Vaccination schedule

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Example Polish call for vaccination against Diphtheria and Tetanus.

A vaccination schedule is a series of vaccinations, including the timing of all doses, which may be
either recommended or compulsory, depending on the country of residence.
A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to
prevent or reduce the effects of infection by any natural or "wild" pathogen.[1] Many vaccines require
multiple doses for maximum effectiveness, either to produce sufficient initial immune response or to
boost response that fades over time. For example, tetanus vaccine boosters are often recommended
every 10 years.[2] Vaccine schedules are developed by governmental agencies or physicians groups
to achieve maximum effectiveness using required and recommended vaccines for a locality while
minimizing the number of health care system interactions. Over the past two decades, the
recommended vaccination schedule has grown rapidly and become more complicated as many new
vaccines have been developed.[3]
Some vaccines are recommended only in certain areas (countries, subnational areas, or at-risk
populations) where a disease is common. For instance, yellow fever vaccination is on the routine
vaccine schedule of French Guiana, is recommended in certain regions of Brazil but in the United
States is only given to travelers heading to countries with a history of the disease.[4] In developing
countries, vaccine recommendations also take into account the level of health care access, the cost
of vaccines and issues with vaccine availability and storage. Sample vaccinations schedules
discussed by the World Health Organization show a developed country using a schedule which
extends over the first five years of a child's life and uses vaccines which cost over $700 including
administration costs while a developing country uses a schedule providing vaccines in the first 9
months of life and costing only $25.[5] This difference is due to the lower cost of health care, the lower
cost of many vaccines provided to developing nations, and that more expensive vaccines, often for
less common diseases, are not utilized.
In 1900, the smallpox vaccine was the only one administered to children. By the early 1950s,
children routinely received three vaccines, for protection against
(diphtheria,pertussis, tetanus and smallpox), and as many as five shots by two years of age.[3] Since
the mid-1980s, many vaccines have been added to the schedule. As of 2009, the USCenters for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) now recommends vaccination against at least fourteen
diseases. By two years of age, U.S. children receive as many as 24 vaccine injections, and might
receive up to five shots during one visit to the doctor.[3] The use of combination vaccine products
means that, as of 2013, the United Kingdom's immunization program consists of 10 injections by the
age of two, rather than 25 if vaccination for each disease was given as a separate injection.[6]

Contents
[hide]
 1 Worldwide
2 Country Specific Schedules
o 2.1 Australia
o 2.2 United Kingdom
2.2.1 Non-routine vaccinations
2.2.2 Adult vaccinations
o 2.3 United States
3 See also
4 References
5 External links

Worldwide[edit]
The World Health Organization monitors vaccination schedules across the world, noting what
vaccines are included in each country's program, the coverage rates achieved and various auditing
measures.[7] The table below shows the types of vaccines given in example countries. Current
vaccination schedules for all WHO member states can be accessedhere. Additional vaccines are
given to individuals that are much more likely to come into contact with certain diseases due to their
occupation or travel to regions where the disease is present (including members of the Military), or
only after potentially infectious exposure. Examples include Rabies vaccine, Anthrax
vaccine, Cholera vaccine andSmallpox vaccine.[8][9]

Characteristics of Vaccine Preventable Disease and Schedules for Example Countries[8]

W
W S
orl
orl a
Va dw
Tra dw Fi G u Bo I A C J
cci ide C C Et
ns ide U nl er di ts n us h a
ne inc h u U hi
mis de S a m A w d tr i p
Ta ide il b K op
sio at A n an r an i ali n a
rge nc e a ia
n hs d y a a a a a n
t e
(20 bi
(20
04) a
04) [11]
[10]

Dipht 34,00
Saliva 5,000 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
heria 0

Airbor
Pertus 18,38 254,0
ne Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
sis 7,000 00
droplet

Tetan 251,0 163,0

Penetr Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
us 00 00
ating
 Characteristics of Vaccine Preventable Disease and Schedules for Example Countries[8]

