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RMD 2501
Axial Compressors
Intake
Exhaust
In axial flow compressors, flow enters the first blade row and leaves
the last blade row in axial direction.
Flow through the machine is parallel to the axis of the shaft.
Axial compressors are characterised by lower pressure ratio per
stage at higher mass flow rates compared to centrifugal
compressors; and hence these machines are preferred for civil and
militaryy aero engines
g as well as for industrial ggas turbines.
Higher mass flow rate produces higher thrust.
Axial compressors are classified as subsonic,
subsonic transonic and
supersonic depending on whether the relative flow Mach number at
rotor inlet is fully subsonic, partly subsonic and partly supersonic,
or fully
f ll supersonic along
l the
h blade
bl d height.
h i h
Rotor Stator
Total
T l andd static
i pressure andd temperature rise
i across the
h rotor blades
bl d due
d
to addition of external work.
Absolute flow undergoes acceleration across rotor blade rows.
rows
There is flow diffusion across stator blade rows, converting kinetic
energy into pressure.
The design pressure rise is achieved in a number of stages.
W k done
Work d per unit
i mass flow
fl rate or Specific
S ifi Work
W k
W U 2 C w2 U 1C w1
For U2 = U1, and Ca1 = Ca2 = Ca, we can write
W U C w2 C w1
UCa tan 2 tan 1
UCa tan 1 tan 2
Also
U
tan 1 tan 1 (1)
Ca
U
tan
t 2 tan
t 2 (2)
Ca
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Euler Turbine Equation RMD 2501
Work
W kDDone FFactor is
i the
h ratioi off the
h actuall workk absorbing
b bi
capacity of the stage to its ideal value as calculated from the Euler
turbine equation.
q
W UC a tan 1 tan 2
For a given rotor
U U C a tan 1 C a tan 2 blade,, 1 and 2 are
almost constant
U U C a tan 1 tan 2
Hence, less work is done at the region where Ca is high and the
actual temperature rise is given by
UC a
Tos Ts tan 1 tan 2
cp
is the work done factor,
factor which is less than unity.
unity Its value may range from 0.96
0 96
at the first stage to about 0.85 at the fourth and subsequent stages.
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Work Done Factor RMD 2501
W UC a tan 1 tan 2
U U C a tan 1 C a tan 2
U U C a tan 1 tan 2
Since 1 and 2 are approximately
pp y constant for a ggiven design,
g ,
an increase in Ca will result in a decrease in W and vice
versa, hence less work at the region where Ca is high.
Actual temperature rise Tos UC a tan 1 tan 2
cp
T os - 1
and pressure ratio R s 1 s
T o1
s : Stage isentropic efficiency
T01 : Inlet stagnation temperature
2 C 2 C a sec 2
c p T A UC a ( tan 2 tan 1 )-
1 2
2
C 2 C12
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Degree of Reaction RMD 2501
c p TA UCa tan 2 tan 1 Ca sec 2 2 sec 2 1
1 2
2
UCa tan t 1 Ca tan
t 2 tan
1 2
2
t 2 2 tan
t 2 1
R = Degree of Reaction
T A
T A T B
UC a tan 2 tan 1 - C a2 tan 2 2 tan 2 1
1
2
UC a tan 2 tan 1
Ca
1 ( tan 2 tan 1 )
2U
Alternate Approach
Consider a small element of fluid of mass dm of unit depth and subtending an
angle d at the axis,
axis rotating about the axis with tangential velocity C at radius r.
r
The element is in radial equilibrium so that the pressure forces balance the
centrifugal forces.
W iti
Writing
and ignoring terms of the second order of smallness, the above equation reduces to:
C2 dC x dC
Cx C
r dr dr
dC x C d
Cx r.C
d
dr r dr
d
If the total pressure is assumed constant along the radius, then
dC x C d
Cx r.C 0
dr r dr
or
d 2
dr
1 d
Cx 2
r dr
r.C 2 0 Gives variation
Gi i ti off axial
velocity with radius
i l
Free
F vortex
t whirl
hi l distribution
di t ib ti results
lt in
i highly
hi hl twisted
t i t d blades
bl d
and is not advisable for blades of small height.
The current design practice for transonic compressors is to use
constant pressure ratio across the span.
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W = constant
n=0 Exponential
E ti l design
d i
n=1 Constant reaction design
a=0 Free vortex design
b = 0 and n = 1 Forced vortex design
r C = constant
Putting this in the equation for axial velocity distribution, we get
dCx / dr = 0 Cx = constant,
enabling the radial variation in flow angles, reaction and work to be found.
Then W = constant
Degree of reaction
n=1 and
Implicit is the
Degree of reaction assumption
ti that
th t the
th
axial velocity across the
rotor remains constant,
which is tantamount to
ignoring radial
equilibrium in this case.
Assuming constant stagnation enthalpy at entry to the stage and integrating the
equation for axial velocity, the distribution of Cx before and after the rotor is
given by:
The air angles for free vortex, constant reaction and exponential designs
are compared in the figure (previous slide) both at inlet and exit to the rotor.
The free vortex design exhibits most marked twist over the blade span,
with the constant reaction showing the least; the exponential design gives a
compromise between the two.
two
The aerodynamic loading at the root section of the free vortex is substan-
tially higher than that for either of the other two designs.
