FRAC Code List *2014: Fungicides sorted by mode of action

(including FRAC Code numbering)

INTRODUCTION
The following table lists commercial fungicides according to their mode of action and resistance
risk. The most important bactericides are also included.

The Table headings are defined as:

MOA Code
Different letters (A to I, with added numbers) are used to distinguish fungicide groups according to
their biochemical mode of action (MOA) in the biosynthetic pathways of plant pathogens. The
grouping was made according to processes in the metabolism starting from nucleic acids synthesis
(A) to secondary metabolism, e.g. melanin synthesis (I) at the end of the list, followed by host plant
defence inducers (P), recent molecules with an unknown mode of action and unknown resistance
risk (U, transient status, mostly not longer than 8 years, until information about mode of action and
mechanism of resistance becomes available), and multi-site inhibitors (M).

Target Site and Code

If available, the biochemical mode of action is given. In many cases the precise target site is not
known. However, a grouping can be made due to cross resistance profiles within a group or in
relation to other groups.

Group Name
The Group Names listed are based on chemical relatedness of structures which are accepted in
literature (e.g. The Pesticide Manual). They are based on different sources (chemical structure, site
of action, first important representative in group).

Chemical Group
Grouping is based on chemical considerations. Nomenclature is according to IUPAC and Chemical
Abstract name.

Common name
BSI/ISO accepted (or proposed) common name for an individual active ingredient expected to
appear on the product label as definition of the product.

FRAC Code List 2014 Page 1 of 10

Comments on Resistance
Details are given for the (molecular) mechanism of resistance and the resistance risk. If field
resistance is known to one member of the Group, it is most likely but not exclusively valid that
cross resistance to other group members will be present. There is increasing evidence that the
degree of cross resistance can differ between group members and pathogen species or even within
species. For the latest information on resistance and cross resistance status of a particular pathogen /
fungicide combination, it is advised to contact local FRAC representatives, product manufacturers
representatives or crop protection advisors. The intrinsic risk for resistance evolution to a given
fungicide group is estimated to be low, medium or high according to the principles described in
FRAC Monographs 1, 2 and 3. Resistance management is driven by intrinsic risk of fungicide,
pathogen risk and agronomic risk (see FRAC pathogen risk list).

Similar classification lists of fungicides have been published by T. Locke on behalf of FRAG UK
(Fungicide Resistance, August 2001), and by P. Leroux (Classification des fongicides agricoles et
rsistance, Phytoma, La Dfense des Vgtaux, No. 554, 43-51, November 2002).

FRAC Code
Numbers and letters are used to distinguish the fungicide groups according to their cross resistance
behaviour. The numbers were assigned primarily according to the time of product introduction to
the market. The letters refer to P = host plant defence inducers, M = multi-site inhibitors, and U =
unknown mode of action and unknown resistance risk. Reclassification of compounds based on new
research may result in codes to expire. This is most likely in the U section when the mode of
actions gets clarified. These codes are not re-used for new groups; a note is added to indicate
reclassification into a new code.

Last update: February 2014

Next update decisions: December 2014

* Disclaimer
The FRAC Code List is the property of FRAC and protected by copyright laws. The FRAC Code
List may be used for educational purposes without permission from FRAC. Commercial use of this
material may only be made with the express, prior and written permission of FRAC. Inclusion to the
FRAC Code List is based on scientific evaluation of the mode of action of the active ingredients; it
does not provide any kind of testimonial for the use of a product or a judgement on efficacy.

FRAC Code List 2014 Page 2 of 10

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL GROUP COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE CODE
benalaxyl
benalaxyl-M
Resistance and cross resistance
(=kiralaxyl)
well known in various
acylalanines furalaxyl
Oomycetes but mechanism
metalaxyl
A1: PA fungicides metalaxyl-M
unknown.
(PhenylAmides) (=mefenoxam) 4
RNA polymerase I High risk.
A: nucleic acids synthesis

oxazolidinones oxadixyl See FRAC Phenylamide

Guidelines
for resistance management
butyrolactones ofurace

Medium risk Resistance and

A2:
hydroxy- bupirimate cross resistance known in
hydroxy-
(2-amino-)
(2-amino-) pyrimidines
dimethirimol powdery mildews. 8
adenosin- pyrimidines ethirimol Resistance management
deaminase required.
A3: isoxazoles hymexazole
heteroaromatics Resistance not known. 32
DNA/RNA synthesis
(proposed) isothiazolones octhilinone

A4: Bactericide. Resistance known.