W
W S
orl
orl a
Va dw
Tra dw Fi G u Bo I A C J
cci ide C C Et
ns ide U nl er di ts n us h a
ne inc h u U hi
mis de S a m A w d tr i p
Ta ide il b K op
sio at A n an r an i ali n a
rge nc e a ia
n hs d y a a a a a n
t e
(20 bi
(20
04) a
04) [11]
[10]

injury

Hepati Bodily 5,700, 105,0

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes1 Yes Yes
tis B fluids 000
ute)
(ac
00 1

Haem
ophilu 2,000,
Airbor
s 000 386,0
ne Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
influe 3,000, 00
droplet
nzae 000 [12]
type b

Measl Airbor 27,00 424,0

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
es ne 0,000 00

Tuber
Airbor 7,782, 1,464, Yes Yes1
culosi Yes Yes 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
ne 000 000
s

Fecal- 1,606 Unkn OP OP IPV, OP

Polio [13] IPV IPV IPV IPV OPV OPV IPV OPV OPV
oral own V V OPV V

Hepati Fecal- 1,400, Unkn

Yes Yes
1 Yes1 Yes Yes1 Yes
tis A oral 000 [14] own
 Characteristics of Vaccine Preventable Disease and Schedules for Example Countries[8]

W
W S
orl
orl a
Va dw
Tra dw Fi G u Bo I A C J
cci ide C C Et
ns ide U nl er di ts n us h a
ne inc h u U hi
mis de S a m A w d tr i p
Ta ide il b K op
sio at A n an r an i ali n a
rge nc e a ia
n hs d y a a a a a n
t e
(20 bi
(20
04) a
04) [11]
[10]

Huma
n
Sexual 493,0 247,0
papill Yes Yes Yes Yes
contact 00 2 00 2
omavi
rus

Influe 3,000, 250,0

Airbor
nza 000 00
ne Yes1 Yes1 Yes1 Yes
1 Yes1 Yes1 Yes Yes1
(seaso 5,000, 500,0
droplet
nal) 000 00

Menin Airbor
Unkn 340,0
gococ ne Yes Yes Yes Yes1 Yes Yes1 Yes Yes
own 00
cus droplet

Airbor
Mump 544,0 Unkn
ne Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
s 00 own
droplet

Pneu Airbor 14,50

826,0
mococ ne 0,000[ 00 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes1 Yes
cus droplet 15]

Rotavi Fecal- 527,0

Yes Yes
[17] Yes
rus oral 00 [16]
 Characteristics of Vaccine Preventable Disease and Schedules for Example Countries[8]

W
W S
orl
orl a
Va dw
Tra dw Fi G u Bo I A C J
cci ide C C Et
ns ide U nl er di ts n us h a
ne inc h u U hi
mis de S a m A w d tr i p
Ta ide il b K op
sio at A n an r an i ali n a
rge nc e a ia
n hs d y a a a a a n
t e
(20 bi
(20
04) a
04) [11]
[10]

Airbor
Rubell Unkn 196,0
ne Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
a own 00
droplet

Typho
Fecal- 22,00[ 216,0
id 0,000 00 Yes Yes1
oral 18]
fever

Varice Airbor Unkn Unkn

Yes Yes Yes
lla ne own own

Yello
Mosqu 200,0 30,00
w Yes
ito 00 [19] 0
fever

Tick- 5,000
borne
Tick Unkn
Yes1
encep 7,000[ own
20]
halitis

Japane
se Mosqu 50,00 15,00
Yes1 Yes Yes
encep ito 0 [21] 0
halitis

1. ^ At risk groups or certain populations only. See reference for more details.
 2. ^ Incidence and deaths noted are for cervical cancer. Nearly 100% of cervical cancer is
caused by HPV.[22]

Country Specific Schedules[edit]

The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide
view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk
page. (January 2015)

Australia[edit]
The Immunise Australia Program implements the National Immunisation Program (NIP) Schedule.
All vaccines available under the Australian immunisation schedule are free of charge under
the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.[23]

Australia Vaccine Schedule: 2010[24]

