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HistoryofUruguay
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ThehistoryofUruguaycomprisesdifferentperiods:thepreColumbiantimeorearlyhistory(uptothesixteenth
century),thecolonialperiod(15161811),theperiodofnationbuilding(18111830),andthehistoryofUruguay
asanindependentcountry(fromaround1830).

Contents
1 Nativepeoples
2 Colonization
3 Struggleforindependence,181128
3.1 ProvincialfreedomunderArtigas
3.2 Brazilianprovince
4 TheThirtyThree
5 The"GuerraGrande",183952
5.1 Foreignrelations
6 Uruguayanwar,186465
7 Socialandeconomicdevelopmentsupto1900
7.1 Coloradorule
7.2 1872powersharingagreement
7.3 Militaryinpower,187590
7.4 Immigration
7.5 Economy
8 Batlleera,190333
9 Thecoupof1933
9.1 WorldWarII
9.2 GrafSpree
10 CollapseoftheUruguayanmiracle
10.1 Tupamarosguerrillas
11 Militarydictatorship,197385
12 Recenthistory
13 Seealso
14 References
15 Bibliographyandfurtherreading
15.1 Historiography
16 Externallinks

Nativepeoples
Theearliesttracesofhumanpresenceareabout10000yearsold,andbelongtothehuntergathererculturesof
CatalanenseandCuareimcultureswhichareextensionsofculturesoriginatinginBrasil.[1]Earliestdiscovered
bolasareabout7000yearsold.ExamplesofancientrockarthavebeenfoundatChamang.About4000yearsago
CharruaandGuaranipeoplearrivedhere.[2]

DuringprecolonialtimesUruguayanterritorywasinhabitedbysmalltribesofnomadicCharrua,Chana,Arachan
andGuaranipeopleswhosurvivedbyhuntingandfishingandprobablyneverreachedmorethan1000020000
people.[3]
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NativepeopleshadalmostdisappearedbythetimeofIndependenceasa
resultofEuropeandiseasesandconstantwarfare.Europeangenocide
culminatedonApril11,1831withtheMassacreofSalsipuedes,whenmost
ofCharruamenwerekilledbyUruguayanarmyontheordersbyPresident
FructuosoRivera,andtheremaining300Charruawomenandchildren
weredividedashouseholdslavesandservantsamongEuropeans.[4]

Colonization
UruguayanIndiansDrawingfrom
HendrickOttsenjournal,1603
DuringthecolonialerathepresentdayterritoryofUruguaywasknownas
BandaOriental(eastbankofRiverUruguay)andwasabufferterritory
betweenthecompetingcolonialpretensionsofPortugueseBraziland
SpanishEmpire.

ThePortuguesefirstexploredtheregionofpresentdayUruguayin1512
1513.[5]ThefirstEuropeanexplorertolandherewasJuanDazdeSolsin
1516,buthewaskilledandeatenbynatives.FerdinandMagellananchored
atthefuturesiteofMontevideoin1520.SebastianCabotin1526explored
RodelaPlatabutnopermanentsettlementstookroothere.Absenceof
goldandsilverlimitedsettlementoftheregionduringthe16thand17th
centuries. MonumenttoCharruasin
Montevideo
In1603cattleandhorseswereintroducedherebytheorderofHernando
AriasdeSaavedraandbythemid17thcenturytheirnumberhadgreatly
multiplied.

ThefirstpermanentsettlementontheterritoryofpresentdayUruguaywas
foundedbytheSpanishJesuitsin1624atVillaSorianoontheRoNegro,
wheretheytriedtoestablishaMisionesOrientalessystemfortheCharruas.

Portuguesecolonistsin1680establishedColniadoSacramentoonthe
northernbankofLaPlatariver,ontheoppositecoastfromBuenosAires.
SpanishcolonialactivityincreasedasSpainsoughttolimitPortugal's
expansionofBrazil'sfrontiers.In1726SpanishestablishedSanFelipede
Montevideoonthenorthernbankanditsnaturalharborsoondeveloped
intoacommercialcentercompetingwithBuenosAires,theyalsomovedto
captureColoniadelSacramento.TreatyofMadridsecuredSpanishcontrol
overBandaOriental,settlersweregivenlandhereandalocalcabildowas
created. SpanishandPortuguesecontrolof
SouthAmericain1754
In1776thenewViceroyaltyofRiodelaPlatawasestablishedwithcapital
inBuenosAiresanditincludedterritoryofBandaOriental.Bythistime
thelandwasdividedandusedbycattlerancherstoraisecattle.[6]By1800morethan10,000peoplelivedin
Montevideoandanother20,000intherestoftheprovince.Outoftheseabout30%wereAfricanslaves.[7]

Uruguay'searly19thcenturyhistorywasshapedbyongoingfightsbetweentheBritish,Spanish,Portuguese,and
localcolonialforcesfordominanceoftheLaPlatabasin.In1806and1807,theBritishasapartofAngloSpanish
War(17961808),launchedtheBritishinvasionsoftheRodelaPlata.BuenosAireswasinvadedin1806,and
thenliberatedbyforcesfromMontevideoledbySantiagodeLiniers.AnewandstrongerBritishattackin1807
aimedtoMontevideo,whichwasoccupiedbya10,000strongBritishforce.TheBritishforceswerethenunableto

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invadeBuenosAiresforthesecondtime,andLiniersdemandedtheliberationofMontevideointhetermsof
capitulation.TheBritishgaveuptheirattackswhenthePeninsularWarturnedBritainandSpainintoalliesagainst
Napoleon.

