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Culture of Mysore
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Festivals
Dasara
The Dasara festivities were first started by the Wodeyar King, Raja
Wodeyar I (15781617 CE) in 1610.[3] The Mysore Palace is lit up on all
the 10 days of Dasara. The festivities begin with the Wodeyar royal couple
performing a special puja to Goddess Chamundeshwari in the Chamundi
Chamundi Temple atop Chamundi
Temple located on the top of Chamundi Hill at Mysore. This would be
Hill at Mysore.
followed by a special durbar (royal assembly).Kings wore the traditional
Mysore Peta as headgear during the Durbar (court of Indian or princley
state's kings) time or in a ceremonial procession during the Dassara
celebrations. It was during the reign of Krishnaraja Wodeyar III in 1805,
when the king started the tradition of having a special durbar in the Mysore
Palace during Dasara; which was attended by members of the royal family,
special invitees, officials and the masses. The King and men attending King's
court wore the conventional attire called the durbar dress which comprised a
black long coat with white trousers and a compulsory Mysore Peta. This
A lit up Mysore Palace, the center
tradition has been continued even now with the current scion of the
of all Dasara festivities held in
Wodeyar family, Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wodeyar holding a private
Mysore.
durbar during Dasara. The ninth day of Dasara called as Mahanavami is
also an auspicious day on which the royal sword is worshipped and is taken
on a procession involving elephants, camels and horses.[4]
On Vijayadashami, the traditional Dasara procession (locally known as Jumboo Savari) is held on the streets of
Mysore city. The main attraction of this procession is the idol of the Goddess Chamundeshwari which is placed on
a golden mantapa on the top of a decorated elephant. This idol is worshipped by the royal couple and other invitees
before it is taken around in the procession. Colourful tableaux, dance groups, music bands, decorated elephants,
horses and camels form a part of the procession which starts from the Mysore Palace and culminates at a place
called Bannimantap where the banni tree (Prosopis spicigera) is worshipped. According to a legend of the
Mahabharata, banni tree was used by the Pandavas to hide their arms during their one-year period of Agnatavasa
(living life incognito). Before undertaking any warfare, the kings traditionally worshipped this tree to help them
emerge victorious in the war.[4] The Dasara festivities would culminate on the night of Vijayadashami with an event
held in the grounds at Bannimantap called as Panjina Kavayatthu (torch-light parade).
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Another major attraction during Dasara is the Dasara exhibition which is held in the exhibition grounds opposite to
the Mysore Palace. This exhibition starts during Dasara and goes on till December. Various stalls which sell items
like clothes, plastic items, kitchenware, cosmetics and eatables are set up and they attract a significant number of
people. A play area containing attractions like ferris-wheel is also present to provide entertainment to the people.
Various Governmental agencies setup stalls to signify the achievements and projects that they have undertaken.
On all the 10 days of Dasara, various music and dance concerts are held in auditoriums around Mysore city.
Musicians and dance groups from all over India are invited to perform on this occasion. Another attraction during
Dasara is the Kusti Spardhe (wrestling-bout) which attracts wrestlers from all around India.[5]
Palaces
Wodeyar kings of Mysore have built quite a few palaces in Mysore and this has earned the city the sobriquet of
City of Palaces. Following are the palaces present here:
Ambavilas Palace
This is the main palace of Mysore and also termed as Mysore Palace. This
palace was built in 1912 at a cost of Rs.4,150,000 in the Indo-Sarcenic
style.[6] The earlier wooden palace that existed at this location got burnt in a
fire during the wedding of Jayalakshammanni, the eldest daughter of
Chamaraja Wodeyar, in February 1897.[7] The architect of this palace was
Mr. Henry Irwin and the consulting engineer was Mr E W Fritchley.[6] The
palace is a three storied structure with the tallest tower with a gilded dome The Ambavilas Palace or Mysore
rising to 145 feet above ground. In the first floor is the grand Durbar hall, Palace.
where the kings used to hold their assembly. Some of the other important
halls within the palace are Kalyana Mantap (the wedding hall), Gombe
Thotti (hall of dolls) and Amba Vilasa (private hall). Lifelike paintings,
murals, arms, trophies, stained glass windows and decorated domes
enhance the arhcitectural splendour of this palace.[7] This is the center of all
festivities during the Dasara.