15
1013
Vaccine Birth 2 mo. 4 mo. 6 mo. 12 mo. 18 mo. 4 yrs 17 65 yrs
yrs
yrs

Hepatitis B HepB HepB HepB HepB

Rotavirus RV RV RV

Diphtheria, pertussis,
DTPa DTPa DTPa DTPa dTpa
and tetanus

Haemophilus
Hib Hib Hib Hib
influenzae type b

Pneumococcal 7vPCV 7vPCV 7vPCV 23vPPV

Polio
IPV IPV IPV IPV
vaccine (inactivated)

Measles, mumps, and

MMR MMR
rubella
Varicella Varicella

Meningococcus MenCCV

Human papillomavirus
HPV1
vaccine

Influenza Yearly

Range of recommended ages except certain high-risk groups. See references for more details including
"catch-up" immunizations, and recommendations for high-risk groups
^1. 1213 years, females only

United Kingdom[edit]
The United Kingdom childhood vaccination schedule is recommended by the Department of Health
and National Health Service, and uses combination immunisations where available.

United Kingdom Vaccine Schedule: 2013[25]

12 1213
Vaccine 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 34 yrs 1318 yrs
mo. yrs

Diphtheria, pertussis, and

tetanus DTaP
Td +
DTaP +
DTaP + DTaP + IPV
+ IPV
IPV + IPV +
Polio vaccine (inactivated) IPV +
Hib Hib
Hib

Haemophilus influenzae type b

Hib +
MenC
MenC (13-15
Meningococcus MenC
yrs)

Rotavirus (from July 2013) Rotavirus Rotavirus

Pneumococcal PCV PCV PCV

Measles, mumps, and rubella MMR MMR

Human papillomavirus vaccine HPV x31

^1. Females only 3 vaccinations over 12 months

Non-routine vaccinations[edit]
Some children may receive vaccines in addition to those listed in the table:

BCG vaccine is given at birth "to babies who are more likely to
come into contact with Tuberculosis than the general population."
Hepatitis B vaccine is given at birth "to babies whose mothers are
hepatitis B positive."
Adult vaccinations[edit]
The five scheduled childhood tetanus vaccinations are thought to generally confer lifelong immunity;
thus, no routine booster doses are given in adulthood. Those adults at risk of contaminated cuts
(e.g., gardeners) may have booster tetanus vaccination every ten years.[26]
Pneumococcal vaccinations (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine/PPV) are recommended for
those over 65 and for people without a functional spleen (asplenia), either because the spleen has
been removed or does not work properly.[27] Also, it should be noted that current CDC guidelines
recommend that if not previously vaccinated, administer PCV13 first and give PPSV23 6-12 months
after, but if previously received PPSV23, administer PCV13 12 months after [28]

Flu vaccine is recommended for anyone who is aged 65 years and over, people with certain long-
term medical conditions, health and social care professionals and poultryworkers.[29]
United States[edit]
The most up-to-date schedules are available from CDC's National Center for Immunization and
Respiratory Diseases. In the US, the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Actrequires all health-care
providers to provide parents or patients with copies of Vaccine Information Statements before
administering vaccines.[30]

United States Vaccine Schedule: 2014[31][32]

19 19 27 60
2- 7-
1 9 12 15 18 - 11 -
Birt 2 4 6 3 46 10 13-18 65
Vaccine mon m m m m 23 12 26 59 64
h mo. mo. mo. yr yrs yr yrs yrs
th o. o. o. o. m yrs yr yr yr
s s
o s s s
Hepatitis
1st 2nd 3rd 3 doses
B (HepB)

Rotavirus 1st 2nd

Diphtheria,
DTa DTa DTa DTa Tda Td (every 10
pertussis, and DTaP
P P P P p years)
tetanus

Haemophilus
3rd or
influenzae type 1st 2nd 1 or 3 doses
4th
b (Hib)

1st 2nd 3rd

4th PPS
Pneumococcal PC PC PC PPSV
PCV V
V V V

Polio vaccine,
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
inactivated (IPV)

Annual vaccination (IIV

Influenza Annual vaccination (IIV or LAIV)
only)

