Coca-Cola Bottlers, Phils., Inc. CCBPI Vs. Quintin J. Gomez, aka Kit Gomez & Danilo E.

Galicia, aka Danny

GR # 154491

Facts:

CCBPI, the petitioner applied for a search warrant against Pepsi Cola Product Philippines, Inc. (PCPPI) for
allegedly hoarding empty bottles of Coke bottles which same act is punishable under the IP Code, and further
claimed that the empty bottles be confiscated. Following the search warrant, the police seized and brought to MTC
2,464 Litro and 4,036 of 12 oz. of empty coke bottle.

The petitioner, after seizing the bottles, filed with the Office of the City Prosecutor of Naga a complaint against two
Pepsi officers, namely Galicia and Gomez, for violation of Section 168.3 (c) in relation to Section 170 of the IP
Code.

The respondents counter claim was, as represented by Galicia and Gomez, that the bottles came from various
Pepsi retailers and wholesalers who included them in their return to make up for their shortages of empty Pepsi
bottles. They also had no way of ascertaining before hand the return of empty coke bottles as they simple received
what had been delivered; the presence of the bottles in their yard was not intentional nor deliberate. The
respondents also filed motions for the return of the seized bottles and quash the search warrant for the warrant
itself existed no probable cause to justify the issuance.

The petition was denied, both by the MTC and the RTC. Bypassing the Court of Appeals, the petitioner files a
petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court to reverse the decision of the RTC.

ISSUE:
WON Pepsis possession of several empty coke bottles constitute as Hoarding which is punishable under the IP
Code.

HELD:

As culled from the petitioners allegation, the provision shown below shows the law which Pepsi breached.

SECTION 168. Unfair Competition, Rights, Regulation and Remedies.

168.1. A person who has identified in the mind of the public the goods he manufactures or deals in, his
business or services from those of others, whether or not a registered mark is employed, has a property
right in the goodwill of the said goods, business or services so identified, which will be protected in the
same manner as other property rights.

168.2. Any person who shall employ deception or any other means contrary to good faith by which he shall
pass off the goods manufactured by him or in which he deals, or his business, or services for those of the
one having established such goodwill, or who shall commit any acts calculated to produce said result, shall
be guilty of unfair competition, and shall be subject to an action therefor.

168.3. In particular, and without in any way limiting the scope of protection against unfair competition, the
following shall be deemed guilty of unfair competition:

(a) Any person, who is selling his goods and gives them the general appearance of goods of
another manufacturer or dealer, either as to the goods themselves or in the wrapping of the
packages in which they are contained, or the devices or words thereon, or in any other feature of
their appearance, which would be likely to influence purchasers to believe that the goods offered
are those of a manufacturer or dealer, other than the actual manufacturer or dealer, or who
otherwise clothes the goods with such appearance as shall deceive the public and defraud another
of his legitimate trade, or any subsequent vendor of such goods or any agent of any vendor
engaged in selling such goods with a like purpose;
 (b) Any person who by any artifice, or device, or who employs any other means calculated to
induce the false belief that such person is offering the services of another who has identified such
services in the mind of the public; or

(c) Any person who shall make any false statement in the course of trade or who shall commit any
other act contrary to good faith of a nature calculated to discredit the goods, business or services of
another.

168.4. The remedies provided by Sections 156, 157 and 161 shall apply mutatis mutandis. (Sec. 29, R.A.
No. 166a)

The application of the principles of statutory construction giving particular attention, not so much to the focus of the
IP Code generally, but to the terms of Section 168 in particular. Under the principle of "noscitur a sociis," when a
particular word or phrase is ambiguous in itself or is equally susceptible of various meanings, its correct
construction may be made clear and specific by considering the company of words in which it is found or with which
it is associated.

As basis for this interpretative analysis, we note that Section 168.1 speaks of a person who has earned goodwill
with respect to his goods and services and who is entitled to protection under the Code, with or without a registered
mark. Section 168.2, refers to the general definition of unfair competition. Section 168.3, on the other hand, refers
to the specific instances of unfair competition, with Section 168.1 referring to the sale of goods given the
appearance of the goods of another; Section 168.2, to the inducement of belief that his or her goods or services are
that of another who has earned goodwill; while the disputed Section 168.3 being a "catch all" clause whose
coverage the parties now dispute.

Under all the above approaches, we conclude that the "hoarding" - as defined and charged by the petitioner - does
not fall within the coverage of the IP Code and of Section 168 in particular. It does not relate to any patent,
trademark, trade name or service mark that the respondents have invaded, intruded into or used without proper
authority from the petitioner. Nor are the respondents alleged to be fraudulently "passing off" their products or
services as those of the petitioner. The respondents are not also alleged to be undertaking any representation or
misrepresentation that would confuse or tend to confuse the goods of the petitioner with those of the respondents,
or vice versa. What in fact the petitioner alleges is an act foreign to the Code, to the concepts it embodies and to
the acts it regulates; as alleged, hoarding inflicts unfairness by seeking to limit the opposition's sales by depriving it
of the bottles it can use for these sales.

Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the RTC correctly ruled that the petitioner's search warrant should
properly be quashed for the petitioner's failure to show that the acts imputed to the respondents do not violate the
cited offense. There could not have been any probable cause to support the issuance of a search warrant because
no crime in the first place was effectively charged. This conclusion renders unnecessary any further discussion on
whether the search warrant application properly alleged that the imputed act of holding Coke empties was in fact a
"hoarding" in bad faith aimed to prejudice the petitioner's operations, or whether the MTC duly complied with the
procedural requirements for the issuance of a search warrant under Rule 126 of the Rules of Court.

WHEREFORE, we hereby DENY the petition for lack of merit. Accordingly, we confirm that Search Warrant No.
2001-01, issued by the Municipal Trial Court, Branch 1, Naga City, is NULL and VOID.

Digested by: Jacinto R. Jamero, Jr.