09 Heat Transfer-08

Heat transfer
Heat = amount of energy that is transferred from one

system to another (or between system and
surroundings) as a result of temperature difference
The origin of energy transfer is the random motion of molecules
Heat is transferred by
- thermal conduction
- convection
- radiation
Fouriers Law of Thermal Conduction
T(x)
1 dQx
Jx
Jx A dt
Jx = heat flux,
dT/dx dQx/dt = the rate of heat flow
x A = cross-sectional area
HOT T COLD
dQ dT
dQ
dt Jx = =
HEAT A
dt dx
dT/dx = temperature gradient
x
= thermal conductivity
Fig. 2.19: Heat flow in a metal rod heated at one end. Consider the rate [] = W m-1 K-1 or W m-1 0C-1
of heat flow, dQ/dt, across a thin section x of the rod. The rate of
heat flow is proportional to the temperature gradient T/ x and the
cross sectional area A.
From Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Second Edition, S.O. Kasap ( McGraw-Hill, 2002)
http://Materials.Usask.Ca
dC
Reminder: = D Ficks First Law
dx
Thermal Conductivities of various materials
Essential Heat Transfer for Electrical Engineers ( S.O. Kasap, 2003: v.2.02) An e-Booklet
Strong metallic
bonding
Strong covalent
bonding
Weak Van-der-Waals
bonding
Wiedemann Franz - Lorenz Law
450
Ag

Thermal conductivity, (W K-1 m-1)
400
Ag-3Cu Cu
8 2
= CWFL = 2.4510 W K
T
Ag-20Cu
300
= T CWFL Au

200
Al
= thermal conductivity
Be
W
Mo
Mg = electrical conductivity
Ni Brass (Cu-30Zn)
100
Bronze (95Cu-5Sn) T = temperature
Steel (1080)
0
Pd-40Ag
Hg CWFL = Lorenz number
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Electrical conductivity, , 10 m
6 -1 -1
Fig. 2.20: Thermal conductivity, vs. electrical conductivity for

various metals (elements and alloys) at 20 C. The solid line
represents the WFL law with CWFL 2.44108 W K-2.
Wiedemann Franz - Lorenz Law
450
Ag

400
Ag-3Cu Cu
8 2
= CWFL = 2.4510 W K
T
Ag-20Cu
300
= T CWFL Au

200
Al
50000= thermal conductivity
Be
10000= electricalCopper

W
Mo
Mg conductivity
Ni Brass (Cu-30Zn)
100
Bronze (95Cu-5Sn) T = temperature
Aluminum
Steel (1080) 1000
0
Pd-40Ag
Hg CWFL = Lorenz number
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 100 Brass (70Cu-30Zn)
Electrical conductivity, , 10 m
6 -1 -1
Al-14%Mg
Fig. 2.20: Thermal conductivity, vs. electrical conductivity for 10
various metals (elements and alloys) at 20 C. The solid line 1 10 100 1000
Temperature (K)
represents the WFL law with CWFL 2.44108 W K-2.
Thermal
From Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Second Edition, S.O. Kasap ( McGraw-Hill, 2002)conductivity vs. temperature for two pure metals (Cu and Al)
http://Materials.Usask.Ca and two alloys (brass and Al-14%Mg). Data extracted from
Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 1: Thermal Conductivity,
Metallic Elements and Alloys, Y.S. Touloukian et. al (Plenum, New
York, 1970).
Strong metallic
bonding
Strong covalent
bonding
Weak Van-der-Waals
bonding
Thermal conduction in metals and some insulators
Metals Insulators with very strong covalent bonding

Ag, Cu, Al ... C (diamond), BeO (beryllia), ...
HOT COLD
HEAT
Equilibrium
Hot Cold
Energetic atomic vibrations
Fig. 2.22: Conduction of heat in insulators involves the generation

and propogation of atomic vibrations through the bonds that couple
the atoms. (An intuitive figure.)
Electron Gas Vibrating Cu+ ions
Heat is transferred as atomic vibrations

Heat is transferred by conduction electrons
due to strong bonding between atoms
Parabolic heat equation
2T T
Dth 2 = where Dth = thermal diffusitivity
c
x t = density
c = specific heat capacity
Heat flow in Heat flow out =

= Rate of heat accumulation in volume x
T
Rate of heat accumulation in volume x = x c
t
J x 2T
Heat flow in Heat flow out = Jx(x)- Jx(x+x) = x = 2 x
x x
2C ( x, t ) C ( x, t )
Reminder: D = Ficks Second Law
x 2 t
Fouriers Law Jx =
dQ
=
dT
dt dx
T T
Q = A = Jx
1 dQx
L (L / A) A dt
Q = rate of heat flow or the heat current, A = cross-sectional area,

= thermal conductivity (material-dependent constant of
proportionality), T = temperature difference between ends of
component, L = length of component
Ohms Law
V V
I= =
R (L / A)
I = electric current, V = voltage difference across the conductor, R =
resistance, L = length, = conductivity, A = cross-sectional area
Fouriers Law
T T
Q = A =
L (L / A) =
Q = rate of heat flow or the heat current, A = cross-sectional area,