1 or
Measles, mumps,
2
and 1st 2nd 1 dose
dose
rubella (MMR)
s

Additio
n
Varicella (chicke
1st 2nd of shing
npox)
les
vaccine

Hepatitis A 2-dose series

 Boost
Dos
Meningococcus MCV er at 1 or more doses
e1
16

Human 3
papillomavirus dos 3 doses1
vaccine es

Range of recommended ages for everyone. See references for more details.
Range of recommended ages for certain high-risk groups. See references for more details.
Range of recommended ages for catch-up immunization or for people who lack evidence of immunity (e.g.,
lack documentation of vaccination or have no evidence of prior infection). CDC provides more detailed
information in catch-up immunizations.
^1. Note on HPV vaccine: Males who have not yet received 3 doses of HPV4 are generally recommended to have done so
through age 21. HPV4 is recommended for men who have sex with men through age 26 years who did not get any or all doses
when they were younger.

See also[edit]
Influenza vaccine
H5N1 clinical trials
2009 flu pandemic vaccine

References[edit]
1. Jump up^ "What Is a Vaccine". NIAID. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
2. Jump up^ "Tetanus: Prevention". Mayo Clinic. 2006-09-21.
Retrieved 2008-07-17.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b c "History of Vaccine Schedule | The Children's
Hospital of Philadelphia". Retrieved 2010-05-04.
4. Jump up^ Update on Yellow Fever in the
Americas, http://www.paho.org/english/SHA/be_v21n2-
yellowfever.htm, the Epidemiological Bulletin, Vol. 21 No. 2, June
2000, Pan American Health Organization, accessed July 18, 2007
5. Jump up^ State of the World's Vaccines and Immunizations
(pdf) from the World Health Organization (2003 edition)
6. Jump up^ "Immunisation schedule". Retrieved 2013-03-22.
7. Jump up^ "WHO Vaccine Preventable Diseases Monitoring
System". World Health Organization. 22 December 2006.
Retrieved 2007-01-02.
8. ^ Jump up to:a b "WHO World Health Organization: Immunization,
Vaccines And Biologicals".WHO vaccine-preventable diseases:
monitoring system 2010 global summary National vaccines
schedules. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
9. Jump up^ "Vaccines: VPD-VAC/List of VPDs". Retrieved 2010-06-
08.
10. Jump up^ Unless noted"GDP Report Disease incidence,
prevalence and disability". Retrieved2010-05-04.
 11. Jump up^ Unless noted "Deaths and DALYs 2004: Annex tables".
Retrieved 2010-05-04.
12. Jump up^ "WHO Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)".
Retrieved 2010-05-04.
13. Jump up^ "Wild Poliovirus Cases 2009". Retrieved 2010-05-04.[dead
link]

14. Jump up^ "WHO Hepatitis A". Retrieved 2010-06-08.

15. Jump up^ 2000 data"WHO: Streptococcus pneumoniae(
Pneumococcus)". Retrieved2010-06-08.
16. Jump up^ "Rotavirus Homepage CDC Rotavirus". Retrieved 2010-
06-08.
17. Jump up^ >Department of Health and National Health Service (30
April 2013). "Important changes to the national immunisation
programme in 2013-14, and introduction of rotavirus vaccination for
babies at two and three months" (pdf). National Health Service.
Retrieved 2013-06-03.
18. Jump up^ 2009 data"WHO | Diarrhoeal Diseases (Updated
February 2009)". Retrieved2010-06-08.
19. Jump up^ "WHO Yellow fever". Retrieved 2010-06-08.
20. Jump up^ Suss J (June 2008). "Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe
and beyond the epidemiological situation as of 2007". Euro
Surveill. 13 (26). PMID 18761916.
21. Jump up^ "WHO Vector-Borne Viral Infections". Retrieved 2010-
06-08.
22. Jump up^ "HPV and Cervical Cancer in the World 2007 Report".
Retrieved 2010-06-08.
23. Jump up^ "Immunise About the Program". Retrieved 2010-05-
05.
24. Jump up^ "National Immunisation Program Schedule". Australian
Government. Retrieved2010-05-05.
25. Jump up^ Department of Health and National Health
Service. "Vaccination schedule". National Health Service.
Retrieved 2013-06-04.
26. Jump up^ "Immunisation FAQs Will I need more boosters in
the future?". Retrieved2010-05-05.[dead link]
27. Jump up^ "Immunisation FAQs How often will I need this
vaccine?". Retrieved2010-05-05.[dead link]
28. Jump up^ "Immunization Schedules". Center for Disease Control.
center for disease control and prevention. Retrieved 4
November 2014.
29. Jump up^ "Immunisation Having the vaccination Who is the
vaccine for?". Retrieved2010-05-05.[dead link]
30. Jump up^ "Vaccine Information Statements: Instructions".
Retrieved 2010-05-05.
31. Jump up^ "FIGURE 1: Recommended immunization schedule for
persons aged 0 through 18 years". CDC. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
32. Jump up^ "Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule
United States, 2014". CDC. Retrieved 2014-02-08.