Struggleforindependence,181128
ProvincialfreedomunderArtigas

MayRevolutionof1810inBuenos
AiresmarkedtheendofSpanish
ruleintheViceroyaltyand
establishmentofUnitedProvinces
ofRiodelaPlata.Revolution
dividedinhabitantsofMontevideo,
manyofwhomremainedroyalists,
loyaltotheSpanishcrownand
revolutionarieswhosupported
independenceofprovincesfrom FlagofArtigas
Spain.ThissoonledtotheFirst
BandaOrientalcampaignbetween
BuenosAiresandSpanishviceroy.
LocalpatriotsunderJosGervasio
ArtigasissuedProclamationof26
February1811whichcalledfora
waragainsttheSpanishrule.With
thehelpfromBuenosAires,Artigas
defeatedSpaniardsonMay18,
JosGervasioArtigas,asdepictedby
1811attheBattleofLasPiedras
JuanManuelBlanes
andbeganSiegeofMontevideo.At
thispointSpanishviceroyinvited
PortuguesefromBraziltolaunchamilitaryinvasionofBandaOriental.
AfraidtolosethisprovincetothePortuguese,BuenosAiresmadepeace
withtheSpanishviceroy.OnlyBritishpressurepersuadedPortugueseto
withdrawinlate1811,leavingroyalistsincontrolofMontevideo.Angered
bythisbetrayalfromBuenosAires,Artigaswithsome4000supporters
Provincialpoliticalallegiancesin
retreatedtoEntreRosProvince.DuringtheSecondBandaOriental
1816
campaignin1813ArtigasjoinedJosRondeau'sarmyfromBuenosAires
andstartedthesecondsiegeofMontevideo.

ArtigasparticipatedinformationofLeagueoftheFreePeople,whichunitedseveralprovincesthatwantedtobe
freefromBuenosAiresdominanceandcentralizedstate,envisionedbytheCongressofTucumn.Artigaswas
proclaimedProtectorofthisLeague.Guidedbyhispoliticalideas(Artiguism)helaunchedalandreform,dividing
landtosmallfarmers.[8]

Brazilianprovince

ThesteadygrowthofinfluenceandprestigeoftheLigaFederalfrightenedthePortuguesegovernment,whichdid
notwanttheLeague'srepublicanismtospreadtotheadjoiningPortuguesecolonyofBrazil.InAugust1816,forces
fromBrazilinvaded,launchingthePortugueseconquestoftheBandaOrientalwiththeintentionofdestroying
Artigasandhisrevolution.ThePortugueseforcesincludedafullyarmedforceofdisciplinedPortugueseEuropean
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veteransoftheNapoleonicWarsandlocalBraziliantroops.Thisarmy,withmoremilitaryexperienceandmaterial
superiority,occupiedMontevideoonJanuary20,1817,andin1820,Artigas'forceswerefinallydefeatedinBattle
ofTacuarembafterwhichBandaOrientalwasincorporatedinBrazilasCisplatinaprovince.DuringtheWarof
IndependenceofBrazilin182324anothersiegeofMontevideooccurred.

TheThirtyThree
OnApril19,1825withthesupportofBuenosAires,theThirtyThree
OrientalsledbyJuanAntonioLavallejalandedinCisplatina.Theyreached
MontevideoonMay20,1825.OnJune14,inLaFloridaaprovisional
governmentwasformed.OnAugust25thenewlyelectedprovincial
assemblydeclaredthesecessionofCisplatinaprovincefromEmpireof
Brazil,andallegiancetotheUnitedProvincesofRodelaPlata.In
responseBrazillaunchedtheCisplatineWar.
OathoftheThirtyThree
ThiswarendedonAugust27,1828whenTreatyofMontevideowas
signed.AftermediationbyViscountPonsonby,aBritishdiplomat,Brazil
andArgentinaagreedtorecognizeanindependentUruguayasabufferstate
betweenthem,however,Uruguayanindependencewasnotcompletely
guaranteed,justlikethatofParaguay,andonlytheParaguayanWarsecured
Uruguayanindependencefromterritorialambitionsofitslargerneighbors.
Constitutionof1830wasapprovedinSeptember1829andadaptedonJuly
18,1830.[9]

The"GuerraGrande",183952 ProclamationofConstitutionof1830

Soonafterachievingindependence,politicalsceneinUruguaybecamesplit
betweentwoparties,bothledbytheformerThirtyThree,theconservative
Blancos("Whites")andtheliberalColorados("Reds").TheColorados
wereledbythefirstPresidentFructuosoRiveraandrepresentedthe
businessinterestsofMontevideotheBlancoswereheadedbythesecond
PresidentManuelOribe,wholookedaftertheagriculturalinterestsofthe
countrysideandpromotedprotectionism.

