FACTORS INFLUENCING CARGO CUSTOMER SATISFACTION: A CASE

STUDY OF KENYA AIRWAYS CARGO

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 DECLARATION

This proposal is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other

university.

Signature Date.

Liseche Ashitiva Nicholas

Reg No: D61/63298/2011

Supervisors Approval

This research proposal has been submitted for examination with my approval as the

University supervisor.

Signature Date.

Mr. C.N. Kariuki

Department of Business Administration

School of Business

University of Nairobi

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 ABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................................2

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................4

1.1 Background of the study............................................................................................4

1.1.1 Concept of customer satisfaction........................................................................5

1.1.2 Kenya airways Cargo..........................................................................................7

1.2 Research Problem......................................................................................................8

1.3 Research Objectives...................................................................................................9

Specific Objectives........................................................................................................10

1.4 Value of the study....................................................................................................10

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................11

LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................11

2.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................11

2.2 Theoretical Foundation............................................................................................11

2.3 Customer Satisfaction..............................................................................................12

2.3 Factors Affecting Customer Satisfaction.................................................................14

2.3.1 Promotion.........................................................................................................14

2.3.2 Service Quality.................................................................................................15

2.3.4 Brand.................................................................................................................17

2.3.5 Price Fairness....................................................................................................19

CHAPTER THREE.........................................................................................................20
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...................................................................................20

3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................20

3.2 Research Design......................................................................................................20

3.3 Target Population.....................................................................................................20

3.4 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size...................................................................21

3.4.1 Sample size.......................................................................................................22

3.5 Data Collection........................................................................................................22

3.6 Data Analysis Techniques........................................................................................23

REFERENCES................................................................................................................25

APPENDICES..................................................................................................................33

APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE...............................................................................33

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 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Recent years have shown a growing interest in customer satisfaction. The globalization of
competition, saturation of markets, and development of information technology have
enhanced customer awareness and created a situation where long-term success is no
longer achieved through optimized product price and qualities. Instead, companies build
their success on a long-term customer relationship. According to former studies, it can
cost as much as six times more to win a new customer than it does to keep an existing
one (Shoemaker & Lewis, 1999) Depending on the particular industry, it is possible to
increase profit by up to 60% after reducing potential migration by 5%. (Chaudhuri, 1995)
Hence we can see that the increase and retention of loyal customers has become a key
factor for long-term success of the companies.

Trustworthiness of the partner is a factor that has certain impact on the establishment of
satisfaction nobody expects a long-term relation with a partner that cannot be trusted.
Trustworthiness is one criterion for measuring the value of the partner (Dwyer et al.
2007). The main emphasis in marketing has shifted from winning new customers to the
retention of existing ones. Traditionally there are two approaches to treat customer
satisfaction. Some researchers have investigated the nature of different levels of
satisfaction; others have explored the influence of individual factors on satisfaction.
Hofmeyr and Rice point out that the more important the relationship is to a person, the
more willing that person is to tolerate dissatisfaction in favour of trying to fix it. By
contrast, when a relationship doesnt matter, then even the perfectly satisfied consumer
can switch on a whim (Hawkes, 1994)

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1.1.1 Concept of customer satisfaction

Customer satisfaction is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company

meet or surpass customer expectation. It is seen as a key performance indicator within
business and is part of the four perspectives of a Balanced Scorecard. Customer
satisfaction can be defined as extent to which a products perceived performance matches
a buyers expectations. Customer satisfaction depends on the products perceived
performance relative to a customers expectations. If the product or service performance
falls short of expectations, the customer is dissatisfied. On the other hand, if performance
matches expectation, the customer is satisfied. If performance exceeds expectations, the
customer is highly satisfied thus; this is referred to as customer delight (Hutt and Speh,
2004).

Many researchers agree that there is a positive correlation between quality and customer
satisfaction. Satisfied customers are bound to come back if they were impressed by the
product and service the first time round. In fact they are bound to spread the word round
by telling their friends and relatives about the particular product or service that impressed
them thus realization of accumulation of many customers and in the long run customer
satisfaction. For this reason, more organizations are spending more resources to nurture
and sustain customer loyalty by increasing their number of satisfied customers. Lovelock
(2001) says, whether or not they remain, your customers depend on your effectiveness in
combating the major threat to business success-consumer promiscuity. This is not a
matter of morals but of common sense. If customers are not satisfied, they will find
another place that will satisfy their needs, and what satisfy a customer is quality products
and services. Therefore, an organization has to develop a relationship with all its
customers to ensure that they (the customers) feel that their needs are important to the
organization and are being met. After all, a satisfied customer becomes a loyal customer.

Customer satisfaction is critical for organizations, as it has an impact on profits

(Levesque and McDougall, 1996). However, as business leaders try to implement the
concept of customer satisfaction and/or retention in their companies, employees working
with customers may come to regard customer satisfaction as in themselves, the goal of
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business. Regardless as to what business leaders may be trying to implement in their
companies, any employee interacting with customers is in a position either to increase
customer satisfaction, or put it at a risk. Employees in such positions should therefore
have the skills to respond effectively and efficiently to customer needs.