External links[edit]
 National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. "CDC
National Immunization Program". (U.S.) Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention. Retrieved2008-06-14.
CDC 2013 Recommended Immunizations for Children from
Birth Through 6 Years Old
UK National Health Service. "The UK immunisation
schedule". National Health Service. Retrieved 2006-11-03.
UN World Health Organisation. "Reported immunization schedule
by regions/countries/antigens" (CFM). World Health Organisation.
Retrieved 2010-05-07.

Adjuvants
List of vaccine ingredients
Development Mathematical modelling
Timeline
Trials

Conjugate vaccine
DNA vaccination
Inactivated vaccine
Live vector vaccine
Classes Attenuated vaccine
Heterologous vaccine
Subunit/component / Peptide / Virus-like particle
Toxoid

Global:
GAVI Alliance
Policy
Schedule
Vaccine injury
Administration USA:
ACIP
Vaccine court
Vaccines for Children Program
VAERS
VSD

Anthrax
Brucellosis
Vaccines Bacterial Cholera#
Diphtheria#
Hib#
 Lyme disease
Meningococcus#
MeNZB
NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
Pertussis#
Plague
Pneumococcal#
PCV
PPSV
Q fever
Tetanus#
Tuberculosis
BCG#
Typhoid#
Ty21a
ViCPS
Typhus
combination: DTwP/DTaP

Adenovirus
Flu#
H1N1 (Pandemrix)
LAIV
Hantavirus
Hepatitis A#
Hepatitis B#
Hepatitis E
HPV
Cervarix
Gardasil
Japanese encephalitis#
Measles#
Mumps#
Mumpsvax
Polio#
Viral Sabin
Salk
Rabies#
Rotavirus#
Rubella#
Smallpox
Dryvax
Tick-borne encephalitis
Varicella zoster
chicken pox#
shingles
Yellow fever#
combination:
MMR
MMRV
research:
 Chikungunya
Cytomegalovirus
Dengue
Ebola
EpsteinBarr virus
Hepatitis C
HIV

research:
Protozoan Malaria
Trypanosomiasis

research:
Helminthiasis Hookworm
Schistosomiasis

Cancer vaccines
ALVAC-CEA
Hepatitis B#
HPV
Other Cervarix
Gardasil
NicVAX
TA-CD
TA-NIC

General
MMR
NCVIA
Pox party
Controversy Simpsonwood
Thiomersal
Andrew Wakefield
Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services

Epidemiology
See also Eradication of infectious diseases
List of vaccine topics
 Bacteria
Description classification

Gram-positive firmicutes
Gram-positive actinobacter
Tuberculosis
Disease Gram-negative proteobacte
Cholera
Gram-negative non-proteob

Antibiotics
cell wall
nucleic acid
Treatment myocbacteria
protein synthesis
Vaccines

Virus
Description classification
Viral proteins

Systemic
HIV and AIDS
influenza
Cutaneous
Disease Zoster
Human papillomavirus
Zoonotic
Symptoms and signs

Drugs
antiretroviral
Treatment DNA
RNA
Vaccines

Categories:
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