Jaganmohan Palace
This palace was built in 1905 by Chamaraja Wodeyar for his eldest daughter Jayalakshmi Devi. This mansion has
three wings and contains a series of twin Corinthian and Ionic columns, regal pediments and oval ventilators. The
mansion was originally built with a cost of Rs.700,000.[7] This mansion was acquired by the Mysore University to
house its post-graduate campus. It was renovated in 2002 from funding provided by Infosys foundation.[9] The
main hall in this mansion is the Kalyana Mantapa which has an eight-petal shaped dome with stained glass
windows with a gold-plated Kalasha(tower) at the top. A new gallery called as Writer's Gallery has been created
in the Kalyana Mantapa hall that will exhibit personal items, photographs, awards and writings of renowned
writers of Kannada.[9] A special illumination system has also been added to
this heritage structure. This mansion is said to be the first university museum
complex in the country.[9]
Lalitha Mahal
The architect of this palace was Mr E W Fritchley. The palace was built by
Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV in 1921 for the exclusive stay of the Viceroy of
India. The palace is pure white in colour and is built in the style of Italian
The Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion in
palazzo with twin Ionic columns and domes. It also has a sprawling terrace
Mysore.
and landscaped gardens.[10] This palace has now been converted into a five-
star hotel belonging to the Ashok Group of Hotels. The interior of this palace
contains venation marble floors, rosewood furniture and a stately balustrade
staircase. The central hall in the palace contains life size portraits of the
royalty, lithographs, motifs, a Belgian glass dome and carved wood shutters.
An ancient elevator, still in working condition, is also present.
Rajendra Vilas
This is a palace atop the Chamundi Hill. This was conceived in the 1920s The Lalitha Mahal in Mysore.
and completed in 19381939. This was built as a summer palace for the
Wodeyar kings. This palace is currently owned by the current scion of the
royal family, Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wodeyar. There are plans to
convert this into a Heritage hotel.[11]
Cheluvamba Mansion
This mansion was built by Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV for his third daughter,
Cheluvarajammanni. It now houses the CFTRI (Central Food and
Technological Research Institute). The entrance gate of Mysore
Palace.
Painting
Mysore painting
The traditional form of painting called as Mysore painting is an offshoot of the Vijayanagar school of Painting. With
the fall of the Vijayanagar empire, the artists who were involved in the Vijayanagar Paintings were rendered jobless.
The Wodeyar king, Raja Wodeyar (15781617 CE) rehabilitated these artists in Srirangapatna and under his
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patronage, a new form of painting called as Mysore painting evolved.[12] These artists employed by the king made
use of locally available materials to do the paintings. Squirell hair was used as a brush by tying the hair with a silken
thread and inserting them into the narrow end of a quill. A cloth spread over a wooden plank formed the painting
board. Properly burnt tamarind sticks were used as a sketching charcoal. The main attraction of these paintings was
the gesso work in which gold foils were pasted on appropriate regions on
the painting. Gesso was used for depicting intricate designs of clothes,
jewellery and architectural details.[12] Stories from the Ramayana,
Mahabharata, Bhagavata Purana and Jain epics formed the basis of these
paintings. Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar (Krishnaraja Wodeyar III) was
instrumental in the growth of the Mysore painting form and is said to have
commissioned more than 1000 portraits during his reign. Many of these
paintings can still be seen on the walls of the Jaganmohan Palace at
Mysore.[13]
Mysore painting depicting Hindu
Ganjifa Art goddess Lakshmi.
Carpentry
Rosewood Inlay work
Fashion
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The attire of majority of people in Mysore resembles those of the rest of South India. The gents prefer to wear lungi
at home whereas shirt and pants is the preferred attire outdoors. The female populace generally wear a saree or a
salwar kameez outdoors; whereas a saree or a gown (mostly by the younger
generation) is the preferred dress indoors. For formal occasions like
marriage, females mostly prefer to wear a silk saree with gold jewellery.
