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paradigms, individuals is a population represent
potential problem solutions. Individuals are fl
evaluated, changed in some way or replaced, and
tested again; adaptation occurs as the fitnesses of 80
individual problem solutions increase.
5 75
In the present method, population members are not n
c.
viewed as potential solutions: they are probabilities. 70
The value of vd for each dimension determines the
probability that a bit Xid will take on one or the other 65
value, but Xid itself does not have a value until it is
evaluated: the actual position of the particle in D
-
Iterations (1 200)
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f2 f5
3908
3906
n
3900
3898
z
U
200
Iterations (1 -200) 0
De Jongs f4 function introduces gaussian noise to The five functions were implemented in a single
the function, and was measured as an average over program, where the only code changed from one
the entire population, rather than a population best. function to another was the evaluation function. All
other aspects of the program, including parameter
f4 values, ran identically on the various functions.
Thus it appears that the binary particle swarm is
extremely flexible and robust.
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evaluations, but it had trouble jumping out of good
local optima.
7. REFERENCES
41 08