Bothpartiestooktheirinformalnamesfromthecolorofthearmbandsthat
FlagoftheThirtyThree
theirsupporterswore.InitiallyColoradosworeblue,butwhenitfadedin
thesun,theyreplaceditwithred.Partiesbecameassociatedwithwarring
politicalfactionsinneighboringArgentina.TheColoradosfavoredtheexiledArgentinianliberalUnitarios,many
ofwhomhadtakenrefugeinMontevideo,whiletheBlancopresidentManuelOribewasaclosefriendofthe
ArgentinestrongmanJuanManueldeRosas.

OribetookRosas'ssidewhentheFrenchnavyblockadedBuenosAiresin1838.ThisledtheColoradosandthe
exiledUnitariostoseekFrenchbackingagainstOribeandonJune15,1838anarmyledbytheColoradoleader
RiveraoverthrewOribewhofledtoArgentina.TheArgentinianUnitariosthenformedagovernmentinexilein
Montevideoand,withsecretFrenchencouragement,RiveradeclaredwaronRosasin1839.Theconflictwould
lastthirteenyearsandbecomeknownastheGuerraGrande(theGreatWar).

In1840,anarmyofexiledUnitariosattemptedtoinvadenorthernArgentinafromUruguaybuthadlittlesuccess.
In1842ArgentinianarmyoverranUruguayonOribe'sbehalf.Theyseizedmostofthecountrybutfailedtotake
thecapital.TheGreatSiegeofMontevideo,whichbeganinFebruary1843,lastednineyears.Thebesieged

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UruguayanscalledonresidentforeignersforhelpandaFrenchandan
Italianlegionswereformed.ThelatterwasledbytheexiledGiuseppe
Garibaldi,whowasworkingasamathematicsteacherinMontevideowhen
thewarbrokeout.GaribaldiwasalsomadeheadoftheUruguayannavy.

DuringthissiegeUruguayhadtwoparallelgovernments:

GobiernodelaDefensainMontevideo,ledbyJoaqunSurez(1843
1852).
GobiernodelCerrito(withheadquartersatCerritodelaVictoria
neighborhood),rulingtherestofthecountry,ledbyManuelOribe
(18431851).

TheArgentinianblockadeofMontevideowasineffectiveasRosas
generallytriednottointerferewithinternationalshippingontheRiver
Plate,butin1845,whenaccesstoParaguaywasblocked,Britainand
FrancealliedagainstRosas,seizedhisfleetandbeganablockadeof
BuenosAires,whileBraziljoinedinwaragainstArgentina.Rosasreached
peacedealswithGreatBritainandFrancein1849and1850respectively. ManuelOribe.
TheFrenchagreedtowithdrawtheirlegionifRosasevacuatedArgentinian
troopsfromUruguay.Oribestillmaintainedaloosesiegeofthecapital.In
1851,theArgentinianprovincialstrongmanJustoJosdeUrquizaturned
againstRosasandsignedapactwiththeexiledUnitarios,theUruguayan
ColoradosandBrazilagainsthim.UrquizacrossedintoUruguay,defeated
OribeandliftedthesiegeofMontevideo.HethenoverthrewRosasatthe
BattleofCaserosonFebruary3,1852.WithRosas'sdefeatandexile,the
"GuerraGrande"finallycametoanend.Slaverywasofficiallyabolishedin
1852.

ArulingtriumvirateconsistingofRivera,LavallejoandVenancioFlores
wasestablished,butLavallejodiedin1853,Riverain1854andFloreswas
overthrownin1855.[9]

Foreignrelations

ThegovernmentofMontevideorewardedBrazil'sfinancialandmilitary
supportbysigningfivetreatiesin1851thatprovidedforperpetualalliance FructuosoRivera.
betweenthetwocountries.MontevideoconfirmedBrazil'srightto
interveneinUruguay'sinternalaffairs.Uruguayalsorenouncedits
territorialclaimsnorthoftheRoCuareim,therebyreducingitsareato
about176,000squarekilometers,andrecognizedBrazil'sexclusiverightof
navigationintheLagunaMerinandtheRioYaguaron,thenaturalborder
betweenthecountries.

Inaccordancewiththe1851treaties,Brazilintervenedmilitarilyin
Uruguayasoftenasitdeemednecessary.[10]In1865,theTreatyofthe
TripleAlliancewassignedbytheemperorofBrazil,thepresidentof
Argentina,andtheColoradogeneralVenancioFlores,theUruguayanhead
ofgovernmentwhomtheybothhadhelpedtogainpower.TheTriple JoaqunSurezmonumentin
AlliancewascreatedtowageawaragainsttheParaguayanleader Montevideo

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FranciscoSolanoLpez.[10]TheresultingParaguayanWarendedwiththeinvasionofParaguayanditsdefeatby
thearmiesofthethreecountries.Montevideo,whichwasusedasasupplystationbytheBraziliannavy,
experiencedaperiodofprosperityandrelativecalmduringthewar.[10]

Uruguayanwar,186465
TheUruguayanWarwasfoughtbetweengoverningBlancosandallianceof
EmpireofBrazil,ColoradoswhoweresupportedbyArgentina.In1863the
ColoradoleaderVenancioFloreslaunchedtheLiberatingCrusadeaimedat
topplingPresidentBernardoBerroandhisColoradoBlancocoalition
(Fusionist)government.FloreswasaidedbyArgentina'sPresident
BartolomMitre.TheFusionistcoalitioncollapsedasColoradosjoined
Flores'ranks.

