Classification of angles on the basis of their degree measures are given below:

Acute Angle:
An angle whose measure is more than 0 but less than 90 is called an acute angle.
Angles having magnitudes 30, 40, 60 are all acute angles. In the adjoining figure,
X0Y represents an acute angle.

X0Y < 90

Right Angle:
An angle whose measure is equal to 90 is called a right angle. In the adjoining figure
ABC represents a right angle.

ABC = 90

Obtuse Angle:
An angle whose measure is more than 90 but less than 180 is called an obtuse angle.
In the adjoining figure, XYZ represents an obtuse angle.

XYZ > 90
XYZ < 180

Straight Angle:
An angle whose measure is equal to 180 is called a straight angle. In the adjoining
figure, XOY represents a straight angle.

XOY = 180

Reflex Angle:
An angle whose measure is more than 180 but less than 360 is called a reflex angle.
In the adjoining figure, POQ is a reflex angle. Angles having magnitudes 220, 250,
310 are all reflex angles.

POQ > 180

POQ < 360
Complete Angle:

An angle whose measure is equal to 360 is called a complete angle. In the adjoining
figure, BOA represents a complete angle.

60 minutes = 1 revolution = 1 complete angle.

These are the adjoining figures of the classification of angles on the basis of their degree
measures.

Classifying triangles
The seven types of triangle can be classified (grouped) according to their sides or interior angles as shown
below. Click on any triangle to go to its detail page.

Classification of triangles by sides

Equilateral Isosceles Scalene

3 sides equal 2 sides equal No sides equal

Classification of triangles by angles

Right Equiangular Acute Obtuse

All 3 angles One angle

One angle exactly 90l 3 angles equal
less than 90 more than 90
History of Database

1. Navigational DBMS Developed in early 1960s. The introduction of the

term database coincided with the availability of direct-access storage (disks and
drums) from the mid-1960s onwards.

2. Relational DBM Developed in early 1970s. A new system for storing and
working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort
of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL

3. Integrated Approach developed in early 1970s-1980s. Another approach to

hardware support for database management in which a hardware disk controller
has a programmable search capabilities.

4. SQL DBMS a working prototype system loosely based on Codd's concepts

as System R in the early 1970s.

5. On the desktop - new computers empowered their users with spreadsheets

like Lotus 1-2-3 and database software like dBASE

6. Object Oriented - The 1990s, along with a rise in object-oriented programming,

saw a growth in how data in various databases were handled. Programmers and
designers began to treat the data in their databases as objects.

7. NoSQL and NewSQL -The next generation of post-relational databases in the

2000s became known as NoSQL databases, including fast key-value stores and
document-oriented databases.

What is File system

In a computer, a file system (sometimes written filesystem) is the way in which files are
named and where they are placed logically for storage and retrieval.
What is Philosophy?
Philosophy is the study of the general and fundamental nature
of reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The Ancient
Greek word (philosophia) was probably coined byPythagoras and literally
means "love of wisdom" or "friend of wisdom". Philosophy has been divided into many
sub-fields. It has been divided chronologically (e.g., ancient and modern); by topic (the
major topics being epistemology, logic, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics); and by
style (e.g., analytic philosophy).