Risk in fungi unknown.
carboxylic acids carboxylic acids oxolinic acid
Resistance management
31
DNA topoisomerase
type II (gyrase) required.
Resistance common in many
benomyl fungal species. Several target
carbendazim site mutations, mostly
benzimidazoles
fuberidazole E198A/G/K, F200Y in -tubulin
thiabendazole gene.
MBC -
B1: fungicides
Positive cross resistance
(Methyl
between the group members.
1
-tubuline Benzimidazole
assembly in mitosis Carbamates) Negative cross resistance to N-
thiophanate Phenylcarbamates.
thiophanates
thiophanate-
B: mitosis and cell division

methyl High risk. See FRAC

Benzimidazole Guidelines
for resistance management.
Resistance known. Target site
B2: N-phenyl mutation E198K. Negative cross
N-phenyl
carbamates
carbamates diethofencarb resistance to benzimidazoles. 10
-tubulin High risk. Resistance
assembly in mitosis management required.

B3: benzamides toluamides zoxamide

Low to medium risk.
Resistance management 22
-tubulin assembly thiazole ethylamino-thiazole- required.
in mitosis ethaboxam
carboxamide carboxamide
B4:
phenylureas Phenylureas pencycuron Resistance not known 20
cell division
(proposed)
B5:
pyridinylmethyl-
delocalisation of benzamides
benzamides
fluopicolide Resistance not known 43
spectrin-like
proteins

FRAC Code List 2014 Page 3 of 10

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL GROUP COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE CODE
C1: pyrimidinamines Pyrimidinamines diflumetorim
complex I NADH pyrazole-5- Resistance not known. 39
Oxido-reductase pyrazole-MET1 tolfenpyrad
carboxamides
benodanil
phenyl-benzamides flutolanil
mepronil
phenyl-oxo-ethyl
isofetamid Resistance known for several
thiophene amide
pyridinyl-ethyl- fungal species in field
fluopyram populations and lab mutants.
benzamides
Target site mutations in sdh
furan- carboxamides fenfuram
gene, e.g. H/Y (or H/L) at 257,
oxathiin- carboxin 267, 272 or P225L, dependent
C2: SDHI (Succinate carboxamides oxycarboxin on fungal species.
complex II: dehydrogenase thiazole-
inhibitors) thifluzamide Resistance management 7
succinate-dehydro- carboxamides required.
genase benzovindiflupyr
bixafen Medium to high risk.
fluxapyroxad
pyrazole-4- furametpyr See FRAC SDHI Guidelines
carboxamides isopyrazam for resistance management.
penflufen
penthiopyrad
sedaxane
pyridine-
boscalid
carboxamides
azoxystrobin
C. respiration

coumoxystrobin
enoxastrobin
methoxy-acrylates
flufenoxystrobin Resistance known in various
picoxystrobin fungal species. Target site
pyraoxystrobin mutations in cyt b gene (G143A,
methoxy-acetamide mandestrobin F129L) and additional
C3: pyraclostrobin mechanisms.
complex III: methoxy-carbamates pyrametostrobin
cytochrome bc1 QoI-fungicides triclopyricarb Cross resistance shown
(ubiquinol oxidase) (Quinone outside kresoxim-methyl between all members of the QoI 11
at Qo site (cyt b Oximino-acetates
Inhibitors) trifloxystrobin group.
gene) dimoxystrobin
fenaminstrobin High risk.
oximino-acetamides
metominostrobin
orysastrobin See FRAC QoI Guidelines
oxazolidine-diones famoxadone for resistance management.
dihydro-dioxazines fluoxastrobin
Imidazolinones fenamidone
benzyl-carbamates pyribencarb
C4: Resistance risk unknown but
cyano-imidazole cyazofamid assumed to be medium to high
complex III: QiI - fungicides
(mutations at target site known
cytochrome (Quinone inside
in model organisms).
21
bc1(ubiquinone Inhibitors)
sulfamoyl-triazole amisulbrom Resistance management
reductase) at Qi site required.
binapacryl
dinitrophenyl Resistance not known.
C5: meptyldinocap
crotonates Also acaricidal activity.
dinocap
uncouplers of 29
2,6-dinitro- Low risk. However, resistance
oxidative phos- fluazinam
anilines claimed in Botrytis in Japan.
phorylation
(pyr.-hydrazones) (ferimzone) Reclassified to U 14 in 2012.