TheUruguayancivildevelopedintoacrisisofinternationalscopethat
destabilizedtheentireregion.EvenbeforetheColoradorebellion,the
BlancoshadsoughtanalliancewithParaguayandictatorFranciscoSolano
Lpez.Berro'snowpurelyBlancogovernmentalsoreceivedsupportfrom
ArgentineFederalists,whoopposedMitreandhisUnitarians.Thesituation
deterioratedastheEmpireofBrazilwasdrawnintotheconflict.Brazil Uruguayanwar,186465
decidedtointervenetoreestablishthesecurityofitssouthernfrontiersand
itsinfluenceregionalaffairs.InacombinedoffensiveagainstBlanco
strongholds,theBrazilianColoradotroopsadvancedthroughUruguayanterritory,eventuallysurrounding
Montevideo.Facedwithcertaindefeat,theBlancogovernmentcapitulatedon20February1865.

TheshortlivedwarwouldhavebeenregardedasanoutstandingsuccessforBrazilianandArgentineinterests,had
ParaguayaninterventioninsupportoftheBlancos(withattacksuponBrazilianandArgentineprovinces)notledto
thelongandcostlyParaguayanWar.InFebruary1868formerPresidentsBernardoBerroandVenancioFlores
wereassassinated.

Socialandeconomicdevelopmentsupto1900
Coloradorule

Coloradosruledwithoutinterruptionfrom1865until1958despiteinternal
conflicts,conflictswithneighboringstates,politicalandeconomic
fluctuations,andawaveofmassimmigrationfromEurope.

1872powersharingagreement
Montevideoin1865
ThegovernmentofGeneralLorenzoBatlleyGrau(186872)suppressed
theRevolutionoftheLanceswithstartedinSeptember1872underthe
leadershipofBlancosleaderTimoteoAparacio.[11]Aftertwoyearsofstruggle,apeaceagreementwassignedon
April6,1872whenapowersharingagreementwassignedgivingBlancoscontroloverfouroutofthirteen
departmentsofUruguayCanelones,SanJose,FloridaandCerroLargo,andaguaranteed,iflimited
representationinParliament.[11]Thisestablishmentofthepolicyofcoparticipationrepresentedthesearchfora
newformulaofcompromise,basedonthecoexistenceofthepartyinpowerandthepartyinopposition.[11]

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Despitethisagreement,ColoradorulewasthreatenedbythefailedTricolor
Revolutionin1875andRevolutionoftheQuebrachoin1886.

TheColoradoefforttoreduceBlancostoonlythreedepartmentscauseda
Blancouprisingof1897,thatendedwithcreationof16departmentsoutof
whichBlancosnowhadcontroloversix.Blancosweregiven1/3ofseatsin
Congress.[12]ThisdivisionofpowerlasteduntilthePresidentJoseBatlley
Ordonezinstitutedhispoliticalreformswhichcausedthelastuprisingby Blancosoldiersduring1897
Blancosin1904thatendedwiththeBattleofMasolleranddeathofBlanco Revolution
leaderAparicioSaravia.

Militaryinpower,187590

Thepowersharingagreementof1872splitColoradosintwofactions
principistas,whowereopentocooperationwithBlancosandnetos,who
wereagainstit.In1873Presidentialelectionnetossupportedelectionof
JosEugenioEllauri,whowasasurprisecandidatewithnopoliticalpower
base.FivedaysofriotinginMontevideobetweenthetwoColorado
factionsledtoamilitarycoupofJanuary15,1875.Ellauriwasexiledand
netorepresentativePedroVarelaassumedPresidency.[13] Governmentartilleryunitduringthe
Blancouprisingof1904
InMay1875principistasbegantheTricolorRevolution,whichwas
defeatedbylate1875byunexpectedcoalitionofBlancoleaderAparicio
SaraviaandArmyunderthecommandofLorenzoLatorre.

Between1875and1890,themilitarybecamethecenterofpolitical
power.[14]PresidencywascontrolledbycolonelsLatorre,SantosandTajes.
ThisperiodlastedthroughPresidenciesofPedroVarela(January1875
March1876),LorenzoLatorre(March1876March1880),Francisco
AntoninoVidal(March1880March1882),MaximoSantos(March1882
NationalguardsduringtheBlanco
March1886),FranciscoAntoninoVidal(March1886May1886),
uprisingof1904
MaximoSantos(May1886November1886),MaximoTajes(November
1886March1890).

