims make the tirtha.' So this linga is significant partly because
so many people have centered their devotion here for so long."

The Kedareshwar Temple

Kedar means the field where the crop of liberation grows. Therefore,
that place became famous as Kedar, both in Kashi and in the Mountains.

The original Kedar is high in the Himalayas in the area called Uttara
Khanda (North Country). There at an altitude of some 12000 feet sits
Kedarnath.

The Himalayan Kedara is one of the India's twelve Lingas of Light

(Dwadash Joytirlinga)

Kashi's Kedar is the anchoring temple of the southern sector of the

city, called Kedar Khanda. It is one of the most popular and venerable
temples of southern Kashi. Kedar is a river Temple, sitting at the top of an

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impressive ghat high above the water's edge. From the river, the temple is
distinguished by its vertical red and yellow stripes.

Kedar is the religious focal point of the southern part of the city. There
is a quite and deep piety almost palpable here and it is uninterrupted by the
noisy throngs of pilgrims who hurry from Dashashvamedha Ghat to
Vishvanath and its surrounding Temples. The pilgrims from outside don't
generally go there. They don't know about it and the guides don't take them
there as the pujaris in the temple don't give any payment for bringing
pilgrims.

Kedar primarily remains a temple for the devoted residents of that

area.

Durga Temple

Another tourist site that you

must visit during your temple tours to Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, India is the
Durga Temple. This ancient temple is popularly known as the Monkey
Temple as the temple area is infested with several monkeys. This ancient
temple was constructed in the 18th century. This ancient temple has been
constructed in the North Indian Nagara architectural style. This ancient

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temple is located at a distance of 4 kilometers from Godaulia in Varanasi,
India.

Kashi-Vishwanath Temple

The Kashi-Vishwanath Temple is also known as the Golden Temple

and is a popular religious tourist destination. This temple is dedicated to the
Hindu deity Vishveswara Shiva. The original temple is said to have been
destroyed by the Mughal ruler Aurangzeb who constructed a mosque on this
site. Ahalya Bai constructed the existing temple in the year 1776.

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 IMPORTANT TEMPLES OF VARANASI

* THE KASHI VISHWANATH TEMPLE

* ANNAPURNA TEMPLE
* SANKATHA TEMPLE
* KALBHAIRAV TEMPLE
* MRITUNJAY MAHADEV TEMPLE
* NEW VISHWANATH TEMPLE
* DURGA TEMPLE
* TULSI MANAS TEMPLE
* SANKATMOCHAN TEMPLE
* BHARAT MATA TEMPLE

THE KASHI VISHWANATH TEMPLE

Also known as the Golden Temple, it is dedicated to Lord shiva, the
presiding deity of the city. Varanasi is Said to be
the point at which the first jyotirlinga, the fiery
pillar of light by which shiva manifested has
supremacy over others gods, broke through the
Earths crust and flared towards the heavens. More
than the Ghats and even the Ganga, the Shivalinga installed in the
temple remains the devotional focus of Varanasi.

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ANNAPURNA TEMPLE
Near the Kashi Vishwanath temple, there is a nice temple of Devi
Annapurna , believed as the "Godess of
Fooding".

SANKATHA TEMPLE

Near the Sindhia Ghat , there is a important temple of "Godess of

Remedy" Devi Sankatha. Inside its premises there is a huge statue of a
Lion. Also there is nine temples of nine planets nearby to this temple.

KALBHAIRAV TEMPLE

It is the ancient temple of Varanasi near the

Head Post Office, VishesharGanj. God
KalBhairav is believed as "Kotwal Of
Varanasi" , without his permission no one can
stay in Kashi.

MRITUNJAY MAHADEV TEMPLE

On the route of Daranagar to Kalbhairav temple this temple of Lord

Shiva is situated . Just besides this temple there is a Well of much
religious importance , whose water is said to be mixture of several
underground streams and good for eliminating several diseases.

NEW VISHWANATH TEMPLE

Situated in the premises of Banaras Hindu

University, a modern place of worship planned
by Pandit Malviya and built by the Birlas. Open
to all, irrespective of caste or creed.

DURGA TEMPLE

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 Commonly called the Monkey temple, it
was built in the 18th century. Although it is
one of the best-known temple. There is nice
stonework done of the temple , it is the nice
example of NAGRA Shilp. Godess DURGA
is believed as the symbol of Strength and Power which govern the
entire world. There is a pond adjacent to the temple called
"Durgakund".

TULSI MANAS TEMPLE

Constructed by family of Varanasi, this modern

temple is dedicated to Lord Rama. It is situated at
the place Where Tulisdas, the great medieval seer,
lived and wrote the epic "Shri Ramcharitmanas",
which narrates the life of Lord Rama, the hero of the Ramayana.
Verses from Tulidass epic are inscribed on the walls. It is just nearby
to Durga Temple.