Customer satisfaction has been deemed directly to affect customer retention and
companies market share. Service quality, service features, and customer-complaint
handling determine customer satisfaction in the service industry. Service offerings, such
as extended hours of operation and competitive interest rates also play a role in
determining satisfaction. Satisfaction is an overall customer attitude towards a service
provider (Levesque and McDougall, 1996), or an emotional reaction to the difference
between what customers anticipate and what they receive, regarding the fulfillment of
some need, goal or desire. A similar definition is provided by Gerpott et al. (2001) who
propose that satisfaction is based on customers estimated experience of the extent to
which a providers services fulfill his or her expectations.

Customer satisfaction brings many benefits. Satisfied customers are fewer prices
sensitive, buy additional products, are less influenced by competitors and stay longer
(Zineldin, 2000). Although customer satisfaction is important, it is not equally important
to the company. There are many customers whose satisfaction is less important, such as
those a company cannot serve or who are unprofitable; on the other hand, there are
customers whose satisfaction is crucial to a companys survival, and the goal should
always be to satisfy those customers. Ovenden (1995) argues that organizations must be
aware of how well or badly its customers are treated. Customers rarely complain, and
when someone does, it might be too late to retain that customer. One important
component in the concept of satisfaction is complaint management. Nyer (2000) found
that encouraging customers to complain increased their satisfaction, and this was
especially the case for the most dissatisfied customers. Johnston (2001) claims that
complaint management not only results in customer satisfaction, but also leads
operational improvement and improved financial performance.

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1.1.2 Kenya airways Cargo

The Kenya Airways limited is the largest airline in Kenya. The airline has been in
operation for over three decades having been founded in 1977. The airline is a public
private partnership company with KLM being the largest shareholder (26%), followed by
the Kenyan government which has a holding of 23%. The rest of the shares are held by
the public through the Nairobi stock exchange. The airline operates a total of 32 planes of
which 25 are Boeing models, while 5 are Embracer models. The airline flies to a total of
53 destinations, 43 of them in Africa and the rest to Europe and Asia.

The combined work force at the airline comprises slightly more than 4,800. Annual
passenger- kilometers in the period ending October 2011 stood at more 3.6 million,
representing a total increase of slightly more than three thousand passengers over the
same period the previous year. The airline mission statement indicates that the airline
seeks to achieve world class status by consistently pursuing highest standards of safety,
customer satisfaction, and quality considerations (Kenya airways website 2011).

Kenya Airways Cargo was formally launched on 18th May 2004 as a division in the
commercial department of Kenya Airways in a move that was part of the airlines
corporate re-organization strategy. It is responsible for optimizing the cargo belly
capacity on Kenya Airways passenger aircrafts and developing a dedicated freighter
network. Kenya Airways Cargo was formerly known as Kencargo Airlines International
Ltd and was a subsidiary of Kenya Airways. The change of identity and consequent
launch of Kenya Airways Cargo followed Kenya Airways full acquisition of the
subsidiary that was jointly owned by Martinair and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines.

Through the central hub Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) Nairobi that is
currently undergoing expansion, it is able to serve a vast regional and international
network that stretches from London & Amsterdam in Europe to Johannesburg in the
South, and from Dubai, Bangkok and Guangzhou in the East to Accra, Abidjan and Dakar
in the West. Kenya Airways operates direct flights to over 26 destinations. Together with
its strategic partner airlines, it provides cargo connections to over 100 destinations.

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Kenya Airways Cargo offers belly capacity and charter brokerage services mainly to
freight forwarding agents, courier companies and postal corporations. Extra capacity is
obtained by brokering charters as well as utilizing existing code-share agreements in
place with other airlines on routes that have high demand for cargo capacity
(www.kenya-airways.com).

1.2 Research Problem

As markets become more competitive, many companies recognize the importance of

retaining current customers and some have initiated a variety of activities to improve
customer satisfaction. Indeed, the benefits associated with customer satisfaction are
widely recognized within business. These include lower costs associated with retaining
existing customers, rather than constantly recruiting new ones especially within mature,
competitive markets (Ehrenberg and Goodhardt, 2000). It is known that long-term
customers are more likely to expand their relationship within the product range and so the
rewards from this group are long term and cumulative (Grayson and Ambler, 1999).
Another widely perceived benefit is that repeat or behaviorally loyal customers are also
thought to act as information channels, informally linking networks of friends, relatives
and other potential customers to the organization (Shoemaker and Lewis, 1999).
Satisfaction take the following dimensions: repeat purchase (Ehrenberg et al, 1990),
preference (Guest, 1944), commitment (Hawkes, 1994), retention, allegiance.