In1876ColonelLorenzoLatorreoverthrewthegovernmentofPresident
PedroVarelaandestablishedastrongexecutivePresidency.Financial
situationwasstabilizedandexports,mainlyofHerefordbeefandMerino
wool,increased.FrayBentoscornedbeefproductionstarted.Powerof
regionalcaudillos(mostlyBlancos)wasreducedandamodernstate
apparatusestablished.[15]

LatorrewasfollowedbyMaximoSantos,duringwhoserulerebelsfrom
ArgentinainvadedonMarch28,1886butweresoondefeatedbyMaximo
Tajes.OnAugust17,1886duringanassassinationattemptPresidentSantos
wasshotinthejaw,andfacedwithmountinghealthandeconomical
problemsheresignedonNovember18,1886.MaximoTajeswasthen
electedPresident.[13] MaximoSantosafterassassination
attempt
Duringthisauthoritarianperiod,thegovernmenttookstepstowardthe
organizationofthecountryasamodernstate,encouragingitseconomic
andsocialtransformation.Pressuregroups(consistingmainlyofbusinessmen,hacendados,andindustrialists)
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wereorganizedandhadastronginfluenceongovernment.[14]AtransitionperiodduringTajesPresidency(1886
90)followed,duringwhichpoliticiansbeganrecoveringlostgroundandsomecivilianparticipationingovernment
occurred.[14]

Immigration

Afterthe"GuerraGrande"therewasasteadyincreaseinthenumberofimmigrants,whichledtocreationoflarge
ItalianUruguayanandSpanishUruguayancommunities.WithinafewdecadespopulationofUruguaydoubled,but
Montevideo'stripled,asmostoftherecentimmigrantssettledthere.Thenumberofimmigrantsrosefrom48%of
thepopulationin1860to68%in1868.Inthe1870s,afurther100,000Europeansarrived,sothatby1879about
438,000peoplewerelivinginUruguay,aquarteroftheminMontevideo.[16]Duetoimmigration,Uruguays
populationreached1millionin1900.

Economy

Theeconomysawasteepupswingafterthe"GuerraGrande",aboveallinlivestockraisingandexport.Between
1860and1868,thenumberofsheeprosefromthreetoseventeenmillion.Thereasonforthisincreaselayabove
allintheimprovedmethodsofhusbandryintroducedbyEuropeanimmigrants.

In1857,thefirstbankwasopenedthreeyearslateracanalsystemwasbegun,thefirsttelegraphlinewassetup,
andraillinkswerebuiltbetweenthecapitalandthecountryside.TheItalianssetuptheCameradiCommercio
ItalianadiMontevideo(ItalianChamberofCommerceofMontevideo)whichplayedastrategicroleintradewith
ItalyandbuildinguptheItalianmiddleclassinthecity.

Montevideobecameamajoreconomiccentreoftheregion.Thankstoitsnaturalharbour,itbecameanentrepotfor
goodsfromArgentina,BrazilandParaguay.ThetownsofPaysandandSalto,bothontheRiverUruguay,also
experiencedsimilardevelopment.

In1896thestatebank,BancodelaRepublicawasestablished.

Batlleera,190333
JosBatlleyOrdez,Presidentfrom1903to1907andagainfrom1911to1915,setthepatternforUruguay's
modernpoliticaldevelopmentanddominatedthepoliticalsceneuntilhisdeathin1929.Batllewasopposedtothe
coparticipationagreement,becauseheconsidereddivisionofdepartmentsamongthepartiestobeundemocratic.
Blancosfearedlossoftheirpowerifproportionalelectionsystemwasintroducedandstartedtheirlastrevoltin
1904,whichendedwithColoradovictoryattheBattleofMasoller.

AfterthevictoryoverBlancos,Batlleintroducedwidespreadpolitical,social,andeconomicreformssuchasa
welfareprogram,governmentparticipationinmanyfacetsoftheeconomyandanewconstitution.Batlle
introduceduniversalmalesuffrage,nationalizedforeignownedcompaniesandcreatedamodernsocialwelfare
system.UnderBatlleelectoratewasincreasedfrom46000to188000.Incometaxforlowerincomeswas
abolishedin1905,secondaryschoolsestablishedineverycity(1906),rightofdivorcegiventowomen(1907),
telephonenetworknationalized(1915)[17]Unemploymentbenefitswereintroduced(1914),eighthourworkingday
introduced(1915),Uruguayproclaimedasecularrepublic(1917).

TopreventPresidentialdictatorships,in1913BatlleproposedtointroduceacollectivePresidency(colegiado),
basedontheSwissFederalCouncilmodel.Hisideawasdefeatedinareferendumof1916,buthemanagedtoget
supportfromBlancosandtheSecondConstitutionwasapprovedinreferendumofNovember25,1917.Underthe
newConstitutionasplitexecutivewascreatedPresidentcontinuedtocontrolministriesofForeignaffairs,
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InteriorandDefense.AndthenewninemanNationalCouncilof
Administration,whichconsistedofsixColoradosandthreeBlancos,
controlledministriesofEducation,Finances,EconomyandHealth.

ClaudioWillimanwhoservedbetweenBatllestwotermswashissupporter
andcontinuedallhisreforms,asdidthenextPresidentBaltasarBrum
(19191923).

