EI 2404 FIBRE OPTICS AND LASER INSTRUMENTS

QUESTION BANK

UNIT-I

PART-A

1. What is the necessary of cladding for an optical fiber?

2. What are the uses of optical fibers?
3. What is the principle used in the working of fibers as light guides?
4. What are step index and graded index fibers?
5. Define acceptance angle and numerical aperture of the fiber.
6. Why do we prefer step index single mode fiber for long distance communication?
7. Define relative refractive index difference
8. Give the expression for numerical aperture in the case of graded index fibers.
9. What are skew rays?
10. What is Vnumber of fiber or normalized frequency of fiber?
11. What are the conditions for the total internal reflection?
12. Give the relation between numerical aperture of skew rays and meridional rays.
13. When do you have phase shift during total internal reflection of light.
14. What are hybrid modes? Give two examples?
15. What are linearly polarized modes?
16. Why do we use LP01 mode for long distance optical communications?
17. Define cutoff wavelength of the fiber.
18. Define phase velocity of the waves.
19. Define group velocity of waves.
20. What is meant by intrinsic absorption?
21. Which scattering produces loss in the ultraviolet region of SiO2 loss curve?
22. What are microbending losses?
23. Define critical angle?

PART-B
1. What are the different types of optical fibres and their characteristics?
2. Explain the various types of fibre optic losses in detail.
3. Explain about the ray theory for Meridonal and Skew rays.
4. Explain about step index fiber structure and graded index fiber structure.
5. Explain in detail about attenuation and its causes.
6. Explain about Signal degradation or distortion.
7. What is pulse broadening? Explain about the pulse broadening in graded index fiber.
8. Explain the types of Splicing technique &explain in detail with neat diagrams.
9. Explain the types of connectors &explain in detail with neat diagrams.
10. Explain optical sources.
11. Explain optical detectors.
12. Explain Dispersion in fibers.
13. Explain the couplers.
14. Explain Absorption Loss and Explain its types.
15. Explain the Scattering loss and its types.
16. Explain Microbending loss.

UNIT-II

PART-A

1. What are active and passive sensors?

2. What is the basic principle of interferometric sensors? What are their uses?
3. What is the special feature of fiber optic seasoners?
4. What is the principle of microbending sensor?
5. What is pockets effect?
6. Define Moire fringes
7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of electroopic modulators?
8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of magnetooptic modulators?
9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of acousto-optic modulatos?
10. What are the properties that can be sensed using Fiber Optics?
11. What is fiber optic gyroscope?
12. What is a modulator?
13. What are the different types of modulators?
14. What is a acousto optic modulator?
15. What are the important parameters of optical detectors?
16. What is the principle of fiber optic sensor?
17. What are the advantages of fiber optic sensor?
18. What are laser diodes?
19. What is an LED?
20. What are the classification of fiber optic sensors?
21. What is extrinsic and intrinsic sensors?
22. What is polarization?
23. What is Pockels effect?
24. What are the laser diode performance characteristics?
25. What is Kerr effect?

PART-B

1. Explain about liquid level sensors.

2. Write about pressure sensors in detail.
3. What are temperature sensor and explain?
4. Explain about the different types of interferometer.
5. Explain the fiber optic instrumentation system with neat diagram.
6. Write in detail about fiber grating sensor.
7. What are the different types of fiber optic sensors? Explain them.
8. Explain the working principle of Different types of modulator with neat sketches.
9. Describe in detail the principle of measurement of
i. Current ii. Voltage iii. Strain
10. Explain Electooptic modulator?
11. Explain modulation formats?
12. Explain the Interferometric method for measurement of Length.
13. Give the principle and design of optical modulator.
 UNIT-III

PART-A

1. What are the laser light properties? How are they produced?
2. Why laser emission is not obtained in an atomic system under thermal equilibrium?
3. What is meant by laser action? What are the conditions to achieve it?
4. What is meant by threshold condition for laser oscillation?
5. What are direct band gap and indirect band semiconductor?
6. Mention the important semiconductors used in laser and LEDs
7. What are the drawbacks of homojunction laser diodes?
8. Define internal quantum efficiency of a laser or LED.
9. How will you increase the modulation bandwidth of laser diode?
10. What are the factors that decrease the life time of laser diode?
11. What are the factor that effect the light source linearity?
12. What are the different noise arise during the laser transmission through optical fiber
link?
13. What are the different factor that produce the degradation of light sources?
14. What are the factor that affect the internal quantum efficiency?
15. What are the merits of index guided lasers?
16. Explain the radiation pattern from surface emitting laser diode or LED.
17. How does the LED work?
18. What are the required properties of photo detector?
19. What are the different noises present in the avalanche photodiode?
20. What is avalanche multiplication noise?
21. What are the different factors that determine the response time of photodetector?
22. Mention the important photodetector material. Why it is preferred?
23. What do you mean by Q-switching?
24. What is model of speckle noise?
25. What do you mean by mode partition noise.
26. What is Reflection noise?
27. What is the principle of Q-switching?
28. What is Active Q-switching?
29. What is Passive Q-switching?
30. What are the applications of Q switching?
31. What is dye laser?
32. What are solid-state lasers?
33. What is gas laser?