Western attire like jeans, Bermuda shorts and skirts find lot of favour with
the younger generation.
Mysore is the home of the famous Indian feminine wear, the Mysore silk Mysore silk saree with golden
saree. Mysore Silk is a trademark for the silk sarees produced by KSIC zari.
Cuisine
The cuisine of Mysore resembles to a large extent the Udupi cuisine. Rice is
the staple food item used in cooking and various spices are also used. A
breakfast mostly includes dishes made of rice of which idli and dosa are
prevalent. Vada is another popular breakfast item mostly prepared only in
hotels. Other popular breakfast dishes include shavige bath (spicy dish
made of vermicelli), rava idli, oggarane avalakki (seasoned beaten rice),
Pongal and Poori. A lunch or dinner spread generally includes steamed rice,
chutney, sambar, pickle, curry, gojju (a sweet curry), rasam, papad and
curds. Some of the rice based dishes that form a part of the lunch are Bisi Masala Dosa served with sambar
bele bath (a spicy rice preparation with vegetables), vangi baath (rice and chutney, a common breakfast
mixed with brinjal curry), chitranna (rice mixed with seasoning, turmeric in Mysore.
and lemon juice or raw mango scrapes) and Puliyogare. Chapati is another
lunch item preferred nowadays. In formal occasions like marriage, the food is served on a plantain leaf and would
include additional items like sweets and Kosambari apart from the ones mentioned above. Some of the popular
sweet dishes are rave unde (sweet balls made of semolina and coconut scrapes), ladoo, payasam, Mysore Pak
and jalebi. It is customary to eat adike (arecanut) with betel leaf after the lunch/dinner. Coffee (Indian filter coffee)
is the preferred beverage in homes. Some of the snacks that are prevalent here are chakkuli, khara mandakki
(spicy puffed rice), churmuri and kodubale (a doughnut shaped spicy snack made of fried semolina). In the last few
years, chaat, pizzas and items belonging to Indian Chinese cuisine have become popular mostly with the younger
generation. Mysore has also lent its name to the sweet-dish Mysore Pak and the Mysore Masala Dosa.
Institutions
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CAVA
Rangayana
Dhvanyaloka
Dhvanyaloka is an institution dedicated to the advanced study and research in English literature. It was started in
1979 by Prof. C. D. Narasimhaiah (popularly known as CDN). This institution publishes a journal called as
Literary Criterion which contains articles related to literature. Some of the other books published by this institution
includes Kipling's India, Bhakti in Indian literature, Indian poetics in application, Western writers on India, the
Vitality of West Indian Writing, Glimpses of New Zealand Literature, T. S. Eliot and the Indian Literary Scene and
Indian literature in English
Museums
The following museums exist in Mysore:
Regional Museum of Natural History: This museum is located on the banks of the Karanji lake in Mysore
and has exhibits related to biological diversity, ecology and geology of Southern India.[20]
Folk Lore Museum: This museum is located in the University of Mysore campus and exhibits over 6500 folk
art and crafts from all over the state of Karnataka.[21]
Rail Museum: This museum is located near the Mysore Railway station and is the second one of its kind
established in India after the one at Delhi. This museum exhibits ancient locomotives and carriages some of
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Drama
Hirannaiah: Mysore has given to the Kannada theatre world; one of its stalwarts in the form of Senior
Hirannaiah, the father of the well known dramatist and comedian, Master Hirannaiah. Hirannaiah was born in
Mysore in 1905. He has produced some of the famous Kannada dramas like Devadasi, Sadaarame and
Yechamma Nayaka. His drama Sadaarame is said to have run at full house in the Town Hall at Mysore for
a continuous 48 days. Also his drama Devadasi set a record run of being played for a continuous five
months. He was also the founder member of the drama troupe called Mithra Mandali. For his contribution
to the field of drama, he received the title of Cultural Comedian from the Mysore king. He died on 21
March 1953. One of his famous quotes says, Drama is the best type of art and the worst type of
profession.[23]
B. V. Karanth: B. V. Karanth is an alumnus of the National School of Drama who also later became its
director. He has directed many Kannada plays and movies. His movie Chomana Dudi (Choma's drum) has
won the National Award for the Best Film. His contribution has been recognised by the Government of India
who awarded him the Padma Shri award. His association with Mysore was from the year 19891995 when
he was the director of Rangayana, the famous theatre institution at Mysore.