FRAC Code List 2014 Page 4 of 10

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL GROUP COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE CODE
C6:
inhibitors of fentin acetate
organo tin tri-phenyl tin Some resistance cases
oxidative phos- compounds compounds
fentin chloride
known. Low to medium risk.
30
fentin hydroxide
C: respiration (continued)

phorylation, ATP
synthase
C7:
thiophene- thiophene-
ATP production carboxamides carboxamides
silthiofam Resistance reported. Risk low. 38
(proposed)
C8: Not cross resistant to QoI
complex III: QoSI fungicides fungicides.
cytochrome bc1 (Quinone outside Resistance risk assumed to
(ubiquinone Inhibitor, triazolo-pyrimidylamine ametoctradin be medium to high 45
reductase) at stigmatellin (single site inhibitor).
Qo site, stigmatellin binding type) Resistance management
binding sub-site required.
Resistance known in Botrytis
D1: and Venturia, sporadically in
Oculimacula .
AP - fungicides cyprodinil
anilino-pyrimidines
D: amino acids and protein synthesis

methionine (Anilino- mepanipyrim

Medium risk.
9
biosynthesis Pyrimidines) pyrimethanil
(proposed) See FRAC Anilinopyrimidine
(cgs gene) Guidelines
for resistance management.
D2: enopyranuronic enopyranuronic acid
Low to medium risk.
acid antibiotic antibiotic
blasticidin-S Resistance management 23
protein synthesis required.
Resistance known in fungal
D3: hexopyranosyl hexopyranosyl
and bacterial (P. glumae)
antibiotic antibiotic
kasugamycin pathogens. Medium risk. 24
protein synthesis Resistance management
required.
Bactericide. Resistance
D4: glucopyranosyl glucopyranosyl known. High risk.
antibiotic antibiotic
streptomycin
Resistance management
25
protein synthesis required.
Bactericide. Resistance
D5: tetracycline known. High risk.
antibiotic
tetracycline antibiotic oxytetracycline
Resistance management
41
protein synthesis required.
Resistance to quinoxyfen
aryloxyquinoline quinoxyfen
known. Medium risk.
E: signal transduction

E1: Resistance management

signal transduction aza-
naphthalenes
required. Cross resistance 13
(mechanism found in Erysiphe (Uncinula)
unknown) quinazolinone proquinazid
necator but not in Blumeria
graminis.
E2: Resistance found sporadically,
mechanism speculative.
MAP/Histidine- PP-fungicides fenpiclonil
phenylpyrroles Low to medium risk. 12
Kinase in osmotic (PhenylPyrroles) fludioxonil
Resistance management
signal transduction required.
(os-2, HOG1)

FRAC Code List 2014 Page 5 of 10

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL GROUP COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE CODE
Resistance common in Botrytis
transduction (continued) and some other pathogens.
Several mutations in OS-1,
E3: mostly I365S.
E: signal

chlozolinate
MAP/Histidine- iprodione Cross resistance common
dicarboximides dicarboximides
procymidone between the group members. 2
Kinase in osmotic
signal transduction vinclozolin
(os-1, Daf1) Medium to high risk.
See FRAC Dicarboximide
Guidelines
for resistance management.
formerly
F1: dicarboximides
edifenphos
F2: phosphoro-
phosphoro-thiolates iprobenfos (IBP)
Resistance known in specific
thiolates fungi. Low to medium risk.
pyrazophos
phospholipid Resistance management 6
biosynthesis, required if used for risky
dithiolanes Dithiolanes isoprothiolane pathogens.
methyltrans-ferase
F: lipid synthesis and membrane integrity

biphenyl
AH-fungicides
chloroneb
(Aromatic Resistance known in some
aromatic hydrocarbons dicloran
F3: Hydrocarbons)
quintozene (PCNB) fungi.
(chlorophenyls, Low to medium risk.
nitroanilines)
tecnazene (TCNB)
Cross resistance patterns
14
lipid peroxidation tolclofos-methyl
(proposed) complex due to different
activity spectra.
heteroaromatics 1,2,4-thiadiazoles etridiazole