Kenya Airways Cargo is responsible for optimizing the cargo belly capacity on Kenya
Airways passenger aircrafts and developing a dedicated freighter network. Kenya
Airways operates direct flights to over 26 destinations. Together with strategic partner
airlines, it provides cargo connections to over 100 destinations. Kenya Airways Cargo
offers belly capacity and charter brokerage services mainly to freight forwarding agents,
courier companies and postal corporations (www.kenya-airways.com). Thus, there is a
need for Kenya Airways to integrate strategies to satisfy its clients. Chen, (2008)
emphasized that regardless of the size of the business and whether it is product based or
service-based, success will depend on a high level of customer satisfaction. As customer
satisfaction strategies are proven to enhance the service quality of the business, knowing
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how to provide passengers with satisfaction is vital for Kenya Airways Cargo to increase
its competitive advantage. Thus, the most important factor in attracting and retaining
customers is service quality as satisfied customers will maintain their loyalty to the
company.

Customer satisfaction is an important issue in maintaining customers, particularly those

in services industries (Bennett and Rundle, 2004). In general, if the customers are
satisfied with a provided goods or a particular service, the probability that they use the
service again increases (East, 1997).

Locally, various Scholars have reviewed the concept of customer satisfaction in different
contexts, Muturi (2004) researched on factors that determine customer loyalty to a mobile
phone service provider the case of mobile phone users in Nairobi and found out that the
major factor is service quality, price indifference and perceived value, Tanui (2007)
conducted a survey of customer loyalty programs applied by petrol stations in Nairobi
and found that the main factors that contributed to customer loyalty to their products were
attractiveness of the brand personality and perceived quality while Mungai (2008) studied
the factors that determine customer loyalty the case of the port of Mombasa and found
out that Customer Satisfaction, perceived quality and brand loyalty were the main
determinant.

Thus, no such study has been done in Kenya on factors influencing cargo customer
satisfaction in Kenya airways cargo. This study aims at answering the following research;
what factors influence cargo customer satisfaction in Kenya airways cargo.

1.3 Research Objectives

The main objective of this study will be to examine the factors influencing cargo
customer satisfaction taking a case of Kenya Airways Cargo

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Specific Objectives
1. To establish the effects of promotion on customer satisfaction of clients of Kenya
Airways Cargo.
2. To investigate the effect of service quality on customer satisfaction of clients of
Kenya Airways Cargo.
3. To determine the effect of brand on customer satisfaction of clients of Kenya
Airways Cargo.
4. To investigate the effect of price fairness on customer satisfaction of clients of
Kenya Airways Cargo.

1.4 Value of the study

It is also envisaged that Kenya Airways and other key players in the aviation industry will
gain a better understanding of passengers and their expectations in terms of customer
satisfaction in relation to cargo handling. This will lead to the appreciation of the role of
various factors in increasing customer satisfaction and loyalty.

To Government and policy, the study findings will be relevant in equipping policy makers
and regulators in the aviation industry with information that will empower them to be in a
position to integrate industry stakeholders in areas relating to customer satisfaction
considerations in policy formulation.

It is intended that the findings from this study will generate knowledge for the academic
community. The gaps that will be identified from the study will create room for further
research in customer satisfaction in the airline industry.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the literature review, specifically the literature review focuses on
the variables of the study, and the discussion includes promotion, service quality, brand
and price fairness. The review of literature focuses on the effect of the above variables on
customer satisfaction.

2.2 Theoretical Foundation

A theoretical basis that explains the relationship between customer loyalty and service
quality, customer satisfaction and value is drawn from the social exchange theory. The
theory attempts to explain the nature of the relationships between service quality,
perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty. The theoretical model adopted for this study is
derived from the social exchange theory (Homans, 1958), which posits that all human
relationships are formed by the use of cost-benefit analysis and comparisons of
alternatives. Homans suggested that when an individual perceives the cost of a
relationship outweighs the perceived benefits, then the person will choose to leave the
relationship.

The theory further states that persons that give much to others try to get much from them,
and persons that get much from others are under pressure to give much to them. The
social exchange relationships between two parties develop through a series of mutual
exchanges that yield a pattern of reciprocal obligations to each party. Social exchange
theory indicates that individuals are willing to maintain relationships because of the
expectation that to do so will be rewarding. Individuals voluntarily sacrifice their self-
benefits and contribute these benefits to other individuals with the expectation for more
future gains. Thibaut and Kelly (1959) propose that whether an individual retains a
relationship with another one depends on the comparison of current relationship, past
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experience and potential alternatives. The constant comparison of social and economic
outcomes between a series of interactions with current partners and available alternatives
determines the degree of an individuals commitment to the current relationship.

The theory is appropriate for this study because service encounters can be viewed as
social exchanges with the interaction between service provider and customer being a
crucial component of satisfaction and providing a strong reason for continuing a
relationship (Barnes, 2007). Social exchange theory attempts to account for the
development, growth and even dissolution of social as well as business relationships. In
other words, people (or business firms) evaluate their reward - cost ratio when deciding
whether or not to maintain a relationship. Rewards and costs have been defined in terms
of interpersonal (e.g. liking, familiarity, influence), personal (gratification linked to self
esteem, ego, personality) and situational factors (aspects of the psychological
environment such as a relationship formed to accomplish some task). In a services
context, considering the level of interpersonal contact needed to produce services, there is
a range of psychological, relational and financial considerations that might act as a
disincentive for a hypothetic change of service providers.