Around1900infantmortalityrates(IMR)inUruguaywereamongthe
world'slowest,indicatingaveryhealthypopulation.By1910,however,the
IMRleveledoff,whileitcontinuedtodropinothercountries.Theleading
causesofdeathdiarrhealandrespiratorydiseasesdidnotdecline,
indicatingagrowingpublichealthproblem.[18]

In1930UruguayhostedthefirstFIFAWorldCup.Althoughthefieldwas
muchsmallerthanthecompetitionsoftoday,theeventprovidednational
pridewhenthehometeamwonthetournamentovertheirneighbors
Argentina.
PosterofPresidentBatlleafter
victoryoverBlancosin1904
Thecoupof1933
Batlle'ssplitexecutivemodellasteduntil1933,whenduringtheeconomic
crisisoftheGreatDepression,PresidentGabrielTerraassumeddictatorial
powers.[19]

ThenewwelfarestatewashithardbytheGreatDepression,whichalso
causedagrowingpoliticalcrisis.Terrablamedtheineffectivecollective
leadershipmodelandaftersecuringagreementfromtheBlancoleaderLuis
AlbertodeHerrerainMarch1933suspendedtheCongress,abolishedthe EstadoCentenario,themainstadium
collectiveexecutive,establishedadictatorialregimeandintroducedanew ofthe1930WorldCup
Constitutionin1934.TheformerPresidentBrumcommittedsuicidein
protestagainstthecoup.[20]In1938Terrawassucceededbyhisclose
politicalfollowerandbrotherinlawGeneralAlfredoBaldomir.Duringthistimestateretainedlargecontrolover
nationseconomyandcommerce,whilepursuingfreemarketpolicies.AfterthenewConstitutionof1942was
introduced,politicalfreedomswererestored.

WorldWarII

OnJanuary25,1942UruguaybrokediplomaticrelationswithNaziGermany,as21Americannationsdidthesame
(exceptforArgentina),butdidnotparticipateinanyactualfighting.[21]In1945itformallyjoinedtheDeclaration
byUnitedNations.

GrafSpree

OnDecember13,1939theBattleoftheRiverPlatetookplaceoffthecoastofUruguaybetweenBritishforcesand
theGerman"pocketbattleship"AdmiralGrafSpee.Aftera72hourlayoverinportofMontevideothecaptainof
theGrafSpee,believinghewashopelesslyoutnumberedbytheBritish,orderedtheshiptobescuttled.Mostofthe
survivingcrewof1,150wereinternedinUruguayandArgentinaandmanyremainedafterthewar.AGerman
EmbassyofficialinUruguaysaidhisgovernmenthassentanofficialletterstatingitspositionastowhether
Germanyclaimsownershipofthevessel.TheGermanclaimwouldbeinvalidbecauseearlyin1940theNazi
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governmentsoldsalvagingrightstothevesseltoaUruguayanbusinessman
whowasactingonbehalfoftheBritishgovernment.However,any
salvagingrightswouldhaveexpiredunderUruguayanlaw.[22]By1940
GermanyhadthreatenedtobreakoffdiplomaticrelationswithUruguay.[23]
GermanyprotestedthatUruguaygavesafeharbortotheHMSCarnarvon
CastleafteritwasattackedbyaNaziraider.[24]Theshipwasrepairedwith
steelplatereportedlysalvagedfromtheGrafSpee.[25]

CollapseoftheUruguayanmiracle SenorMonterodeBustamante,
UruguayanChargd'Affairesinthe
UruguayreachedthepeakofiteconomicprosperitythankstotheWWII UnitedKingdom,speakingata1943
andtheKoreanwar,whenitreachedthehighestpercapitaincomeinLatin ceremonytonameaRoyalAirForce
America.[26]Uruguaysuppliedbeef,woolandleathertotheAlliedarmies. SpitfirefighterfundedbyUruguayan
donations.
In1946aBatlleloyalist,TomsBerretawaselectedtoPresidency,and
afterhissuddendeath,BatllesnephewLuisBatlleBerresbecamethe
President.TocovertheBritishdebtforthebeefdeliveriesduringWWII,in1949Britishownedrailroadsandwater
companieswerenationalized.

BatllesfollowerswithintheColoradoPartygainedsufficientstrengthtopushforaconstitutionalreferendumthat
adaptedthenewConstitutionof1952whichreturnedtothecollectiveexecutivemodeltheNationalCouncilof
Governmentwascreated.[27]ThiswasthehighpointofBatllismo.

Theendofthelargeglobalmilitaryconflictsbymid1950scausedtroublesforthecountry.Becauseofadecrease
indemandintheworldmarketforagriculturalproducts,Uruguaybeganhavingeconomicproblems,which
includedinflation,massunemployment,andasteepdropinthestandardoflivingforUruguayanworkers.Thisled
tostudentmilitancyandlaborunrest.

Thecollectiverulingcouncilwasunabletoagreeonharshmeasuresthatwererequiredtostabilizetheeconomy.
AsthedemandforUruguaysexportproductsplummeted,thecollectiveleadershiptriedtoavoidbudgetcutsby
spendingUruguayscurrencyreservesandthenbegantakingforeignloans.Uruguayanpesowasdevaluated,
inflationreached60%andeconomywasindeepcrisis.