F4:
iodocarb Low to medium risk.
cell membrane carbamates carbamates propamocarb Resistance management 28
permeability, fatty prothiocarb required.
acids (proposed)
formerly CAA-
F5: fungicides
Bacillus subtilis syn.
B.amyloliquefaciens* *synonyms for Bacillus
strain QST 713 amyloliquefaciens are Bacillus
Bacillus subtilis and B. subtilis var.
F6: amyloliquefaciens amyloliquefaciens (previous
Bacillus sp. and the
microbial strain FZB24 taxonomic classification)
microbial disrupters (Bacillus sp.)
fungicidal lipopeptides
Bacillus
44
of pathogen cell produced Resistance not known.
amyloliquefaciens
membranes
strain MBI600
Induction of host plant defence
Bacillus described as additional mode
amyloliquefaciens of action for strain FZB24
strain D747
F7: extract from
cell membrane terpene hydrocarbons
plant extract
and terpene alcohols
Melaleuca alternifolia Resistance not known 46
disruption (tea tree)
(proposed)

FRAC Code List 2014 Page 6 of 10

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL GROUP COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE CODE
piperazines triforine
pyrifenox
pyridines
pyrisoxazole
fenarimol
pyrimidines
nuarimol
imazalil There are big differences in the
oxpoconazole activity spectra of DMI
imidazoles pefurazoate fungicides.
prochloraz
triflumizole Resistance is known in various
fungal species. Several
azaconazole
resistance mechanisms are
bitertanol
known incl. target site mutations
bromuconazole
in cyp51 (erg 11) gene, e.g.
cyproconazole
V136A, Y137F, A379G, I381V;
difenoconazole
cyp51 promotor; ABC
G1: DMI-fungicides
diniconazole
transporters and others.
epoxiconazole
(DeMethylation
C14- demethylase etaconazole
Inhibitors)
fenbuconazole
Generally wise to accept that 3
in sterol cross resistance is present
fluquinconazole
sterol biosynthesis in membranes

biosynthesis (SBI: Class I) between DMI fungicides active

(erg11/cyp51) flusilazole
against the same fungus.
flutriafol
triazoles hexaconazole
DMI fungicides are Sterol
imibenconazole
Biosynthesis Inhibitors (SBIs),
ipconazole
but show no cross resistance to
metconazole
other SBI classes.
myclobutanil
penconazole
Medium risk.
propiconazole
simeconazole
See FRAC SBI Guidelines
tebuconazole
for resistance management.
tetraconazole
triadimefon
triadimenol
triticonazole
triazolinthiones prothioconazole

FRAC Code List 2014 Page 7 of 10

 aldimorph Decreased sensitivity for
G2:
G:
dodemorph powdery mildews.
morpholines
fenpropimorph Cross resistance within the
14-reductase
amines tridemorph group generally found but not to
and (morpholines) other
8 7-
piperidines
fenpropidin
SBI classes.
5
isomerase piperalin
(SBI: Class II)
in sterol

Low to medium risk.

biosynthesis spiroketal-amines spiroxamine See FRAC SBI Guidelines
(erg24, erg2) for resistance management.
G3:
hydroxyanilides fenhexamid Low to medium risk.
3-keto reduc-tase, (SBI: Class III) Resistance management 17
C4- de-methylation amino-pyrazolinone fenpyrazamine required.
(erg27)
G4: Resistance not known,
thiocarbamates pyributicarb
fungicidal and herbicidal activity
squalene-epoxidase (SBI class IV)
18
in sterol
biosynthesis allylamines naftifine Medical fungicides only
(erg1) terbinafine

FRAC Code List 2014 Page 8 of 10

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL GROUP COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE CODE

H3:
glucopyranosyl glucopyranosyl
trehalase and antibiotic antibiotic
validamycin Resistance not known 26
inositol-biosynthesis
H: cell wall biosynthesis

Resistance known.
H4:
peptidyl pyrimidine Medium risk.
polyoxins
nucleoside
polyoxin
Resistance management
19
chitin synthase
required.

dimethomorph
cinnamic acid amides flumorph Resistance known in
pyrimorph Plasmopara viticola but not in
Phytophthora infestans.
H5: CAA-fungicides
valinamide
benthiavalicarb
Cross resistance between all
(Carboxylic Acid
carbamates
iprovalicarb
members of the CAA group.
40
cellulose synthase Amides) valifenalate
Low to medium risk.
See FRAC CAA Guidelines for
mandelic acid amides mandipropamid resistance management