SANKATMOCHAN TEMPLE

Besides the Assi river stream, on the way of Durga Temple to Banaras
Hindu Temple this well known temple of Lord Hanuman is situated.
Lord Hanuman is also known as "Sankatmochan" the god who
protects from the troubles. This temple is founded by Goswami
Tulsidas. This temple is also known as "Monkey" temple, as lot of
monkeys are there inside the premises.

BHARAT MATA TEMPLE

This Temple was inaugurated by Mahatma

Gandhi in 1936 and houses one perfect relief
maps of India carved out of marble.The Temple

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 was gifted by the nationalists Babu Shiv Prasad Gupta (Barat Ratana )
and shri Durga Prasad Khatri, leading numismatists and antiquarians.

Varanasi Ghats

Varanasi or Kashi is older than traditions. Varanasi presents a unique

combination of physical, metaphysical and supernatural elements. According
to the Hindu mythology, Varanasi liberates soul from human body to the
ultimate. It is the Ganga Ghats of Varanasi that complement the concept of
divinity. Ghats of Ganga are perhaps the holiest spots of Varanasi. The
Ganga Ghats at Varanasi are full of pilgrims who flock to the place to take a
dip in the holy Ganges, which is believed to absolve one from all sins.

There are number of temples on the bank of the Ganga river in

Varanasi. It is believed that people are cleansed physically, mentally and
spiritually at Ganga Ghats. It is at the Ganga Ghats where we see life and
death together. For thousands of years people have been thronging these
Ghats to offer their morning prayers to the rising sun. There are more than
100 ghats along side Ganga in Varanasi. Some of the prominent and popular

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Ghats at Varanasi are the Dasaswamedh Ghat, Manikarnika Ghat,
Harischandra Ghat, Kabir Ghat and Assi Ghat.

DASASVAMEDHA GHAT

This is the most busiest and the ancient most referred ghat. According
to the myth related to Divodasa, Lord Brahma (" the creator" in the
Hind trinity gods) performed the ten-horses sacrifice (dasa-
asvamedha) at this site. The historical sources infer that at this site the
revivalist Hindu dynasty of the second century, the Bhara Siva Nagas
had performed ten-horses sacrifice. The KKh (52.1-10:61.38) records
many verses describing glory of this ghat. The temple of
Sulatankesvara, Brahmesvara, Varahesvara, Abhaya Vinayaka, the
Ganga ("goddess"), and Bandi Devi are closeby at the top of the ghat.
These shrines are linked to several important pilgrimage journeys.

The southern part of the ghat was made pucca in 1740 by Bajirao
Pesava-1, and late in c.1774 by Ahilyabai Holkar of lndore.

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PRAYAGA GHAT

This ghat (old Prayaga Tirtha) together with shrine of Prayagagesvara

replicates the existence of Prayaga/ Allahabad in Varanasi. Prayaga,
known as "Tirtharaja" (king of Tirthas), lies at the confluence of the
Ganga, the Yamuna and the invisible Sarasvati rivers. It is commonly
believed that doing rituals and taking sacred bath here provide exactly
the same religious merit as those at Prayaga (80 km away in the west).
The merit of this ares is eulogized in the KKh (61.36-38). About the
present condition, Eck (1982.228) remarks that "Today, however, the
name Prayaga Ghat, while it is painted boldly on temple that sits
between the two branches of Dasasvamedha, is not commonly used.
And even the temple there is utterly defunct, used only by boatmen
who store their gear in its sanctum". The temple and the ghat-area
were reconstructed by queen of Digpatia state (West Bengal). For the
whole month of Magha (Jan-Feb.) devotees, mostly, use to take bath at
this site.

RAJENDRA PRASASA GHAT

In 1979 in memory and honour of the first president of India (1950-

1962). Rajendra Prasad (1884-1963) this ghat was renamed, and made
pucca by the Municipal Corporation of Varanasi.

In fact, this ghat was northern extension of Dasasvamedha Ghat. And

until late nineteenth century a stone statue of horse was at the ghat
witnessing the "ten-horses sacrifices" performed by Bhara Siva Nagas
in second century, that is how the old name "Ghoda Ghat" ("Horse
Ghat"). It is believed that same horse image is shifted to
Sankatmochana temple. The myth refers that servants of Bhara Siva
Nagas taken bath here.