Literature
R.K. Narayan: R.K. Narayan is one of the best known English novelist from India. Most of his writings are
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based on a fictional Indian town called Malgudi. Narayan spent most of his life in Mysore where his father
was the headmaster of Maharaja's High School. He has a Bachelor of Arts degree from University of
Mysore. His first published novel was Swami and Friends. Though Narayan faced hurdles while publishing
this novel, he was able to succeed in publishing it with the help of Graham Greene.[25] Some of his other
famous novels are The Guide, The Man-Eater of Malgudi, The English Teacher and The World of Nagaraj.
The Guide was made into a very famous Hindi film and this also
earned him the National Award from Sahitya Akademi. Most of his
short stories related to Malgudi have been made a part of a tele serial
called as Malgudi Days which was directed by Shankar Nag. The
Government of India has awarded him the Padma Vibhushan for his
contribution to the English Literature. Some of the characters in his
novels, like Raju (in The Guide), Sampath (in Mr. Sampath - The
Printer of Malgudi) and Margayya (in The Financial Expert) are said
to be real life Mysoreans.[26] Naryan's younger brother R. K. Mysore's Kukkarahally Lake,
Laxman is a well known cartoonist. source of inspiration for writers
like Kuvempu.
R. K. Laxman: R. K. Laxman is the younger brother of R.K. Narayan
and is a well known cartoonist. He was born in Mysore in 1924. His
most famous cartoon creation is that of The Common Man. He graduated from the University of Mysore.
He drew illustrations for his brother Narayan's stories in The Hindu. Later, he joined The Times of India;
an association that continued for over fifty years. Laxman is best known for his daily one panel comic
"pocket cartoon" series published daily in The Times of India called You Said It; which features The
Common Man; and chronicles the state of Indian life. The Government of India has awarded him the Padma
Vibhushan award.
Gopalakrishna Adiga: Gopalakrishna Adiga was one of the father's of Modern Kannada poetry. He is
known as the pioneer of the Kannada New style form of poetry[27] and was part of a trinity of great modern
Kannada poets along with Kuvempu and Shivaram Karanth.[28] He did his higher education in Mysore
where he earned his Master's degree in English literature from Mysore University and was also a recipient of
the BMS Gold Medal for Poetry awarded by that University. In the 1950s and 1960s, Adiga was a teacher
of English literature in Mysore.
Music
The Mysore brothers, Dr. Mysore Manjunath and Mysore Nagaraj, are world-renowned violin maestros from the
city of Mysore; sons of veteran musician Sangita Vidya Nidhi Vidwan Mahadevappa, the brothers' outstanding
musicianship and astounding virtuosity made them some of the best violin players in the contemporary music world.
They represent the genre of Carnatic music and have collaborated with numerous world-class musicians in
countless countries at major music festivals and conferences.
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Mysore has to its credit many renowned musicians like Raghu Dixit and Vijay Prakash to name a few. Mysore even
witnessed a musical fight against corruption in January 2012 when a song called 'Alarm wake up guys' was
released. The music for the song was composed by a young Mysorean named Phalgunn Maharishi and Kannada
lyrics were written by Suraj Shankar, who also hails from Mysore. They are the grandsons of a noted novelist from
Mysore, Mrs. Mangala Satyan. Their hard work was appreciated by many people when the song was premiered
by TV9 Karnataka and many newspapers wrote about the two cousins and their work on Alarm.
See also
Official Mysore Tourism Web Site (http://www.mysoretourism.org/)
Official Election Website of Mysore www.mysoreelections.com (http://www.mysoreelections.com/)
Notes
1. ^ A reference to Mysore city as a cultural capital is mentioned by The Correspondent. "Goodbye to old traditions in
'cultural capital' " (http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar172006/state1751562006316.asp). Online
Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2006-03-17. 2005, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. Retrieved 2007-04-04.