= thermal conductivity (material-dependent constant of
proportionality), T = temperature difference between ends of
component, L = length of component
Ohms Law
V V
I= =
R (L / A) =R
I = electric current, V = voltage difference across the conductor, R =
resistance, L = length, = conductivity, A = cross-sectional area
Definition of Thermal Resistance
T
Q =

Q = rate of heat flow, T = temperature difference, = thermal
resistance
Thermal Resistance
L
=
A
= thermal resistance, L = length, A = cross-sectional area, =
thermal conductivity
Analogy between thermal and electrical phenomena
THERMAL PHENOMENA ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA

Q = rate of heat flow I = Current
T = temperature difference V = bias (voltage)
= thermal resistance R = resistance
Heat reservoir T Q = T/ Force)
EMF (Electromotive
Absolute
Hot zero Cold
Ground T
T Heat generator
Q Q
Current supply
Q V
Q = I=
A R

L
(a) (b)
Fig. 2.23: Conduction of heat through a component in (a) can be

modeled as a thermal resistance shown in (b) where Q = T/.
Heat reservoir EMF (Electromotive Force)
Absolute zero Ground
Heat generator Current supply
Ti T0 Q=(Ti-T0)/
IR2
C = thermal capacitance C = capacitance
Q = C T Q = C V
T V
Q = C I =C
t t
Analogy between thermal and electrical phenomena.
Equivalent circuit of transistor

C = thermal capacitance C = capacitance
Transistor specifications: estimation of required heat sink
BJT(2N3716) Pd = 15 W Tj= 110 0C
jc= 1.17 0C/W
cs= 0.5 0C/W
sa= ??
T0= 25 0C
T j T0 T j T0
ja = jc +cs + sa P d = Q' = =
ja jc + cs + sa
ja =
T j T0
=
1100 C 250 C
= 5.67 0 C / W
ca = ja -jc - cs = 5.67- 1.17 0.5 = 4 0C/W
Pd 15W
dT
Q ' = (2rL)
dr
dr
Q' = (2L)dT
r
b T
' dr
0
Q = (2L) dT
a
r Ti
b
Q ' ln( ) = 2L(Ti T0 )
a
b
2L(Ti T0 ) ln( )
T T
Q' = = i ' 0= a
b Q 2L
ln( )
a
b
a = 5 mm L ln( )
b = 3 mm Q' = I 2 = 85.9W = a = 0.250 C / W
= 27 n m aluminum a 2 2L
= 0.3 W m-1 K-1 polyethylene
I = 500 A
L=1m
T = Q ' = 21.50 C Ti = 41.50 C
Transistor specifications:
derated power
Tj= 150 0C
jc= ?
cs= 0
Pmax=?
sa= 5 0C/W
T0= 25 0C
Transistor specifications: non-steady-state regime
Stefans law Pradiated = s S (T T ) 4
0
4
s = 5.6710-8 Wm-2K-4 Stefans constant,

= emissivity of the surface,
S = surface area emitting the radiation,
T = temperature of the surface,
T0 = ambient temperature
Effective thermal resistance
T>>T0
Emissivities of different materials
What is the temperature of the filament?
40 W
P = 40 W
V = 120 V
0.333 A
L = 38.1 cm
D = 33 m
(273K) = 5.5110-8 m
(T)~ T1.2
120 V
Power radiated from a light bulb at 2408 C is equal to the electrical

power dissipated in the filament.
What is the temperature of filament in electric bulb ?
40 W
P = 40 W
T = ?? V = 120 V
L = 38.1 cm
0.333 A
D = 33 m
___________________
120 V
s = 5.6710-8 Wm-2K-4
= 0.35 - 0.39
Power radiated from a light bulb at 2408 C is equal to the electrical
power dissipated in the filament.
P = Pradiated = s S (T 4 T04 ) S = DL = 3.14 33 10 6 0.381m 2 = 3.95 10 5 m 2
40W = (0.35)(5.67 10 8 )(3.95 10 5 )(T 4 (293K ) 4 ) T = 2673K
TW = 3680 K
Emission spectra of heated bodies
T=2673 K Sun spectrum

-- in outer space
-- on equator
-- slanting sunlight
T=6050 K 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500

Wavelength, nm
How long does it take to light an electric bulb ?
tf = 0.042 s = 42 ms
Convection
SOLID
GAS
V
M v
m
Gas Atom
Fig. 1.23: Solid in equilibrium in air. During collisions between the

gas and solid atoms, kinetic energy is exchanged.
Convection : Newtons law of cooling
Newtons law of cooling Q = hS (Ts T0 )