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MANIKARNIKA GHAT

Two ancient sacred waterfront sites make this ghat, viz Sidha
Vinayaka and Swargadvaresvara. Among the is popularly called as "
the great cremation ground" (Mahasmasana). A myth mentions that
Lord Siva gives Taraka mantra ( "Prayer of the crossing") in the ear of
the dead, therefore the form of Siva as Tarakesvara, (the temple is at
the ghat), is propitiated whenever a Hindu dies. The name
Manikarnika derives its origin from the dropping rings of Siva dyring
His transcendental dance here. The historical sources mention this site
in the Gupta inscriptions of C.E.4 th century. This is the first ghat made
pucca by the two king brothers in C.E.1302; and was rebuilt and
repaired in 1730 under the patronage of Bajirao Pesava, and in 1791
Ahilyabai Holkar rebuilt the entire ghat. Again in 1872 repairing and
renovations were done.

In the vicinity are shrines of Manikarnikesvara (a little far in the upper

side of the lane), Mahesvara (open air lingam at the ghat) and Siddha
and Manikarna Vinayakas. The temple of Manikarnikesvara is the
approachable from the ghat by taking a steepy ascending lane south of
the Kunda. "The lingam of this temple-set dramatically underground at
the bottom of a deep shaft could at one time be reached by a tunnel
originating on the ghat".

There also exists a sacred pond, Cakra- Puskarini Kunda ("Discus

Lotus- Pool") and Visnus feet impression Carana Paduka. According
to puranic myth long before the Ganga arrived at the heels of
Bhagiratha, the Cakra-Puskarini Kunda was present. Says the
KKh(60.137-138) . For the benefit of the three world king Bhagiratha
brought the Ganga to the place where Manikarnika is to Shivas
Forest of Bliss ("Annandavana"), to Visnus Lotus Pool (Chakra-

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 Puskarni Kunda). Presently the Kunda surrounded by a cast-iron
railing , is some (60 ft) at the top, narrowing to about (20ft) it) at the
waters edge (Eck 1982: 239). Visnu and Laksmi images are located in
the small shrine inside the Kunda on the western wall; while a series
of dozen small niches containing Siva lingams also exit there. Along
the sacred route, on the ghat itself, are the symbolically footprints of
Visnu (Carana Paduka), set in a circular marble slab. For 7,000 years
Visnu was said to have performed tapas on this spot, and through the
centuries millions of Hindus have sprinkled it with the holy Ganga
water and adorned it with flowers. A plate from Prinseps which the
subtitle calls "The holiest spot in the sacred City".

The closeby place to this holy spot has been reserved for the
cremation of a few selected, especially the Maharajas of Kasi (Eck
1982: 246 ).

This ghat area has ancient reputation as a cremation ground; saya Lord
Siva: Having become Time itself, I destroy the world here, O Goddess
!" (Padma Purana 1.33.14). However, it is not clear when this site was
fully accepted for cremation. Moreover, the NP(11.48.67), the MP
(182.23b-24) and the KKh (30.84-85) describe its glory in terms of
cremation and death rituals. The raised platform attached to the ghat is
used for death anniversary rituals. Between Jalasayi and Manikarnika
ghat in the stream lies fourteen watertrithas, among which important
are Visnu, Bhavani, Skanda, Taraka, Avimuktesvara and Pasupati.

Towering over Manikarnika ghat, there is a Siva Durga temple of

Raja of Amethy (Oudh; now Uttar Pradesh), built in c. 1850 which is
distinct with its five deep- red spires and gilded pinnacles. Havell
(1905: 169) describes.

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 "It is built on a terrace overlooking the river, and is approached by one
of those steep, staircased streets, leading from the ghats up into the
city, which suggest a town of southern ltaly or Spain. Clambering up a
side staircase, you pass under the Naubata Khana, where musicians
are chanting praises of the goddess with strange but not unpleasing
accompaniments. On the right side of the entrance is a fine bronze lion
of Durga, and on the left Sivas bull. The quiet and cleanliness inside
are a relief from the bustle, sloppiness, and dirt, and the somewhat
sordid atmosphere of more popular Benares shrines".

Assi Ghat

Assi Ghat an important ghat of Varanasi traditionally constitutes the

southern end of conventional city. Numerous References about this ghat are
found in early literature Particulalry in matsypurana, again purana, kurma
purana, padma purana and kashi khanda. According to a belief goddess
Durga after slaining demon Shumbha- Nishumbha had thrown her sword.
The place, where sword (Khadga) had fallen resulted in flowing of big
stream known as asi river. The on confuewce place of river Ganga and Asi
known as Asi or Assi ghat. In Kashi Khand it is referred as Asi "Saimbeda

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Tirtha" one gets punaya of all the Tirthas ( religious places) by taking a dip
here. Infact this ghats was extended from Assi to Bhaidaini ghata ealier . In
Gaharwal Danpatra(11th 12th cent.) reference of Lolark ghat is given As
famous Aditya Pitha (place of sun worksing).During 16 th , 17th Cent.
.A.D.Sant Tulasi Das has written Ramcharitmanas here, After 19 th
Cent.A.D.Asi Ghat was divided in five Ghats i.e.Asi, Gangamahal (First)
Rewan, Tulasi and Bhadaini. Followers of Hindu relegions , take sacred dip
here, particularly in Chaitya (March/ April) and Magh (Jan/Feb.). Other
important occasion are soler/ lumar eclipse, Ganga Dashahra. Probodhoni
Ekadashi, Makar Shankranti, etc.