2.3 Customer Satisfaction.

Customer satisfaction is one of the key factors in modern marketing and customers
behavior analysis. Generally speaking, if the customers are satisfied with the provided
goods or services, the probability that they use the services again increases (East, 1997).
Also, satisfied customers will most probably talk enthusiastically about their buying or
the use of a particular service; this will lead to positive advertising (File and Prince,
1992) & (Richens, 1983). On the other hand, dissatisfied customers will most probably
switch to a different brand; this will lead to negative advertising. The importance of
satisfying and keeping a customer in establishing strategies for a market and customer
oriented organization cannot be neglected (Kohli and Jaworski, 1990). Customer
satisfaction is often considered the most important factor in thriving in todays highly
competitive business world.

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Customer satisfaction is one of the most important issue concerning business organization
of all types, which is justify by the customer oriented philosophy and the principles of
continues improvement in modern enterprise. For the reason, customer satisfaction
should be measured and translated into number of measurable parameter. Customer
satisfaction measurement may be considered as the most reliable feedback, providing
client preferences and experiences in an effective, direct, meaningful and objective way.
Thus, customer satisfaction may be considered as a base line standard of performance and
a possible standard of excellence for any business organization (Gerson, 1993).

There are two principal interpretation of satisfaction within the literature of satisfaction as
a process a satisfaction as an outcome (Parker and Mathews, 2001). Early concepts of
satisfaction research have typically defined satisfaction as a post choice evaluation
judgment concerning a specific purchase decision (Oliver, 1980; Churchill and
Suprenant, 1992; Bearden and Teel, 1983; Oliver and DeSarbo, 1988). The most widely
accepted model, in which satisfaction is a function of disconfirmation, which is a
function of both expectations and performance (Oliver, 1997). The disconfirmation
paradigm in process theory provide the grounding for the vast majority of satisfaction
studies and encompasses four construct expectation, performance, disconfirmation and
satisfaction (Caruana et al., 2000). This model suggests that the effects of expectation are
primarily through disconfirmation, but they also have effect of perceive performance on
satisfaction (Spreng and Page, 2001). Swan and Comb (1988) view satisfaction as a
discrepancy between the observed and desired. This is consisting with value-percept
disparity theory (Westbrook and Reilly, 1983) which was developed in response to the
problem that consumers could be satisfied by aspects for which expectation never existed
(YI, 1990).

Customer satisfaction is defined as a customers overall evaluation of the performance of

an offering to date. This overall satisfaction has strong positive effect on customer loyalty
intentions across a wide range of product and service categories (Gustafsson, 2005).
Customer satisfaction is a collective outcome of perception, evaluation, and
psychological reaction to the consumption expectation with a product or services (Yi,
1990). According to Kottler (2000) satisfaction is a felling of pleasure or disappointment
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resulting from comparing a product perceived performance or outcome in relation to his
or her expectations early concept of satisfaction research has typically defined
satisfaction as a post choice evaluation judgment concerning a specific purchase decision
(Churchill and Sauprenant, 1992; Oliver 1980). Yang and Fang (2004) believe that online
customer still demand many service available through traditional channels even if they
choose pure internet-based supplier with basic customer service. Although expectations
seem to be of lesser importance as a comparison standard in e-commerce (Zeithaml et al.,
2000), customer appear to use expectations-base norm and traditional service as
comparison standard for e-service.

2.3 Factors Affecting Customer Satisfaction

2.3.1 Promotion.

Promotion is a form of cooperate communication that uses various methods to reach a

targeted audience with certain message in order to achieve specific organization object. It
will depend on services and products price offers, distributions system and promotional
programmed (Onwuchuruba 2002).

Here, services of the airline firms that satisfy consumers require crucial decision as; the
features and introduction of new services products, service product life cycle,
modification or deletion of existing and unprofitable services products and the elongation
of the life span of a services product. On promotional strategy, current and potential
consumers need be encouraged to obtain, utilize and benefit maximally from services
provisions. Many researchers have hinted at a feelings-based route through which
promotions may impact consumers satisfaction. Scott (1976) was the first to suggest that
the effectiveness of a deal might be explainable by the affect generated by that
promotional offer. Regret (Inman and McAlister, 1994) and hedonic enjoyment of a deal
(Chandon et al., 2000) have also appeared in promotion research. Promotions are shown
to reduce feelings of guilt associated with consumption of certain products that can result
to customer satisfaction (Strahilevitz and Myers, 1998), and the outcome of promotional

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purchases is predicted to result in specific pride related responses such feeling like a
smart shopper(Schindler, 1989).