InthissituationBlancosfinallywonthe1958electionsandbecametherulingpartyintheCouncil.AsBlancos
struggledtoimprovetheeconomytheyadvocatedthereturntoastrongPresidency.Onceagain,aftera
constitutionalreferendumtheCouncilwasreplacedbyasinglePresidencybythenewConstitutionof1967.

Electionsof1967returnedColoradostopower,whobecameincreasinglyrepressiveinthefaceofgrowingpopular
protestsandTupamarosinsurgency.

Tupamarosguerrillas

AnurbanguerrillamovementknownastheTupamarosformedintheearly1960s,firstrobbingbanksand
distributingfoodandmoneyinpoorneighborhoods,thenundertakingpoliticalkidnappingsandattacksonsecurity
forces.Theireffortssucceededinfirstembarrassing,andthendestabilizing,thegovernment.

TheUSOfficeofPublicSafety(OPS)beganoperatinginUruguayin1965.TheUSOPStrainedUruguayanpolice
andintelligenceinpolicingandinterrogrationtechniques.TheUruguayanChiefofPoliceIntelligence,Alejandro
Otero,toldaBraziliannewspaperin1970thattheOPS,especiallytheheadoftheOPSinUruguay,DanMitrione,
hadinstructedtheUruguayanpolicehowtotorturesuspects,especiallywithelectricalimplements.

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Militarydictatorship,197385
PresidentJorgePachecodeclaredastateofemergencyin1968,andthiswasfollowedbyafurthersuspensionof
civillibertiesin1972byhissuccessor,PresidentJuanMaraBordaberry.PresidentBordaberrybroughttheArmy
intocombattheguerrillasoftheMovementofNationalLiberation(MLN),whichwasledbyRalSendic.After
defeatingtheTupamaros,themilitaryseizedpowerin1973.Torturewaseffectivelyusedtogatherinformation
neededtobreakuptheMLNandalsoagainsttradeunionofficers,membersoftheCommunistPartyandeven
regularcitizens.TorturepracticesextendeduntiltheendofUruguayandictatorshipin1985.Uruguaysoonhadthe
highestpercapitapercentageofpoliticalprisonersintheworld.TheMLNheadswereisolatedinimprovised
prisonsandsubjectedtorepeatedactsoftorture.EmigrationfromUruguayrosedrastically,aslargenumbersof
Uruguayanslookedforpoliticalasylumthroughouttheworld.

Bordaberrywasfinallyremovedfromhis"presidentcharge"in1976.HewasfirstsucceededbyAlberto
Demicheli.SubsequentlyanationalcouncilchosenbythemilitarygovernmentelectedAparicioMndez.In1980,
inordertolegitimizetheirposition,thearmedforcesproposedachangeintheconstitution,tobesubjectedtoa
popularvotebyareferendum.The"No"votesagainsttheconstitutionalchangestotalled57.2%ofthevotes,
showingtheunpopularityofthedefactogovernment,thatwaslateracceleratedbyaneconomiccrisis.

In1981,GeneralGregoriolvarezassumedthepresidency.Massiveprotestsagainstthedictatorshipbrokeoutin
1984.Aftera24hourgeneralstrike,talksbeganandthearmedforcesannouncedaplanforreturntocivilianrule.
Nationalelectionswereheldlaterin1984.ColoradoPartyleaderJulioMaraSanguinettiwonthepresidencyand,
followingthebriefinterimPresidencyofRafaelAddiegoBruno,servedfrom1985to1990.ThefirstSanguinetti
administrationimplementedeconomicreformsandconsolidateddemocratizationfollowingthecountry'syears
undermilitaryrule.Nonetheless,Sanguinettineversupportedthehumanrightsviolationsaccusations,andhis
governmentdidnotprosecutethemilitaryofficialswhoengagedinrepressionandtortureagainsteitherthe
TupamarosortheMLN.Instead,heoptedforsigninganamnestytreatycalledinSpanish"LeydeAmnistia."

Around180Uruguayansareknowntohavebeenkilledduringthe12yearmilitaryrulefrom19731985.[28]Most
werekilledinArgentinaandotherneighbouringcountries,withonly36ofthemhavingbeenkilledinUruguay.[29]
Alargenumberofthosekilled,wereneverfoundandthemissingpeoplehavebeenreferredtoasthe
"disappeared",or"desaparecidos"inSpanish.

Recenthistory
Sanguinetti'seconomicreforms,focusingontheattractionof
foreigntradeandcapital,achievedsomesuccessandstabilized
theeconomy.Inordertopromotenationalreconciliationand
facilitatethereturnofdemocraticcivilianrule,Sanguinetti
ModernMontevideo
securedpublicapprovalbyplebisciteofacontroversialgeneral
amnestyformilitaryleadersaccusedofcommittinghuman
rightsviolationsunderthemilitaryregimeandspedthereleaseofformerguerrillas.

TheNationalParty'sLuisAlbertoLacallewonthe1989presidentialelectionandservedfrom1990to1995.
PresidentLacalleexecutedmajoreconomicstructuralreformsandpursuedfurtherliberalizationoftraderegimes,
includingUruguay'sinclusionintheSouthernCommonMarket(MERCOSUR)in1991.Despiteeconomicgrowth
duringLacalle'sterm,adjustmentandprivatizationeffortsprovokedpoliticalopposition,andsomereformswere
overturnedbyreferendum.