Tulsi Ghat :

It is named affter the great poet Tulsi (1547-1622 A.D.) who wrote
Ramcharitmanas. Earlier it was know as Lolark ghat as evident in Gaharwa
Danpatra and Girvanapadamanjari (17cent.A.D.). Letter in 1941 Baldeo Das
Birala Made this Ghat pucca. This Ghat is associated With a number of
important activities such as bath of Lolarkkunda (to get sons and their long
life), bath to get rid of leprosy, During Hindu lunar month of
Kartika(Oct./Nov.) Krishna lila is also performed here with great
conventional Rites, Music concerts, Wrestling, and spiritual discourses are
regular features here.

Karnataka Ghat :

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 This ghat was build by the state of Mysore (now know as Karnataka)
in early twentieth century (c.1910). There lies a site are shrine. There also is
a shrine of Ruru (" the Dog") Bhairava, one of the 8 th Bhairavas protecting
the city from 8th directions .

Harish Chandra Ghat :

This ghat is name after a mythological King Harish Chandra, who

once worked the cremation ground here for the preservance of truth
and charity but at the end the Gods rewarded him and restored his lost
thorn and his dead son to him. This is one of the two cremation ghat,
and some times referred as Adi Manikarnika (" the original creation
ground", cf.KKm 2.225-26), still there exists Adi Manikarnika Tirtha.
In 1986-87 an electric crematorium is opened here, how ever side by
side funeral of wood fire is continuing . This also the seat of old
Harampapa water tirtha. At the top in the temples there are images
of Harischandrsvara, Rohitesvara, Adi Manikarnikesvara & Vrddha
Kedara. In c. 1740 Narayana Diksit, a religious guru of pesavas
renovated this ghat and made this partly pucca.

Kedar Ghat :

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 This ghat is meticulously eulogized in the KKh ( 77.8-10,47-54:also
KKm). This is the site of Haramapapa Tirtha. At the top exists the
temple of Kedaresvara, the patron deity of the southern sacred
segment. The attached shrines and sacred sites are: Tarakesvara,
Gauri Kunda and Vitanka Nrsimha. In late Sixteenth century
Kumarasvami, a devotee of Dattatreya made a monastery attached to
the Kedaresvara, temple. According to a Gahadavala inscription
( c.C.E.1100). Svapnesvara Ghat wad existing close by this ghat, but
now it has no representation.

Mehta Ghat :

Formally this saw part of the

preceding ghat, but after the
construction of V.S.Mehta hospital
(1962)this is known to the name of
latter one. The Varanasi Municipal
Corporation made this ghat pucca in
1960s. there are three water-tirth as along this ghat: Maitravaruna,
Marutta and Iksavaku.

Pancaganga Ghat :

This is one of the five water-front sacred most sites, and believed To

be the meeting point of five drains,viz. The Ganga, the Yamuna, the

Sarsvati the Kirana and the Dhupapapa, among which only the first

one is visible and rest are vanished, or assumed in the form of

manifestation. The merit and glory of this ghat are described in an

eleventh century text and also in the KKh (59;116-144). This was the

chief resort of a great teacher of Vadanta, Ramananda (CF 1299-1411)

~26~
 to whom Kabira (1398-1623) a great reformist bhakit poet, accepted

as guru. Ramananda's monastery is still there. Tulsi (1547-1623) was

initially living (c.1580s-1590s) at this ghat where he composed the

famous writing, the Vindu-patrika ("The petition to Rama"),

describing the glory of Vindu Madhava temple (VP 61-63,see allchin

1966;129-132, compare KKh 60,61).

The ghat was made of stone steps in 1580 by Raghunatha Tandan

(Todara Mala?), the finance secretary of the Mughal King Akbar. In c.

1735 Bajirao Pesava-I together with Sadasive Naik rebuilt and

repaired it. Again in 1775 renovations and repairing were done by

Sripatirao Pesava, and Pant Pririnidhi of Andha. There are eight water-

front sacred tirthas at the ghat: Pippalada, Vindu Makha, Mayukharka,

Jnanahrda and Pancanada. There are two monasteries at the ghat, viz.