Despite indications of affect- based reactions to promotions, there has not been a system-
attic delineation of the dimensions of affect as they pertain to promotional response. The
important factor which drives customer satisfaction is the ability of the promotion with
website to provide ability of the user to control the medium. To satisfy all level of
competence among consumer and their different requirements, tasted and preferences a
site must offer a vast array of features and function which will inevitably make it slower
to load and more complicated to use (Reicheld & Schefter, 2000).

Information such as discounted product and compiling special offers from several
different companies selling the same product and displaying them to the public could
increase customer satisfaction (Khanh & Kandampully, 2002). Potential customers have
an opportunity to make a detailed comparison of the offering on the websites promotion
before making an informed choice (Ahsanul Haque & Ali Khatibi, 2007). Consistency is
an important condition because when people use the internet for the first times they from
an opinion and remember each stage of the transaction (Ahsanul Haque & Ali Khatibi,
2007).

2.3.2 Service Quality

Service quality literature indicated that perceptions of high service quality and high
service satisfaction resulted in a very high level of purchase intentions (Boulding, Kalra,
Staelin, & Zeithaml, 1993). Coner and Gungor (2002) claimed that customer loyalty was
affected by product quality, service quality, and retailer image. They also suggested
"quality [of product and service] is directly related to customer satisfaction, and leads to
the loyalty of the customer" (Coner & Gungor, 2002). Customer satisfaction literature
showed that the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty
depended on the type of satisfaction. The positive impact of manifest satisfaction on
customer loyalty was stronger than that of latent satisfaction on customer loyalty
(Bloemer & Kasper, 1995; Bloemer & Ruyter, 1998).
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Quality appears to be only one of the service factors contributing to the customer's
satisfaction judgments (Cronin and Taylor, 1992). Spreng and Mackoy (1996), who test a
modified version of a model proposed by Oliver (1998) that sought to integrate the
satisfaction and service quality literature, also provide support for service quality as being
an antecedent to satisfaction. More recently, this relationship has also been confirmed
from a study in a health-care setting by Deruyter et al. (1997), who also show that service
quality should be treated as an antecedent of service satisfaction.

Dabholkar, et al (2000) also found that customer satisfaction strongly mediated the effect
of service quality on behavioral intentions. The data used in their study were
systematically randomly collected from 397 churches. A test of discriminant validity
revealed that the construct of service quality was different from the construct of customer
satisfaction. The result of regression analysis in structural equations modeling supported
their proposition that customer satisfaction had a stronger effect on behavioral intentions
than service quality did (Dabholkar et al., 2000).

Based on empirical findings in service quality and satisfaction literature, service quality
is one of the antecedents of satisfaction (Coner & Gungor, 2002; Shepherd, & Thorpe,
2000). Luarn and Lin (2004) tested their hypothesized customer loyalty model and found
that customer satisfaction, perceived value, and customer loyalty were different
constructs. Their findings indicated that not only customer satisfaction and perceived
value directly affected customer loyalty, but also indirectly affected customer loyalty
through commitment.

Literature has addressed the importance of service recovery. According to Hart, Heskett,
and Sasser (1990), firms learn from experiences of service recovery when they may not
be able to prevent service failure. Berry and Parasuraman (1992) believed that firms
should not regard service failure as a problem but as an opportunity to create satisfied
customers. Hence, recovery strategies have a dramatic impact on a firm's revenue and
profitability (Tax & Brown, 1998). Service recovery literature has shown that resolving
customer problems has a strong impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty (Miller,
Craighead, & Karwan, 2000; Smith & Bolton, 2002). Swanson and Kelley (2001) also
17
found that customer behavioral intentions are more favorable when customers believe
that firms consistently implement service recovery when failures occur. Furthermore,
Robbins and Miller (2004) found that well-handled service recovery strongly affects
customer loyalty.

2.3.4 Brand

Brand satisfaction can be defined as the outcome of the subjective evaluation that the
chosen alternative (the brand) meets or exceeds the expectation. This definition is in line
with the may definition of satisfaction based on the disconfirmation paradigm (Oliver,
1980) found in the literature. The notion that stands out in almost every definition of
satisfaction is the notion of a comparison between experiences and (brand) performance.
Image of brand or supplier is one of the most complex factors. It affects loyalty at least in
two ways. Firstly, customer may use his preferences to present his own image. That may
occur both in conscious and subconscious level. According to the Belks theory of
extended self, people define themselves by the possessions they have, manage or create.
(Belk 1988) Aaker has shown how consumers prefer brands with personality traits that
are congruent with the personality traits that constitute their (malleable) self schemas
(Aaker 1999) Kim, Han and Park have researched the link between brand personality and
loyalty. They did get positive support to hypothesis that the attractiveness of the brand
personality indirectly affects brand loyalty (Kim et al. 2001).