'
Q = heat flow, Ts = temperature of the surface,

h = coefficient of convective heat transfer, T0 = ambient temperature
S = surface area ,
1000 -
P = 750 W
S = 1m 0.75m
h 6 W m-2 0C-1
____________________
T = ??
Solution
T
P = Q' = = hS T
convection
P 750W
T = = 2 0 1
= 83.30 => T = 83.3 + 25 = 108.30 C
hS (6Wm C ) 2 (1m 0.75m)
= 0.76 Wm-1 0C-1 S = 1m 0.75m
Ti = 250C l = 10 mm
hi = 15 W m-2 0C-1
T1
T2 ho = 25 W m-2 0C-1
________________________________
To = -400C
T1 = ?? T2 = ?? Q = ??
S = 1m 0.75m
= 0.76 Wm-1 0C-1
l = 10 mm
hi = 15 W m-2 0C-1
Ti = 250C ho = 25 W m-2 0C-1
________________________________
ho = 25 W m-2 0C-1
T1 T1 = ?? T2 = ?? Q = ??
T2
hi = 15 W m-2 0C-1 To = -400C
T2 = -18.5 0C
T1 = -11.2 0C
= 18 n m
I = 700 A
a = 5 mm
b-a = 1.5 mm
c-b = 2 mm
1 = 0.3 W m-1 0C-1
2 = 0.25 W m-1 0C-1
T0 = 200C
h = 25 W m-2 K-1
T = ?? Th = ??
= 18 n m
I = 700 A
a = 5 mm
b-a = 1.5 mm
c-b = 2 mm
1 = 0.3 W m-1 0C-1
2 = 0.25 W m-1 0C-1
T0 = 200C
h = 25 W m-2 K-1
T = ?? Th = ??
ASSUMPTIONS
dT
Q ' = (2rL)
dr
dr
Q' = (2L)dT
r
b T
' dr
0
Q = (2L) dT
a
r Ti
b
Q ' ln( ) = 2L(Ti T0 )
a
b
2L(Ti T0 ) ln( )
T T a
Q' = = i ' 0 =
b Q 2L
ln( )
a
b
a = 5 mm L ln( )
b = 3 mm Q' = I 2 = 85.9W = a = 0.250 C / W
= 27 n m aluminum a 2 2L
= 0.3 W m-1 K-1 polyethylene
I = 500 A
L=1m
T = Q ' = 21.50 C Ti = 41.50 C
= 18 n m
I = 700 A
a = 5 mm
b-a = 1.5 mm
c-b = 2 mm
b
ln( )
1 = 0.3 W m-1 0C-1
= a 2 = 0.25 W m-1 0C-1
2L T0 = 200C
h =
T = ?? Th = ??
Thermal Resistance
Ti = 58.9 0C
= 18 n m
I = 700 A
a = 5 mm
b-a = 1.5 mm
c-b = 2 mm
1 = 0.3 W m-1 0C-1
2 = 0.25 W m-1 0C-1
T0 = 200C
h = 25 W m-2 K-1
T = 58.90C Th = ??
h = h =25 W m-2 K-1
= 18 n m
I = 700 A
a = 5 mm
b-a = 1.5 mm
c-b = 2 mm
1 = 0.3 W m-1 0C-1
TC 2 = 0.25 W m-1 0C-1
T0 T0 = 200C
h = 25 W m-2 K-1
T = 58.90C Th = ??
!!!
T0 = 250C
Tj = 1000C
S = 100 cm2 =0.01 m2
= 0.75
h = 10 W m-2 K-1
jc = 15 0C/W
cs = 1 0C/W
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pd = ??
convective transfer is more important

radiation = 15.4 0C/W
> convection = 10 0C/W
sink 6.0 0C/W
= 5W

09 Heat Transfer-08

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09 Heat Transfer-08

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Heat transfer

Heat = amount of energy that is transferred from one

The origin of energy transfer is the random motion of molecules

Fig. 2.20: Thermal conductivity, vs. electrical conductivity for

Thermal conductivity, (W K-1 m-1)

Metals Insulators with very strong covalent bonding

Energetic atomic vibrations

Fig. 2.22: Conduction of heat in insulators involves the generation

Electron Gas Vibrating Cu+ ions

Heat is transferred as atomic vibrations

Heat flow in Heat flow out =

Q = rate of heat flow or the heat current, A = cross-sectional area,

Q = rate of heat flow or the heat current, A = cross-sectional area,

THERMAL PHENOMENA ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA

Fig. 2.23: Conduction of heat through a component in (a) can be

THERMAL PHENOMENA ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA

BJT(2N3716) Pd = 15 W Tj= 110 0C

jc= 1.17 0C/W

cs= 0.5 0C/W

s = 5.6710-8 Wm-2K-4 Stefans constant,

Effective thermal resistance

Power radiated from a light bulb at 2408 C is equal to the electrical

P = Pradiated = s S (T 4 T04 ) S = DL = 3.14 33 10 6 0.381m 2 = 3.95 10 5 m 2

40W = (0.35)(5.67 10 8 )(3.95 10 5 )(T 4 (293K ) 4 ) T = 2673K

T=2673 K Sun spectrum

T=6050 K 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500

Fig. 1.23: Solid in equilibrium in air. During collisions between the

Newtons law of cooling Q = hS (Ts T0 )

Q = heat flow, Ts = temperature of the surface,

h = h =25 W m-2 K-1

convective transfer is more important

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