Sri and Ramannada.

At the ghat, close to the riverfront, there are "the dozens of three-sided

cubicle shrine rooms that open out into the river. Some contains a

lingam or an image, such as the lanky bara and used primarily for

yogic exercises and meditation". Sherring has vividly described this

ghat:

"The ghat is broad and deep,and exceedingly strong. Its stairs and

turrets are all of stone, and from their great number, afford

accommodation to a multitude of worshippers and bathers. The turrets

are low and hollow, and are employed as temples and shrines. Each

~27~
 one contains several deities, which are, mostly, emblems of Siva. An

ordinary observer would be in ignorance of the fact these are filled

with idols, and would scarely imagine that he was walking upon the

top of a long succession of shrines, and over the heads of hundreds of

gods. He would have to descend several steps, before discovering the

sacrilege which he was ignorantly committing; but having done so, he

would at once perceive that the turrets are open towards the river, and

are, therefore, very convenient for devotional purposes".

The Ganga -arati (offering oil lamps) at the time of sun rise and sun

set is the most attractive site and scene at this ghat, which is

performed is honour of the Ganga. The shrine of the goddess Ganga is

also here. During the month of Vaisakha (April-May)& Karttika (oct.-

Nov.), devotees, mostly ladies,use to take sacred bath in the morning

at this ghat special festivity and sacred bathing are performed here on

the birthday of the Ganga,i.e. Vaisakha (Apr.-May), on the 7th light-

half. In the month of Karttika(Oct.-Nov.) ritual of offering oil lamps to

ancestors, arranged in the sky with the bamboo stands, is performed

by the ghatiyas (ghat-triests) on behalf of the devotees who patronize

the cost, or materials and rewards (in cash, or kinds, or both) for the

service. There is a stone pillar with a thousand sockets stone made

structure to hold the lamps lighted on the night of full moon in the

month of Karttika.

~28~
 SARNATH

Famous for it's ruins of Buddhist stupas,

Sarnath has gone down in history as the site of
the Buddha's first discourse. It's the place where
Dhamma was preached for the first time and the
Sangha was founded. The Buddha turned the 12
wheels of Dhamma at Sarnath.Only 10kms
from Varnasi,the peace and calm of Sarnath is
in complete contrast to the city culture.With grass lending softness to the
rocky remnants of the stupas strewn around,Sarnath is a must-visit place for
pilgrims as it is one of the four major pilgrimage sites identified with the
Buddha. The Tibetan Temple nearby is another quiet sanctuary.

Dhamkesh Stupa is one of the most prominent structures in Sarnath

and a must-see site.King Ashoka builst Dhanekh stupa in 249 B.C. to
commemorate his pilgrimage to the Deer park. The stupa is built at the spot
where Lord Buddha gave his first discourse of the four noble truths. The
Chaukhandi stupa was built in the 5th century and marks the spot where the
Buddha met his first five disciples after attaining enlightenment. The
Mulagandhakuti Vihara is the ruin of a temple where Buddha spent his first
rainy season. The Sarnath archaelogical museum has an impressive
collection of artefacts collected from the excavation site of Sarnath,
including India's national emblem, the Ashoka Chakra. The Ashoka Pillar,
Indias national emblem, towers inspiringly in the central hall as does a
magnificent 2.87-m high bodhisattva in the abhayamudra, which belongs to
the Mathura School of Art, Dhameka Stupa is believed to be the place where

~29~
the Buddha delivered his second sermon. the most sacred of the monuments
in Sarnath.The Deer park in Sarnath is decently maintained. Entry fee for
archaelogical museum: Indians: Rs 5/- foreigner: $2 Timings:10.00AM to
5.00PM

How to reach Sarnath:

Sarnath is only 10kms from Varanasi.Taxi's and auto-rickshaws are available

from Varanasi.But Auto-rickshaws are prefered as they cost less and at the
same time are comfortable.

Where to stay in Sarnath:

As such there are no stay options in Sarnath as most of the pilgrims visit
Sarnath as a part of their Varnasi pilgrimage. Some of the following are the
stay options and Varanasi: Taj Ganges:Phone:0542-2503001-19 @INR4250
8500 Hotel Clarks: Phone:0542-2501011-20 @INR4000 5500 Hotel

Hindustan International: Phone: 0542-2411484-87 @ INR 2600 6000 Hotel

Palace on Ganges:Phone: 0542-2314304-06 @INR2990 6000

Sarnath

Sarnath, about 10 kms from the

holy city of Varanasi, is the blessed locale
where more than 2,500 years ago Buddha
chose to deliver his first sermon, after
attaining Nirvana.