Tidwell and Horgan (1993) have showed that people use products to enhance self-image.
Secondly, according to social identity theory, people tend to classify themselves into
different social categories. That leads to evaluation of objectives and values in various
groups and organizations in comparison with the customers own values and objectives.
They prefer partners who share similar objectives and values (Ashforth et al., 2001).
Fournier (1998) states that consumer-brand relationships are more a matter of perceived
goal compatibility. Brands cohere into systems that consumers create not only to aid
living but also to give meanings to their lives. Oliver (1999) argues that for fully bonded

18
loyalty the consumable must be part of the consumers self-identity and his or her social-
identity.

Brand affects how a company is remembered, and how customer describes the company
to other. Brand building takes consistency, and commitment, to ensure that the brand
communicate the desired message to the consumer. Brand are also an effective marketing
strategy since companies with a positive brand presence can use the leverage developed
from the bricks and mortar structure in using all the benefit of branding (Sharon, 2003).

Grasse (1999) states that it has been recognized that rand are often the most valuable
corporate assets, exceeding less dominate product both in term of consumer awareness
and of financial valuation. There are theories that recognize brand as being anchored in
consumer awareness as intangible assets of companies or as a theoretical construct, which
is functionally depend on brand management.

Consumer use brand to identify the source of market of a product and to assign
responsibility to the particular manufacturer or distributor for delivery of the product in
the manner describe (Keller, 1998). The brand is a set of differentiating promises that
links a product to its consumers. The brand assures the customer of a consistent quality
and superior value for which the customer is willing to commit to the product, giving
reliability, and also willing to pay that result in a reasonable return on the brand.

2.3.5 Price Fairness

According to Kotler and Armstrong (2010) price is the amount of money charged for a
product or service, or the sum of the values that customers exchange for the benefits of
having or using the product or service while Stanton, Michael and Bruce (1994) defined
price as the amount of money or goods needed to acquire some combination of another
goods and its companying services. But the marketing literature showed researchers
inclination towards price fairness in relation with customer satisfaction (Hermann et al.,
2007).

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Price fairness refers to consumers assessments of whether a sellers price is reasonable,
acceptable or justifiable (Xia et al., 2004). Price fairness is a very important issue that
leads toward satisfaction. Charging fair price helps to develop customer satisfaction and
loyalty. Research has shown that customers decision to accept particular price has a
direct bearing at satisfaction level and loyalty and indirectly (Martin-Consuegra, Molina
and Esteban, 2007). In another study of Herrmann et al., (2007), it was concluded that
customer satisfaction is directly influenced by price perceptions while indirectly through
the perception of price fairness. The price fairness itself and the way it is fixed and
offered have a great impact on satisfaction.

It is a common phenomenon that the services a brand offers and the price it charges
actually determine the level of satisfaction among its customers, than any other measure
(Turel et al. 2006). Customers involvement is also important as when buyer consider the
product important and invests time to seek information then it ultimately enhances the
satisfaction level (Russell-Bennett, McColl- Kennedy and Coote, 2007). This satisfaction
may influence the concerned company by repurchase, purchase of more products,
positive word of mouth and willingness of customer to pay more for the particular brand.
Any business is likely to lose market share, customers and investors if it fails to satisfy
customers as effectively and efficiently as its competitors is doing (Anderson, Fornell,
and Mazvancheryl, 2004).

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 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This section describes the procedures that will be used in data collection, analysis,
research design, the target population, sample size and sampling techniques, research
instruments and issues of validity and reliability of data in relation to factors influencing
cargo customer satisfaction taking a case of Kenya Airways Cargo.

3.2 Research Design

This highlights the overall plan will be used in conducting the study in order to answer
the research questions and achieve the objective of the study. The study will be designed
to provide information on potential cause-and-effect relationships. This study therefore
will employ a causal research design. According to Mugenda and Mugenda (1999), the
purpose of causal study is to identify the cause or causes of change in a variable or event.
This design is therefore suitable in providing information on the factors influencing cargo
customer satisfaction taking a case of Kenya Airways Cargo.

3.3 Target Population

Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) define target population as a complete set of individuals,
case or objects with the same common observable characteristics. The target population
will be customers/clients of Kenya Airways Cargo. This study targets 3 main channels
comprising of freight forwarding agents, courier companies and postal corporations. The
target population of this study is:

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Table 3.1: Target population

Category Population Percentage

Freight Forwarding Agents 69 31.4

Courier Companies 88 40.0

Postal Corporations 63 28.6

Grand Total 220 100.0

Source: Kenya Airways Cargo Customer Database

3.4 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size

Stratified sampling will be used to select the population from which a sample is drawn.
Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) defines target population as a complete set of individuals,
case or objects with the same common observable characteristics, the technique is applied
so as to obtain a representative sample when the population does not constitute a
homogeneous group. The population will be made up of strata of different customers. The
size of each stratum will be determined using the Mugendas formula. Customers
database will be used to generate a list of numbers corresponding to each channel of the
customers.