Nature of Philosophy
Here we shall continue with what we have started in sec.1.2.
Every word has one or more meanings. What is the literal meaning of philosophy so that
we understand what it stood for in the beginning.
The word philosophy is derived from two Greek (Greek is the language of Greece, the
land of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle.) words philos and sophia. Philos stands for love and
sophia for wisdom. It stood for serious cultivation of the intellect and understanding. It
was a searching inquiry into the deeper values of life. But simply stating that philosophy
is love of wisdom does not carry any sense any more. For in the past, philosophy was
the only sustained search for knowledge. But these days you have a lot of other
branches of study. For instance, science. When you say philosophy is a love of wisdom
does it mean that there is no love of wisdom in science? You may try to bypass this
difficulty by differentiating between knowledge and wisdom. That knowledge is empirical
and wisdom is valuational. That knowledge is theoretical and wisdom is practical. And
while science strives for knowledge, philosophy strives for wisdom. But such a line of
argument many philosophers do not like. For them, love of wisdom is too old, too vague
and too wide a concept. Being imprecise, it cannot be accepted as a concept of
philosophy.
Then there is another difficulty which we have to encounter: the random and reckless
use of the term philosophy. It seems as if philosophy has no fixed meaning at all. For
anybody and everybody attaches it to any and every concept. There is philosophy of life,
philosophy of business, philosophy of science, philosophy of history and philosophy of
what not. While being so used - this term stands for the basic nature, aim, purpose of
the thing qualified. Or it may stand for the rationale - the logic of its being: why a thing
is such and such and not otherwise. The philosophy of your joining Krishna Kanta
Handique State Open University may be that you want more knowledge, better job,
higher achievement and satisfaction in life. Now, though this seems to be fairly sensible,
but it does not give the essential quality of the discipline or subject philosophy that is
taught in the universities.
Philosophy is the general name of some activities which are unique in themselves. You
can call it an umbrella concept under which some functions occur. For instance, you
know well how science is not a specific concept. It is also an umbrella concept under
which activities of physics, chemistry, biology, botany, psychology etc. take place.
Exactly in the same way, under the brand name or umbrella of philosophy, you have
some activities called epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics, theology etc. ( In
section 1.6 these names will be explained) There are some activities which together go
by the label philosophy. )
But what kind of a work philosophy in general is? What does a person while
philosophizing do? Many philosophers may quarrel about this essential nature of
philosophy. We will give you the broadest outlines of a philosophical activity from
dominant philosophical trends.
1. A strong and appealing trend is that philosophy is a systematic interpretation of
experiences. (Do you remember this definition given in section 1.2?) Human life is a
series of experiences, thoughts, memories, hopes and aspirations. If you carefully think,
you cannot have anything in your mind which was not at one point or another the
experience of you or somebody else. There cannot be absolutely imaginary ideas.
Normally, imaginary ideas have foundation in some experiences. You may talk of
immortality. It is the opposite of mortality that is our regular experience, i.e., seeing
someone dying. The idea of God is a cluster of ideas derived from various experiences -
of power, of intelligence, of kindness of forgiveness etc. The idea of a golden mountain is
derived from the experiences of gold and mountain joined together. The idea of a fairy is
derived by joining together the experience of beauty, girl, wings, magical power etc. The
idea of a square circle is derived from combining the experiences of a square and a
circle. The idea of a barren womans son is derived from the experiences of a barren
woman and a son. So, if even impossible ideas are derived from experiences, there need
not be any difficulty in assuming the fact of all ideas coming from experience.
Now, there are certain experiences that are very important and useful - but their nature
is not quite clear. For instance, we talk of knowledge, truth, beauty, goodness,
happiness, holiness, propriety, duty, freedom, change, law, punishment, virtue, sin,
suffering etc. These are universal experiences. And somebody has to explain their
nature and worth, origin and growth, impact on human life etc. Take an example: A boy
is standing on the pavement. An old woman comes and wants to cross the road but is
unable to do that. The boy takes her by the arm, slowly leads her across the road safely
to the other side. You see the whole thing. Do not you say, what a kind and good boy!
Everybody everywhere would feel like you. On the contrary, if the boy would have
pushed the woman and she had fallen down on the pavement - you would surely think,
How bad! What a cruel boy! Well, all would feel like that. But how many persons have
the time, competence and desire to go deeply into the problem What is goodness?
What is badness? etc. Similarly, there are universal experiences of truth, beauty,
happiness etc. All these experiences deserve thorough explanation.
Philosophy is that branch of study which systematically investigates not only the well-
known experiences, but all experiences leading to concepts, ideas, communication,
meaning and such issues. Here philosophy is a speculative discipline.
2. From the above, we reach a state where linguistic clarification and conceptual analysis
appears as the central point in philosophy. It is often accepted as linguistic analysis or
A critique of language. (Wittgenstein) Here philosophy is restricted to conceptual study
centering round language. It is taken as a second order study, not going to things or
realities but remaining confined to clarification of concepts. In such a concept of
philosophy, analysis is taken as a tool of clarification of concepts. These concepts are
useful only as constituents of propositions or statements.The statements are those
expressions which are either true or false, which in turn must be grounded on the real
world. Thus verification, clarity, brevity, precision, meaningfulness etc. become central
issues in philosophy. Not thing, but language is the raw material of philosophical
enquiry. Here philosophy is linguistic analysis.
(3) Again, there are other philosophers who confine themselves to intelligible experience
alone - and nothing else. They talk of ignoring the world from where the experience is
supposedly derived. The real world outside experience can be doubted, but the
phenomena that our mind constructs out of the experience cannot be doubted.
Therefore, study these phenomena carefully and intimately. Such philosophers concern
themselves with essences of things ignoring their existences. And they consider it as the
correct method of philosophy. Here philosophy is phenomenology.
(4) Yet others are there who revolt against such methods and standpoints. For them,
existence precedes essence, at least in the case of human beings. Hence, study of
human existence in all its limitation and grandeur, pains and anguishes, freedom and
responsibilities - become the nature of philosophy. Here philosophy is existentialism.
(5) Following one or the other way of philosophizing, you can reach certain conclusions.
Philosophy is actually both the process and the outcome. You may espouse a high and
noble life for human beings. You may deal with justice, goodness, democracy and such
other individual and social principles. You may also profess certain policies that might
warn you from being very sure about anything but yourself. You may be an idealist or a
realist, a spiritualist or a materialist. You may be a sceptic and a solipsist too (Do not be
puzzled by these terms. You will know about these as you continue to study philosophy.)
You may allow moral prescription as possible or you may totally denounce these as
emotive utterances, not permitted by logic. That does not mean that you will be very
selfish and bad; that only means that you cannot construct a rational philosophy
supportive of good life. But there are others who completely believe that philosophy
actually stands for justifying a good life!
Philosophy is a very vast area of work where lots of questions are asked and systematic
and logical answers to these are sought. It is the expression of the deep inquisitiveness
of human mind, ever restless and full of curiosity till a satisfactory answer is obtained.
There are other manners and methods (for instance, science) of satisfying curiosity, but
philosophy is the earliest and oldest of them all. It has the merit of being co-extensive
with human culture and civilization. Philosophy began when the first human being asked
a deep question and it will continue to be as long as such questions are asked.