The five disciples who had

followed him were surprised to see the
mesmerizing glowing countenance of
Buddha, who convinced them and delivered his first sermon before them,
now termed Dharamachakra Pravartan. This set in motion the great Buddhist

~30~
tradition of the Sangha, for popularizing the teachings of the great ascetic,
worldwide.

Gautam Buddha with his five disciples formed the first Sangha
alongwith Yasa of Varanasi and his 54 friends. The beginning of the
celebrated Mantra, 'Buddham Sharanam Gachhami', owes its origin to
Sarnath.

The three Jewels "I go for refuge to the Buddha, I go for refuge to the
Wheel of Law, I go for refuge to the Sangha" first laid down here, have
remained unchanged ever since. Hence rightly, every Buddhist Pilgrim after
Bodhgaya, endeavors to be blessed with a visit to Sarnath in his life time.

Dhamekh Stupa bears particular significance at Sarnath as it signifies

the "seat of the holy Buddha", as he proclaimed his faith. It is about 34mtrs.
In height and including the foundations, it can be measured upto 42mtrs.
Besides Dhamekh Stupa, Sarnath also has the ruins of Dharmajajika Stupa
and that of the original Mulgandha-kuti Temple, which according to Hieun
Tsang was about 61mtrs. High. Buddha is said to have rested and meditated
here while in Sarnath. Emperor Ashoka (273-232 B.C.), converted to
Buddhism visited Sarnath. A smooth glistening stone pillar, called the
Ashoka Pillar commemorates his visit and laid the foundation of the
Buddhist Sangha here. The Lion Capital on top of this pillar is now the
National Emblem of India. The Chaukhandi Stupa was originally a terraced
temple during the Gupta period (4th to 6th Centuries). However in 1588
A.D., Govardhan, the son of Raja Todarmal, built an octagonal tower to
commemorate the visit of Humayun-father of Akbar.

Govardhan later went on to become the Governor under Akbar's rule.

Similarly Akbar, the great Mughal Emperor who revered all religions alike,
raised the after the Kalinga war and also Chaukhandi Stupa in 1555 A.D.

~31~
Tourist Information

Best time to visit October to April Access : Sarnath is 10 km . away

from Varanasi and is well connected by air , rail and road with the rest of
India . Access By Air Varanasi is connected to Delhi , Khajuraho ,
Kathmandu , Agra and Bombay and Indian Airlines and few private Airlines
fly regular flights. By Rail Varanasi is a major rail junction and is well
connected to all major towns of India.

By Road Varanasi is well connected by road with major cities of India.

Where to stay Tourist bungalow , Sarnath ; Clarks Varanasi , Hotel Taj
Ganges , Varanasi ; Hotel Varanasi Ashok. U.P. Government Tourist
bungalow , Varanasi.

Sarnath Varanasi

Varanasi is better and popularly known as Banaras or Kashi. Varanasi

has continued to be the ultimate destination of Hindu pilgrims. Sarnath,
Varanasi is considered to be one of the favorite tourist destinations in
Varanasi. Pilgrims who visit Varanasi never miss to pay a visit to Sarnath,
Varanasi.

Location and History of Sarnath, Varanasi :

Lord Buddha delivered his first sermon at Sarnath. It is at a distance of

about ten kilometers from the sacred Varanasi. One can feel the famous
Buddhist chanting, Buddham Sharanam Gachhami in the air of Sarnath.
Budhha considered four places to be sacred for his followers. These places
included Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, and Kushinagar along with Sarnath. Thus for
the Buddhist pilgrims, Sarnath is one of the major sacred locations. Jainism
is also associated with Sarnath, Varanasi.

Attractions at Sarnath:

~32~
 Sarnath has a lot of Buddhist monuments and edifices to offer.
Dhamekha stupa, Chaukhandi stupa are few of the monuments in Sarnath,
Varanasi. Various schools of Buddhism from Japan, China, Thailand, and
Burma are situated at Sarnath, Varanasi. Around the Buddhist temple there is
a park. This park is conserved by a Buddhist society called Mahabodhi.
Buddhas tooth relic is conserved inside the temple.

One can also find a whole lot of dilapidations at Sarnath, Varanasi.

Among the Buddhist trails Sarnath contains the maximum amount of ruins.
Between third to eleventh century B.C. various Buddhist structures were
constructed at Sarnath. One of the most famous structures at Sarnath is the
Ashokan Pillar.

Sarnath Museum:

Numerous sculptures, arts, and other artworks on Lord Buddha are

stored in the Museum of Sarnath. At Sarnath the department of
Archeological Survey of India established a site Museum so as to
accommodate and display the artifacts on Lord Buddha. One can find
extraordinary samples of Buddhist works at this Museum. One can see the
idol of meditating Buddha sitting in a crossed legged posture. An aura
circumscribes his head. Several spectacular idols of Bodhisattva are also in
display in the Museum.