The constant reaction design looks quite attractive, but the radial equili-
brium is ignored. This will result in flow velocities not in agreement with
the predicted air angles,
angles leading to some loss in efficiency.
efficiency
The exponential design results in a substantial variation in axial velocity,
both across the annulus and through
g the stage.
g
Forced vortex Increases with r2 C /r = constant From radial Varies with yes Rarely used
equilibrium radius
s
Deviation angle m
c
2
2
2a
where m 0.23 0.1
c 50
a is the distance of the point of maximum camber from the leading edge
of the blade.
The formula for m is valid for all bade camber line shapes,
p , includingg
circular arc, parabolic arc, etc.
For circular arc camber line, 2a/c = 1
For inlet guide vanes, which are essentially nozzle vanes giving
accelerating flow, the deviation angle is given by
s
0 .19
c
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Efficiencies of Axial Compressor RMD 2501
Polytropic
y p efficiency y is the
efficiency of a compressor stage
operating between infinitesimal
pressure differential p. It is
used in comparing the
performance of two compressors
having the same pressure ratio
b operating
but i at different
diff
temperature levels.
In multistage
g compressors,
p the
polytropic efficiency is used in
defining the isentropic efficiency
of individual stages.
1
0.8 p02
Isentropic p= 0.8
08 1
efficiency, c p01
0.7
c 1 1
p02 p
1
p= 0.7
0.6 p01
P l
Polytropic i d n is
i index i defined
d fi d suchh that
h
1 1 n 1 1 n
or p
p n n 1
1 p
T02 p02
From
o co
consideration
s de at o of
o small
s a stage efficiency
e c e cy
T01 p01
1
T '
p02
F id
For ideall compression
i process
02
T01 p01
Stage
g ppolytropic
y p efficiency
y can now be written as
1 n 1 ln p02 p01
p
n 1 lnT02 T01
De Haller Number
V2
0.72 for rotor
V1
C3
0.72 for stator
C2
D > 0.4-0.45 (at rotor tip) ; > 0.6 (at rotor hub)
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Subsonic and Transonic Compressors RMD 2501
Flatter pressure ratio-mass flow rate Steep pressure ratio-mass flow rate
characteristics characteristics
Good stall margin Low stall margin
Thick blade sections, including leading and Thinner blade sections with sharp leading and
tailing ends trailing ends
Typical blade profiles used are: NACA 65, Requires special blade profiles, like Multiple
NACA 63,
63 C4,
C4 Double Circular Arc (DCA),
(DCA) Circular Arc (MCA),
(MCA) Arbitrary Mean Camber
Controlled Diffusion Aerofoil (CDA) Line (AMCL), Controlled Diffusion Aerofoil
(CDA)
Used in land based gas turbines, HP stages Used in modern land based gas turbines, civil
of aeroengines and military aeroengines (specially fan and LP
stages)
Subsonic
Bl di
Blading
Transonic
Blading
1. Profile Loss
2. End Wall Loss
3. Secondary Flow Loss
4. Tip Clearance Loss
5. Shock Loss
6. Shock Boundary Layer Interaction
Mixing Casing
Separation
bubble
PS SS
VORTEX
Secondary flows at
exit from a blade
passage (viewed in
Secondary vorticity produced by a row of guide vanes upstream direction)
Mach number contours for back pressure Mach number contours for lowest
slightly below the choke value back pressure operating point
G.S. Bloch and W.F. O'Brien, AGARD CP 571, May 1995
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Complex Flow through an Axial Compressor Rotor RMD 2501
(E
(Emmons Theory)
Th )
Hysteresis *
I. J. Day [7]
Compressor
SM m design m stall
S D
100% speed
NASA Definition
PRdesign m
SM 1 stall
PRstall m design
D: design
g ppoint
S: stall point
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Off-Design Operation RMD 2501
m A Ca constant
The
Th use off a constant outer diameter
di results
l ini the
h mean blade
bl d speedd
increasing with stage number, and this in turn implies that for a
given temperature rise, Cw is reduced. The fluid deflection is
correspondingly reduced with a beneficial increase in de Haller
number.
Alternatively,
Alternatively because of the higher blade speed,
speed a higher
temperature rise could be achieved in the later stages ; this might
permit the required pressure ratio to be obtained in less number of
stages.
stages
Note that the simple equations derived on the basis of U = constant
are then not valid, and it would be necessary
y to use the appropriate
pp p
values of U1and U2 ; the stage temperature rise would then be given
by (U2Cw2- U1Cw1)/cp.
Compressors
C which
hi h use constant
t t inner
i diameter,
di t constant
t t mean
diameter or constant outer diameter will all be found in service.
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The
Th use off a constant inner
i diameter
di is
i often
f found
f d in
i industrial
i d i l units,
i
permitting the use of rotor discs of the same diameter, which lowers the
cost.
Constant outer diameter compressors are used where the minimum
number of stages is required, and these are commonly found in aircraft
engines.
engines
The compressor annulus of the Olympus 593 engine used in Concorde
employs a combination of these approaches; the LP compressor annulus
has a virtually constant inner diameter, while the HP compressor has a
constant outer diameter.
The accessories are packed around the HP compressor annulus and the
engine when fully equipped is almost cylindrical in shape, with the
compressor inlet and turbine exit diameters almost equal. In this
application,
li ti frontal
f t l area is
i off critical
iti l importance
i t because
b off the
th high
hi h
supersonic speed.
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Olympus 593 Mk 610 Engine RMD 2501
Compressor: Axial
7 high pr. stages;
7 low pr. stages
Turbine: 1 low pr.
stage; 1 high pr.
stage
Weight: 3180 kg
Length: 7.11m
Diameter: 1.21m
Concorde aircraft Thrust: 170kN
Thank you