From Normal distribution the population proportion can be estimated to be

Where:

Z is the Z value = 1.96

P Population proportion 0.50

Q = 1-P

= 5%

22
Adjusted sample size

n.'= 384/ [1+ (384/220)]

Approx = 140

3.4.1 Sample size

The sample size will be 140 respondents as shown below.

Table 3.2: Sample size

Category Population Ratio Sample size

Freight Forwarding Agents 69 0.63 44

Courier Companies 88 0.63 56

Postal Corporations 63 0.63 40

Grand Total 220 0.63 140

Source: Kenya Airways Cargo Customer Database

3.5 Data Collection

This involves both primary and secondary forms of data collection. Qualitative and
quantitative data will be collected. Qualitative data will assist in establishing patterns,
trends and relationships from the information gathered while Quantitative data will help
in meaningfully describing the distribution of scores. The study will mainly collect
primary data using questionnaires.

In addition, secondary data will be collected which involves past data that had been
previously collected and tabulated through use of graphs, charts and reports. This type of
data will be collected from reference materials, which have key information that will be

23
of help to this study. Collection of secondary data will be obtained through desk research,
which is either from internal or external sources. The external source includes
publications marketing research agency, press, newspapers, libraries and various research
related organizations.

Permission will be sought from Kenya Airways Limited before administering the
questionnaire and assures them the purpose of the study and confidentiality of
information given. The questionnaires shall be presented to the respondents after being
granted permission by KQ management. The questionnaire will be administered during
the final study.

3.6 Data Analysis Techniques

The study will generate both quantitative and qualitative data. The data collected will be
coded, quantified and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative data will be
analyzed with the use of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 17.0) where
descriptive and inferential statistics shall be computed in order to understand the patterns
and nature of relationships. Quantitative data collected will be analyzed by the use of
descriptive statistics using SPSS and presented through percentages, means, standard
deviations and frequencies. The information will be displayed by use of bar charts, graphs
and pie charts and in prose-form. This will be done by tallying up responses, computing
percentages of variations in response as well as describing and interpreting the data in
line with the study objectives and assumptions through use of SPSS. The study will also
conduct both correlation and regression inferential analysis. Its a measure of the degree
of association between two or more variables that have been obtained from the same
group of subjects. Oso (2009) indicate that it is used when a researcher wants to predict
and describe the association between two or more variables in terms of magnitude and
direction. Finally recommendations will be made based on the results of the study.

The regression equation was: Y = 0 + 1X1 + 2X2 + 3X3 + 4X4 + :

Whereby Y = Customer Satisfaction

B0 = Constant
24
1, 2, 3, 4, 5= Coefficients of determination

X1 = Promotion

X2 = Service Quality

X3 = Brand

X4 = Price Fairness

= Error term

25
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33
 APPENDICES

APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE

FACTORS INFLUENCING CARGO CUSTOMER SATISFACTION TAKING A

CASE OF KENYA AIRWAYS CARGO

Please answer the questions precisely and objectively, the information will be treated
confidentially

Section A: Respondents General information

1. Gender

Male [ ] Female[ ]

2. Indicate your age bracket

20-30 yrs [ ]
31-40 yrs [ ]
41-50 yrs [ ]
51 and above [ ]
3. State your highest level of education
Secondary level [ ]
College [ ]
University [ ]
Postgraduate [ ]

4. For how long have you dealt with /used Kenya Airways Cargo?

Less than 3 years [ ]

3 to 9 years [ ]
9 to 12 years [ ]
Above 12 years [ ]

5. What is your designation in your Company?

34
6. Rank the level of customer satisfaction you derive from Kenya Airways Cargo
High [ ]
Moderate [ ]
Low [ ]
7. What is your opinion on the following statement: Kenya Airways Cargo has been able
to maintain customer satisfaction.
Strongly agree [ ]
Moderately agree [ ]
Neither agree nor disagree [ ]
Moderately disagree [ ]
Strongly disagree [ ]

Section B: The Effects of Promotion on Customer Satisfaction of Clients of Kenya

Airways Cargo
8. Do you agree with the following statement: The level of promotion at the Kenya
Airways Cargo has maintained the level of customer satisfaction
Strongly agree [ ]
Moderately agree [ ]
Neither agree nor disagree [ ]
Moderately disagree [ ]
Strongly disagree [ ]
9. How has promotion enabled improved customer satisfaction at the Kenya Airways
Cargo?