Again various collections from the Mauryan, Kushan and Gupta

dynasties are stored in the Museum. Many idols of ancient Hindu deities are
also on display at the Museum. They belong to the ninth and twelfth
centuries.

~33~
 Varanasi is a centre of education and civilization for ages. It is also a
remarkable tourist spot for its cultural heritage, historical background which
attracts several tourists at Varanasi.

SARNATH

Location: In Eastern region of Uttar Pradesh, India

Climate: Summer 43C to 30C, Winter 25 C to 3 C

Best time to visit: October to March

Nearest Airport: Varanasi Airport

Nearest Railhead: Sarnath Junction

Must Visits: Dhamek Stupa, Ashoka Pillar

Language spoken: Hindi, Urdu and English

STD Code: +91-542

~34~
 Sarnath along with Lumbini, Gaya and Kushinagar forms the Buddhist

Quadrilateral in the Indian Sub-Continent. These places are in a way related

to the life, times and the philosophy of Lord Buddha. Lumbini is the place

where Lord Buddha got birth and Gaya marks the place where he got

enlightened. While Sarnath and Kushinagar are the places where Lord

Buddha gave his first sermon and attained Nirvana respectively.

Sarnath has an important place in Buddhist way of life, as it is the

place where Lord Buddha gave his first sermon after he got enlighten in

Bodh Gaya. A beautiful Stupa marks the actual spot where the sermon was

delivered. It is called Dhamek Stupa. The place is a must visit for every

tourist flocking India. Apart from that Sarnath has other attractions too. The

most interesting among those is the famous Ashoka Pillar. The pillar is one

of the many erected by Emperor Ashoka through out his entire kingdom after

~35~
he converted to Buddhism. Sarnath museum is another tourist destination

worth visiting in Sarnath. The place treasures some of the most valuable

possessions and relics related to Buddhism.

Sarnath is well connected to the rest of India through airways and railways.

The nearest airport and railheads are Varanasi that is well connected to cities

like Bangalore, New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai.

~36~
 TRANSPORTATION

Varanasi Airport

Varanasi is very well connected by air. The nearest airport to this city

is the Babatpur airport which is just about 25 km from the city center. It

takes about 45 minutes, to reach the place on a vehicle. There are regular

flights to and from Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata. Jet Airways,

Kingfisher Airlines, Indian Airways and Spicejet are some major airways

that operate from here.

Address : Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

Type of Attraction : Station

~37~
Type of Activity : Other

Varanasi Railway

~38~
 There are trains to Varanasi from all major cities in India. We went

overnight on Train number 2560 , which is overnight from Delhi. Train

leaves at 18.60 and arrives at Varanasi 07.30am. we travelled which sleeps

two and has a door which can be locked. Also available is 2AC- sleeping 4

with curtains for privacy. The trains in India are a reliable and safe way to

get from one destination to another. They are usually comfortable, and we

have never have any problems. One bit of advice - Always take along a toilet

roll. There seems to always be a shortage of lack of this much needed

western commodity. Distance from Delhi is 776km

It is easy to reach Varanasi by train and the best. You can take a train

to Varanasi itself or to the junction Mughal Sarai. Mughal Sarai is India's

largest train junction and is worth a see in itself. So if you fail to get a

confirmed ticket in a train to Varanasi, just check out a train to Mughal Sarai.

All trains passing through this station halt here, for 15 to 30 minutes. There

are hundreds of trains from all part of India to Mughal Sarai every day. From

Mughal Sarai station, just take an autorickshaw (a threewheeler mini

carriage motorvan) to Varanasi. It will take just 30 minutes and you will also

~39~
enjoy the ride. However, such a carriage is not for those travellers carrying

huge luggage.

~40~
~41~
 OBJECTIVE

Varanasi is a holy city. It has always attracts the foreign tourist and

domestic. Tourist since Ancient time. Ghats of Varanasi is would famous

main objective of this research report is to see what are the reasons behind

the arrival of tourist in Varanasi.

To find out number of foreign tourists came in last year.

To find out number of domestic tourists came last year.

To find out among foreign tourists, what is the point of

attraction in Varanasi.

To find out most attractive places of Varanasi which attract

foreign tourist as well as domestics tourist.