2. ^ Contribution of Wodeyar kings to the art and culture of Mysore city is discussed by Shankar Bennur. "Dasara on
canvas" (http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/Sep262006/spectrum1338232006925.asp). Online Edition
of The Deccan Herald, dated 2006-09-26. 2005, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. Retrieved 2007-04-04.
3. ^ Detailed account of the Dasara festival celebrated at Mysore is provided by Ravi Sharma. "Mysore Dasara: A
historic festival" (http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021005611300.htm). Online Edition of The
Frontline, Volume 22 Issue 21, dated 2005-10-08:2005-10-21. 2005, Frontline. Retrieved 2007-04-04.
4. ^ a b Detailed account of the Mysore Dasara festival is provided by Prabuddha Bharata. "Mysore Dasara A Living
Tradition" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070307104723/http://www.esamskriti.com/html/inside.asp?
cat=441&subcat=440&cname=mysodasa). Webpage of eSamskriti.com. Shri Sanjeev Nayyar. Archived from the
original (http://www.esamskriti.com/html/inside.asp?cat=441&subcat=440&cname=mysodasa) on 7 March 2007.
Retrieved 2007-04-04.
5. ^ Details regarding Dasara Wrestling competition held in Mysore is provided by Shankar Bennur. "Dasara wrestling
to offer 'thunder' bouts" (http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/Sep302005/district1752292005929.asp).
Online Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2005-09-30. 2005, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. Retrieved
2007-04-04.
6. ^ a b A brief description of the palaces in Mysore is provided by Shankar Bennur. "Of monumental value"
(http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr192005/spectrum1137332005417.asp). Online Edition of The
Deccan Herald, dated 2005-04-19. Copyright 2005, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
7. ^ a b c d Detailed description of the palaces in Mysore is provided by "Palaces of Mysore"
(http://www.mysoresamachar.com/palacesinmysore.htm). Online Webpage of MysoreSamachar.com.
MysoreSamachar.com. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
8. ^ A brief description about Jaganmohana Palace is provided by National Informatics Centre. "JaganMohana Palace"
(http://www.mysore.nic.in/tourism_JaganmohanaPalace.htm). Official website of the Mysore District. District
Administration, Mysore. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
9. ^ a b c A description about Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion is provided by R. Krishna Kumar (24 July 2006). "It is a real
treasure trove" (http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/24/stories/2006072405680400.htm). Online Edition of The
Hindu, dated 2006-07-24 (Chennai, India: 2006, The Hindu). Retrieved 2007-04-11.
10. ^ Profile of the Lalitha Mahal is provided by "Lalitha Mahal Palace Hotel"
(http://www.lalithamahalpalace.com/prof.html). Online Webpage of Lalitha Mahal Palace Hotel. 20032004
Lalitha Mahal Palace Hotel. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
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11. ^ Restoration work at Rajendra Vilas Palace is discussed by R. Krishna Kumar (18 August 2005). "Looking beyond
the heritage tag" (http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/18/stories/2005081802420200.htm). Online Webpage of The
Hindu, 2005-08-18 (Chennai, India: 2005, the Hindu). Retrieved 2007-04-11.
12. ^ a b A detailed account of the traditional form of Mysore painting is provided in "Mysore Painting"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20070928025501/http://www.indianfolklore.org/pdf/visualart/Mysore.pdf) (PDF).
Online Website:IndianFolkLore.org. National Folklore Support Centre. Archived from the original
(http://www.indianfolklore.org/pdf/visualart/Mysore.pdf) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
13. ^ A brief description the traditional Mysore Painting is provided by K. L. Kamat. "Mysore Traditional Paintings
An Introduction" (http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/myspaint/intro.htm). Webpage of Kamat's Potpourri. Kamat's
Potpourri. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
14. ^ An account on Ganjifa is provided by Correspondent. "Patent for Ganjifa Playing Cards"
(http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/ganjifa1.htm). Webpage of OurKarnataka.com. Star of
Mysore. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
15. ^ An article on Rosewood inlay work is provided by Pushpa Chari (30 May 2002). "Intricate Patterns"
(http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/30/stories/2002053000390200.htm). Online Edition of The Hindu,
dated 2002-05-30 (Chennai, India: 2002, The Hindu). Retrieved 2007-04-05.