10. To what extent does promotion improve customer satisfaction at the Kenya Airways
Cargo?
Very large extent ( )
Large extent ( )
Moderate extent ( )
35
 Less extent ( )
No extent ( )

11. Rate the effects of promotion on customer satisfaction of clients of Kenya

Airways Cargo using the Likert scale of 1-5 with Very low =1, Low =2, Moderate
= 3, High = 4, Very high=5.
Indicators 1 2 3 4 5
Promotion Impacts my belly capacity and charter
brokerage services and my satisfaction
I think promotion with advertisement is very
informative and influence my satisfaction
Personal Selling influence my satisfaction easy than
other
Launching Program impact my satisfaction and
interests me to order belly capacity and charter
brokerage
Radio and services
television Influence my satisfaction

Sales promotion make me deep understand and affect

my customer satisfaction

Section C: The Effects of Quality of Service on Customer Satisfaction of Clients of

Kenya Airways Cargo

12. Do you agree with the following statement: The quality of service at the Kenya
Airways Cargo has maintained the level of customer satisfaction
Strongly agree [ ]
Moderately agree [ ]
Neither agree nor disagree [ ]
Moderately disagree [ ]
Strongly disagree [ ]
13. How has service quality enabled improved customer satisfaction at the Kenya
Airways Cargo?

36
14. To what extent does service quality improve customer satisfaction at the Kenya
Airways Cargo?
Very large extent ( )
Large extent ( )
Moderate extent ( )
Less extent ( )
No extent ( )

15. Rate the effects of service quality on customer satisfaction of clients of Kenya
Airways Cargo using the Likert scale of 1-5 with Very low =1, Low =2, Moderate =
3, High = 4, Very high=5.
Indicators 1 2 3 4 5

Service Quality impacts my belly capacity and charter brokerage

services decision in Kenya Airways Cargo and my satisfaction
Kenya Airways Cargo facilities, equipment, personnel, and
communication materials are visible.
Knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to convey
my trust and confidence
Kenya Airways Cargo employee willingness to help customers and
provide prompt service.
The firm provides care and individualized attention to the
customers.
How do you rate Kenya Airways Cargo professionalism in dealing
with you
How do you rate Kenya Airways Cargo responsiveness in dealing
with you

Section C: The Effects of Brand on Customer Satisfaction of Clients of Kenya

Airways Cargo

16. Does the Kenya Airways Cargo brand affect your satisfaction?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

17. How do you rate the Kenya Airways Cargo brand?

37
 Satisfactory [ ]

Neutral [ ]

Unsatisfactory [ ]

18. A company brand can be established and developed in the consumers mind
through communication. In line with this, to what extent does Kenya Airways
Cargo employ the following strategies to enhance its brand and thus customer
satisfaction? Very low =1, Low =2, Moderate = 3, High = 4, Very high=5.

Indictors 1 2 3 4 5
Sales promotion
Free gifts
Free samples
Advertising & direct marketing
Personal selling
Service support
Personal interaction

19. To what extent do you agree with the following effects of brand in influencing
your level of satisfaction at Kenya Airways Cargo? Very low =1, Low =2,
Moderate = 3, High = 4, Very high=5.

Indicators 1 2 3 4 5

Good corporate image stimulates belly capacity and charter brokerage

services from the company by simplifying decision rules
Brand can be an extrinsic information cue for both existing and
potential buyers

38
Kenya Airways Cargo brand is established and developed in the
consumers mind through communication and experience.

Brand under the current market conditions play an important role in

both attracting and retaining customers.

When customers are satisfied with the services rendered, their attitude
towards the company is improved. This attitude will then affect the
consumers satisfaction with the company
My decision to belly capacity and charter brokerage services at Kenya
Airways Cargo depend on my knowledge of the brand being offered and
affect brand affect my satisfaction
Brand Image play an important role in my decision to belly capacity and
charter brokerage services

Section D: The Effects of Promotion on Customer Satisfaction of Clients of Kenya

Airways Cargo
20. Do you agree with the following statement: Price fairness at the Kenya Airways
Cargo has maintained the level of customer satisfaction
Strongly agree [ ]
Moderately agree [ ]
Neither agree nor disagree [ ]
Moderately disagree [ ]
Strongly disagree [ ]
21. How has price fairness enabled improved customer satisfaction at the Kenya Airways
Cargo?


22. To what extent does price fairness improve customer satisfaction at the Kenya
Airways Cargo?
Very large extent ( )
Large extent ( )
Moderate extent ( )
Less extent ( )
No extent ( )

39
23. Rate the effects of price fairness on customer satisfaction of clients of Kenya Airways
Cargo using the Likert scale of 1-5 with Very low =1, Low =2, Moderate = 3, High =
4, Very high=5.
Indicators 1 2 3 4 5
Price fairness impacts positively on my belly capacity and charter
brokerage services decision in Kenya Airways Cargo and my
satisfaction
Price discounts impacts positively on my belly capacity and charter
brokerage services decision in Kenya Airways Cargo my
satisfaction
Price fairness is a very important issue that leads toward satisfaction
Charging fair price helps to develop customer satisfaction and
loyalty
Research has shown that customers decision to accept particular
price has a direct bearing at satisfaction level and loyalty and
indirectly
customer satisfaction is directly influenced by price perceptions
while indirectly through the perception of price fairness
The price fairness itself and the way it is fixed and offered have a
great impact on satisfaction
Customers involvement is also important as when buyer consider
the product important and invests time to seek information then it
ultimately enhances the satisfaction level

Thankyou for your cooperation and input!

40