~42~
~43~
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

TYPE OF RESEARCH Descriptive Research

TYPE OF DATA TO BE COLLECTED Primary Data

Secondary data

PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION METHOD Survey Method

PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE Questionnaire

UNIVERSE OF THE STUDY Varanasi City

SAMPLE UNIT An individual

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Probability

Random sampling
SAMPLE SIZE 50

STATISTICAL TOOLS TO BE USED FOR ANALYSIS

Graphical Representation (Includes Bar Graph, Line Graph & Pie Chart)

~44~
~45~
 DATA ANALYSIS

Q.1. Which is the most beautiful tourist place of Varanasi.

OPTION RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

Sarnath 20 40%

Ram Nagar 10 20%

Ganga Ghat 20 40%

~46~
Q.2. Are you satisfy with traffic condition of Varanasi city.

OPTION RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

Yes 08 16%

No 40 80%

Can't say 02 04%

~47~
Q.3. What is the condition of cleaning of Varanasi city.

OPTION RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

Yes 06 12%

No 42 84%

Can't say 02 04%

~48~
Q.4. Are you feel secure yourself in this city.

OPTION RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

Yes 20 40%

No 25 50%

Can't say 05 10%

~49~
Q.5. Are you satisfy with your agent/guide-

OPTION RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

Yes 18 36%

No 22 44%

Can't say 10 20%

~50~
Q.6. Which type of hotels are you like-

OPTION RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

5 Star 05 10%

4 Star 13 26%

3 star 15 30%

Any other 17 34%

~51~
Q.7. Are you happy with services provided by hotels in Varanasi-

OPTION RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

Yes 16 32%

No 29 58%

Can't say 05 10%

~52~
Q.8. How is your experience in this city-

OPTION RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

good 27 54%

Bad 20 40%

Can't say 03 06%

~53~
Q.9. Are you will come again in Varanasi.

OPTION RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

Yes 21 42%

No 15 30%

Can't say 14 28%

~54~
~55~
 CONCLUSION

The majority of tourist are coming to visit Varanasi from abroad i.e. 60
percent.

Maximum no. of tourist would like to visit in Varanasi one time i.e.
50 percent.

Majority of tourist like to visit historical places then religious i.e. 72

percent.

Maximum no. of tourist like to behaviour of people i.e. 60 percent

then the places.

Majority of tourist says that a tourist of Varanasi respect their culture

i.e. 70 percent.

A maximum no. of tourist i.e. 80 percent are satisfied with the

transportation of Varanasi.

50% of tourist says that Varanasi is the till develop city.

50% tourist are enjoy the tourist spot in Varansi.

~56~
~57~
 SUGGESTION

1. Ghats are great attraction for tourists, but we find that ghats are
very dirty. Thought Govt. has given valuable contribution in cleaning
Ghats but capital is not properly utilities. If should be utilized
properly.

2. Whole environment of Varanasi is polluted due to dust, smokes,

Garbages etc. Government should take strict action against the
vehicles who disturb the ecological balance people of Varanasi should
also aware that Banares should not lost its importance which has since
ancient days.

~58~
~59~
 STUDY OF ANCIENT PLACES AWARENESS AND ITS THEIR

VISITING IN VARANASI

Dear Sir,

This survey has reference to my course of BBA, Rajarshi School of

Management & Technology, Varanasi. I, Abhishek Singh the candidate

request you to participate in it where I assure you that this survey is part of

course curriculum and not conducted for any commercial purpose.

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name Mr./Mrs./Ms.....

Date of Birth ..........................................................................

Age (Yrs) Gender............

Address......

....................................................................................

Contact no ...............................................

~60~
 QUESTIONNAIRE

Q.1. Which is the most beautiful tourist place of Varanasi.

(i) Sarnath (ii) Ram Nagar

(ii) Ganga Ghat

Q.2. Are you satisfy with traffic condition of Varanasi city.

(i) Yes (ii) No (iii) Can't say

Q.3. What is the condition of cleaning of Varanasi city.

(i) Yes (ii) No (iii) Can't say

Q.4. Are you feel secure yourself in this city.

(i) Yes (ii) No (iii) Can't say

Q.5. Are you satisfy with your agent/guide-

(i) Yes (ii) No (iii) Can't say

Q.6. Which type of hotels are you like-

(i) 5 Star (ii) 4 Star

(iii) 3 star (iv) Any other

Q.7. Are you happy with services provided by hotels in Varanasi-

(i) Yes (ii) No (iii) Can't say

Q.8. How is your experience in this city-

(i) good (ii) Bad (iii) Can't say

Q.9. Are you will come again in Varanasi.

(i) Yes (ii) No (iii) Can't say

~61~
~62~
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Research Methodology- C. R. Kothari

2. Tourist Guide of Varanasi.

3. U. P. Tourism Office.

Websites:

www.varanasicity.com

www.google.com

News Paper:

Hindustan Times

Dainik Jagaran

~63~