Scope of Philosophy
By the term scope of anything you have to mean the area of work of that thing. When
you ask what is the scope of art- you mean with what kind of things is art connected,
what are the different works that art does, what are the causes, what are the uses and
abuses etc. In the same way, when you ask what is the scope of philosophy, you mean
the type of works that philosophy does. There may be a huge member of works that any
study or discipline might be doing and yet there are only some works which constitute
the core of a particular study. There are certain core areas in which philosophical
investigation is active. If these are demarcated, we shall have found the scope of
philosophy. You should take this as tentative information, for the final information is not
available. The scope keeps on increasing or expanding. Just as you cannot completely
specify the scope of science: whether it is physics, or physics and chemistry; or it
includes botany and biology and anthropology and psychology and sociology. You are
not sure. But about physics and chemistry, you are sure. In the same way, though you
cannot have a detailed scope of philosophy; it has to include the core areas of
philosophy.
These are:
(a) Epistemology
(b) Metaphysics
(c) Ethics
(d) Aesthetics
(e) Theology
(And the extensive list will be quite long)
We introduce each of these branches of philosophy to you very briefly.
(a) Epistemology is the philosophy of knowledge. It is often called theory of knowledge
also. We have the experience or concept or phenomenon of knowledge. Philosophy
explains that concept. And that is called epistemology. It is not knowledge of any other
thing, but discussion on the problem of knowledge itself. If you know about atoms in
physics, that constitutes the knowledge of atoms. In epistemology, you do not consider
knowledge of anything atom or molecule or whatever, but the fact of knowledge itself.
Here you study what is knowledge, how does it originate, what is its limitation, can we
know everything about a phenomenon, etc.