16. ^ Trademark for Mysore Silk is obtained by KSIC reports Bureau. "Mysore Silk gets geographical indication"
(http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/12/17/stories/2005121702100200.htm). Online Edition of The Hindu
Business Line, dated 2005-12-17. 2005, The Hindu. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
17. ^ a b Details regarding Mysore silk is provided by "Mysore Silk weaving & Printing silk products"
(http://www.ksicsilk.com/mysorefactory.htm). Online Webpage of KSIC. Karnataka Silk Industries Corporation.
Retrieved 2007-04-09.
18. ^ Innovation in Mysore silk saree is mentioned by Aruna Chandaraju. "Modern MYSURU"
(http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/03/05/stories/2005030502400300.htm). Online Webpage of The
Hindu, dated 2005-03-05. 2005, The Hindu. Retrieved 2007-04-22.
19. ^ A brief profile of Rangayana is presented by "About Rangayana" (http://www.rangayana.org/profile.htm). Online
webpage of Rangayana, Rangayana.org. Rangayana. Retrieved 2007-04-06.
20. ^ An overview of the Regional Museum of Natural History is provided by National Informatics Centre. "Regional
Museum of Natural History, Mysore" (http://nmnh.nic.in/mysore.htm). Online Webpage of National Museum of
Natural History. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
21. ^ An overview of the Folk Lore Museum is provided by "Mysore"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20070228104913/http://www.karnatakatourism.org/sites/mysore.html). Online
Webpage of Karnataka Tourism Department. Tourism Department, Government of Karnataka. Archived from the
original (http://www.karnatakatourism.org/sites/mysore.html) on 28 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
22. ^ An overview of the Rail Museum is provided by Staff Correspondent (3 June 2004). "Mysore Rail Museum
celebrates silver jubilee" (http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/03/stories/2004060309430300.htm). Online Edition of
The Hindu, dated 2004-06-03 (Chennai, India: 2004, The Hindu). Retrieved 2007-04-10.
23. ^ An article on Hirannaiah and his works is presented by Veena Bharathi. "Blessed with the gift of the gab"
(http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may82005/finearts8467200556.asp). Online Edition of The Deccan
Herald, dated 2005-05-08. 2005, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. Retrieved 2007-04-06.
24. ^ Kukkarahally Lake was a source of inspiration for Kuvempu is mentioned by Special Correspondent (30 January
2007). "On how to boost Mysore's tourism" (http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/30/stories/2007013014680300.htm).
Online Edition of the Hindu, dated 2007-01-20 (Chennai, India: 2007, The Hindu). Retrieved 2007-04-09.
25. ^ A detailed article on R K Narayan has been written by N Ram. "Malgudi's Creator"
(http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1811/18110040.htm). Online Edition of the Frontline, Volume 18 Issue 11,
May 26 June 8, 2001. 2001, Frontline. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
26. ^ That some of the characters in Narayan's novels were real life Mysoreans is mentioned by Special Correspondent
(12 October 2006). "Narayan's Mysore connection"
(http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/12/stories/2006101215160300.htm). Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2006-
10-12 (Chennai, India: 2006, The Hindu). Retrieved 2007-04-09.
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27. ^ Gopalakrishna Adiga was a pioneer of the Navya style of Kannada poetry is mentioned by K. Chandramouli.
"Lyrical Land" (http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600660200.htm). Online
Edition of The Hindu, dated 2002-08-26. 2002, The Hindu. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
28. ^ Trinity of Gopalakrishna Adiga, Kuvempu and Shivaram Karanth is mentioned by Staff Reporter. "Gopalakrishna
Adiga remembered" (http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2004/10/04/stories/2004100411610300.htm). Online
Edition of The Hindu, dated 2004-10-04. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
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