PART-B

1. Explain the properties of laser.

2. Describe the fundamental characteristics of Laser.
3. What are the types of Laser modes and explain in detail with neat sketches.
4. Derive an expression for threshold gain for Laser.
5. Explain in detail about Resonator configuration.
6. Differentiate three level laser from four level laser.
7. Explain the principle of three level and four level lasers.
8. Describe the CO2 lasers in detail.
9. Explain the liquid dye laser in detail.
10. Explain the working principle and operation of semiconductor laser.
11. Explain the operation of Nd:YAG laser.
12. Explain the working principle of solid lasers with neat diagram?
13. Explain the working principle of GAS lasers with neat diagram?
14. Explain the a) mode-locking b) Q-Switching Techinique.

UNIT-IV

PART-A

1. What are industrial lasers?

2. What are the industrial applications of lasers?
3. What are the uses of shielding gas during material processing by lasers?
4. What are the two modes of laser melting process?
5. What are the advantages of laser welding cutting and drilling.
6. What is the principle of laser Doppler velocity sensor?
7. What is LIDAR?
8. What are the types of LIDAR?
9. What is the importance of LIDAR?
10. What are the applications of LIDAR?
11. What are the types of laser welding?
12. What are the advantages of laser welding?
13. What are the types of trimming?
14. What are the advantages of laser trimming?
15. What are the types of laser are used for material removal and vaporization.
16. What are the mechanisms used to increase the amount of material removal?
17. What are the techniques uses for distance measurement using Laser?
18. What is the principle of velocity measurement using laser?
19. What is laser cutting?
20. What is a laser rangefinder?

PART-B

1. Explain the principle of Laser for the Measurement of Distance with Neat diagrams.
2. Explain the principle of Laser for the Measurement of Velocity with Neat diagrams.
3. Explain the working principle of Laser for the Measurement of Current with Neat diagrams.
4. Explain the working principle of Laser for the Measurement of Voltage with Neat diagrams.
5. Explain the principle and operation of Laser for Measurement of Acceleration.
6. Explain in detail the the principle of Laser Welding.
7. Explain the detail the principle of Laser Melting.
8. Explain the Applications of Lasers in Melting and trimming of Material?
9. Explain the principle of Laser for the measurement of Atmospheric effect?
10. Discuss the Industrial applications of Lasers in Material Processing.
11. Explain the application of Lasers in Removal and Vapourization of materials.
12. Explain how the Lasers is used in Material processing and also explain Laser heating process
and Laser trimming of Material.
 UNIT-V

PART-A

1. What are the different laser interactions with tissue?

2. Discuss the effect of photo thermal process in tissues?
3. What are the advantages of laser surgery?
4. Mention the names of some laser and their main with respect to medical field.
5. What are Endoscopes?
6. What is holography?
7. Distinguish between a hologram and photographic film?
8. What are the uses of holography?
9. What are the classifications of holograms?
10. What are the applications of holography?
11. What is the application of holographic interferometry?
12. What is HNDT?
13. What is brain tumor?
14. Write about the light propogation through a tissue?
15. What is the principle of medical applications of LASER?
16.What is the role of laser in medical surgery?
17. What are the areas of medical laser surgery where laser will be used?
18. How are lasers used during cancer surgery?
19.What is oncology?

PART-B

1. Explain Holography in detail.

2. Explain in detail the Holography Interferometry and its Application.
3. Explain the Holography for Non destructive testing.
4. Explain in detail the serious Medical applications of laser.
5. Explain in detail about the various instruments used for surgery.
6. Write Notes on a) Plastic surgery. b) removal of tumors in vocal chords.
7. Describe tissue interaction in detail?
8. Describe oncology in detail.
9. Explain in detail a) gynecology b) brain surgery.
10. Define Holography and explain recording and reconstruction of a hologram.
11. List the use of holography.
12. Explain about any three scientific applications of holography.
13. Describe the construction and reconstruction of hologram.
14. Explain about laser interaction with tissue.
15. Explain about laser endoscope and explain about endoscope laser coagulation.
16. List all the applications of laser.
17. Describe any four medical applications of laser in detail