(b) Metaphysics is the philosophy or theory of the real. Knowledge that is studied in
epistemology automatically leads us to the question of the known. You know, but what
do you know? Knowledge is different from mere thought or imagination. Hence, like
thought is related to thing in order to be complete, knowledge is linked with the known
in order to be meaningful. So, philosophy has a distinct branch devoted to
understanding what is known. It considers the nature of the real. Whether the real
completely reveals itself in the process of knowing or a portion of it remains beyond the
reach of knowledge? That is, is there a scope for assuming that the known world and the
real world are fundamentally different? This is the famous problem of metaphysics
technically known as appearance and reality. It is at the heart of every metaphysical
enquiry. It is not necessary that you subscribe to any preconceived idea. You may have
reason to believe that the real completely unbares itself in the knowledge system. You
will be a realist then. You can also come to the conclusion that the real is totally
different from the appearance, but it can be known through some sort of insight. You
will be an idealist then. You may also reach a position that the real is there and it
upholds the apparent but it cannot be finally known, you will be an agnostic. You can
also have many more philosophically tenable positions. You can also argue quite
powerfully against the possibility and use of any subject like metaphysics. It is virtually
a philosophers paradise. With epistemology, metaphysics forms the core of any
philosophical inquiry.

(c) Ethics: After knowing what knowledge is and after grappling with the issue of the
known, you have learnt quite a bit about the world and your life in it. A question will
naturally arise in your mind. If the world is what it seems to be-then how shall I live in
this world? How do I behave in it? For you will be continuously facing more than one
alternative courses of action and you will be forced to choose among them. And you
have to use your discretion while choosing. Any consideration that you will bring to bear
on your choices will have what is commonly called the moral implication. If you are
walking on the pavement and an old man has fallen down- you will have two choices
before you: (a) let me pick up the person, (b) why should I waste my time? Let me
hurry up in my work. But you will see that there is an instinctive or rational (We cannot
specify what it is at this point) impulse in you to help the person. This is your voice of
conscience or your wisdom or whatever you might call it. But you feel like doing good.
This sense of goodness or propriety or duty is central to all human thought and
behaviour. Ethics is the study of human conduct based on moral impulses and wisdom.

(d) Aesthetics and (e) theology are also important branches of philosophy. The first is
concerned with the inquiry into the nature of beauty and the second investigates the
nature of religious experiences. In fact aesthetics is concerned with the creation and
appreciation of all arts. Theology, which constitutes a deep inquiry into religious
phenomena, is more commonly called philosophy of religion.

Starting with epistemology up to theology, you have seen what actually constitute the
subject matter of philosophical inquiry. This does not constitute the entire scope of
philosophy. There are other areas like society, politics, human rights, feminism,
environment etc. which can be important aspects of philosophical enquiry.

School of thought

A school of thought (or intellectual tradition) is a collection or group of people who share
common characteristics of opinion or outlook of a philosophy, discipline, belief, social
movement, economics, cultural movement, or art movement.

A particular idea or set of ideas held by a specific group; doctrine. Any idea that a group
strongly believes in, be it through practicing this idea in their everyday life or through
fighting for its adoption, can be considered a school of thought. "Although many people
today subscribe to the school of thought that everyone should have equal rights,
decades ago this belief was not widely held."

Use school of thought in a sentence

I am lucky that most of the people I work with generally agree on most concepts
and have the same school of thought when it comes to making decisions.
I did not agree with his school of thought and thought it had a lot of faults in it,
that were not really true, or even interesting.
You need to try and get everyones opinion so that you can fully break down
the school of thought and come up with the right plan.