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Inthe1994elections,formerPresidentSanguinettiwonanewterm,whichranfrom1995untilMarch2000.Asno
singlepartyhadamajorityintheGeneralAssembly,theNationalPartyjoinedwithSanguinetti'sColoradoPartyin
acoalitiongovernment.TheSanguinettigovernmentcontinuedUruguay'seconomicreformsandintegrationinto
MERCOSUR.Otherimportantreformswereaimedatimprovingtheelectoralsystem,socialsecurity,education,
andpublicsafety.TheeconomygrewsteadilyformostofSanguinetti'stermuntillowcommoditypricesand
economicdifficultiesinitsmainexportmarketscausedarecessionin1999,whichcontinuedinto2002.

The1999nationalelectionswereheldunderanewelectoralsystemestablishedbya1996constitutional
amendment.PrimariesinAprildecidedsinglepresidentialcandidatesforeachparty,andnationalelectionson
October31determinedrepresentationinthelegislature.Asnopresidentialcandidatereceivedamajorityinthe
Octoberelection,arunoffwasheldinNovember.Intherunoff,ColoradoPartycandidateJorgeBatlle,aidedbythe
supportoftheNationalParty,defeatedBroadFrontcandidateTabarVzquez.

TheColoradoandNationalPartiescontinuedtheirlegislativecoalition,asneitherpartybyitselfwonasmanyseats
asthe40%ofeachhousewonbytheBroadFrontcoalition.TheformalcoalitionendedinNovember2002,when
theBlancoswithdrewtheirministersfromthecabinet,althoughtheBlancoscontinuedtosupporttheColoradoson
mostissues.

Batlle'sfiveyeartermwasmarkedbyeconomicrecessionanduncertainty,firstwiththe1999devaluationofthe
Brazilianreal,thenwiththeoutbreaksoffootandmouthdisease(aftosa)inUruguay'skeybeefsectorin2001,
andfinallywiththepoliticalandeconomiccollapseofArgentina.Unemploymentrosetoclosetotwentypercent,
realwagesfell,thepesowasdevaluedandthepercentageofUruguayansinpovertyreachedalmostfortypercent.

Theseworseningeconomicconditionsplayedapartinturningpublicopinionagainstthefreemarketeconomic
policiesadoptedbytheBatlleadministrationanditspredecessors,leadingtopopularrejectionthroughplebiscites
ofproposalsforprivatizationofthestatepetroleumcompanyin2003andofthestatewatercompanyin2004.In
2004UruguayanselectedTabarVzquezaspresident,whilegivingtheBroadFrontcoalitionamajorityinboth
housesofparliament.Thenewlyelectedgovernment,whilepledgingtocontinuepaymentsonUruguay'sexternal
debt,hasalsopromisedtoundertakeacrashjobsprogramstoattackthewidespreadproblemsofpovertyand
unemployment.

In2009,formerTupamaroandagricultureministerJosMujica,waselectedpresident,subsequentlysucceeding
VzquezonMarch1,2010.

Seealso
HistoryoftheAmericas
HistoryofArgentina
HistoryofBrazil
HistoryofLatinAmerica
HistoryofSouthAmerica
ListofPresidentsofUruguay
PoliticsofUruguay
PortuguesecolonizationoftheAmericas
SpanishcolonizationoftheAmericas

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Bibliographyandfurtherreading
Albes,Edward.Montevideo,thecityofroses(PanAmericanUnion,1922)online(https://books.google.com/
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Finch,M.H.J.APoliticalEconomyofUruguaysince1870(London,1981)
Freixinho,Nilton."InternationalRelationsinSouthAmericaNineteenthCenturyACaseStudy:The
IndependenceandSovereigntyofUruguay,"inPeacekeeping1815ToToday(1995)pp61219ISBN0
662620623online(http://131.137.250.135/dhhdhp/his/docs/Coll_21st_Peacekeeping.pdf#page=614)
Goebel,Michael."Gauchos,GringosandGallegos:TheAssimilationofItalianandSpanishImmigrantsin
theMakingofModernUruguay18801930,"PastandPresent(August2010)208(1):191229
doi:10.1093/pastj/gtp037(https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtp037)
Knarr,JamesC.UruguayandtheUnitedStates,19031929:DiplomacyintheProgressiveEra(2012)
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is20#.U6g1YrGmWAg)
Oddone,JuanAntonio."TheFormationofModernUruguay,c.18701930",inLeslieBethelled.,The
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Rock,David,andFernandoLpezAlves."StateBuildingandPoliticalSystemsinNineteenthCentury
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VianaH.HistriadoBrasil:perodocolonial,monarquiaerepblica(Melhoramentos,1994)
Weinstein,Martin.Uruguay:ThePoliticsofFailure(Greenwood,1975)

Historiography
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["ItalianimmigrationtoUruguayinthemostrecenthistoriography,19902005"]StudiEmigrazione,June
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