I1: MBI-R isobenzo-furanone fthalide

I: melanin synthesis in

(Melanin
Resistance not known
reductase in Biosynthesis pyrrolo-quinolinone pyroquilon 16.1
melanin Inhibitors
triazolobenzo-
cell wall

biosynthesis Reductase) tricyclazole

thiazole
cyclopropane-
I2: MBI-D carboxamide
carpropamid
Resistance known.
(Melanin
Medium risk.
dehydratase in Biosynthesis carboxamide diclocymet
Resistance management
16.2
melanin Inhibitors
required.
biosynthesis Dehydratase) propionamide fenoxanil

P1: benzo-
benzo-thiadiazole acibenzolar-
thiadiazole Resistance not known P1
P: host plant defence induction

salicylic acid BTH S- methyl

BTH
pathway
probenazole
(also antibacterial
P2 benzisothiazole benzisothiazole
and antifungal
Resistance not known P2
activity)

thiadiazole- thiadiazole- tiadinil

P3 carboxamide carboxamide isotianil
Resistance not known P3

natural
P4 compound
polysaccharides laminarin Resistance not known P4

extract from
complex mixture, Reynoutria
P5 plant extract
ethanol extract sachalinensis
Resistance not known P5
(giant knotweed)

FRAC Code List 2014 Page 9 of 10

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL GROUP COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE CODE
Resistance claims described.
cyanoacetamide- cyanoacetamide- Low to medium risk.
unknown
oxime oxime
cymoxanil
Resistance management
27
required.

ethyl phosphonates fosetyl-Al Few resistance cases reported

in few pathogens.
unknown phosphonates
Low risk
33
phophorous acid
and salts
teclofthalam
unknown phthalamic acids phthalamic acids
(Bactericide)
Resistance not known 34

unknown benzotriazines benzotriazines triazoxide Resistance not known 35

(U numbers not appearing in the list derive from reclassified fungicides)

benzene- benzene-
unknown
sulfonamides sulphonamides
flusulfamide Resistance not known 36

unknown pyridazinones pyridazinones diclomezine Resistance not known 37

Unknown mode of action

unknown thiocarbamate thiocarbamate methasulfocarb Resistance not known 42

Resistance in Sphaerotheca.
phenyl-
unknown
acetamide
phenyl-acetamide cyflufenamid Resistance management U6
required

Less sensitive isolates detected

benzophenone metrafenone
in wheat powdery mildew.
actin disruption aryl-phenyl-
(proposed) ketone
Medium risk. U8
Resistance management
benzoylpyridine pyriofenone
required.
Resistance known in
cell membrane Venturia inaequalis.
disruption guanidines guanidines dodine Low to medium risk. U 12
(proposed) Resistance management
recommended.

cyano-methylene-
unknown thiazolidine
thiazolidine
flutianil Resistance not known U 13

pyrimidinone- pyrimidinone- Resistance not known

unknown
hydrazones hydrazones
ferimzone
Reclassified from C5 in 2012
U 14

oxysterol binding Resistance risk assumed to be

piperidinyl-
protein (OSBP) piperidinyl-thiazole- medium to high (single site
inhibition
thiazole-
isoxazolines
oxathiapiprolin
inhibitor). Resistance
U 15
isoxazolines
(proposed) management required.
Not cross resistant to QoI.
complex III:
Resistance risk unknown but
cytochrome bc1, 4-quinolyl-
unknown binding acetate
4-quinolyl-acetate tebufloquin assumed to be medium. U 16
Resistance management
site (proposed)
required.
mineral oils,
not organic oils,
clas- potassium
unknown diverse diverse
bicarbonate,
Resistance not known NC
si-
fied material of
biological origin

FRAC Code List 2014 Page 10 of 10

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL GROUP COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE CODE
copper
inorganic inorganic
(different salts)
M1

inorganic inorganic sulphur M2

ferbam
mancozeb
maneb
dithiocarbamate dithio-carbamates metiram
s and relatives and relatives propineb
M3
thiram
zineb
ziram
Multi-site contact activity

captan
phthalimides phthalimides captafol M4
folpet
Generally considered as a low
chloronitriles chloronitriles risk group without any signs of
multi- (phthalonitriles) (phthalonitriles)
chlorothalonil resistance developing to the M5
site fungicides
contact dichlofluanid
sulfamides sulfamides
tolylfluanid
M6
activity

guazatine
guanidines guanidines
iminoctadine
M7

triazines triazines anilazine M8

quinones quinones
(anthraquinones) (anthra-quinones)
dithianon M9

chinomethionat /
quinoxalines quinoxalines
quinomethionate
M 10

maleimide maleimide fluoroimide M 11

FRAC Code List 2014 Page 11 of 10