REMARKS

Our third experiment entitled refraction from spherical surfaces deals

primarily on the study of convex lens regarding its focal length. For this
experiment, we try to determine the focal length of the convex lens using either
graphical method or by using different locations of the object.

To start, we first determined the focal length of the lens using an object at an
infinite distance. For this part, we just set our object distance to be infinity
resulting to an equation = , where is the focal length and is the image
distance. Based on our observation, the image produced by the by the convex lens
is a real and inverted image. The reason behind this is that, real image are formed
when the object distance is greater than the lens focal length.

On the second part of the experiment, we now determine the focal length of
a lens with a finite object distance. For this part, we used the thin lens equation
1 1 1
given by the formula: = + , where f is the focal length, s is the object distance

and s is the image distance. For this part, I noticed that even though the image
distance and object distance interchange, the result regarding its focal length is will
still be the same. However the image formed is different. For instance, if the object
distance is greater than the image distance the image formed is diminished. On the
other hand, if the image distance is greater than the object distance the image
formed is magnified. Lastly, object distance and image distance can be
interchanged because the convex lens itself has two focal points on both sides.

As a whole, convex lens has two focal points, one on each sides of the
lens, resulting to a consistent value of the focal lengtheven though the object
distance and image distance are interchangeable. Lastly convex lens formed two
kinds of image. The first one is the formation of real inverted image while the
second one is the formation of virtual erected image. These two cases depend on
the value of the object distance and the focal length.

Some possible sources of error in this experiment are limit- ed source of

light, the light source is not properly set, wrong measurement of distance of the
screen from the lens, wrong measurement of the object distance and the image
distance.
 CONCLUSION

All the objectives of the experiment are well accomplished. We have

determined the focal length of a convex lens using different locations of the object
and the graphical method.

Refraction is the bending of light ray as it hits a material of different optical

density. Transparent material likes lenses can refract parallel ray of light and can
produce an image. Lenses have opposite function with mirrors. In this experiment,
we used convex lenses in order project a real image of the object since the light
rays that refract through a convex lens converges. On the other hand, the light rays
that reflect on a convex mirror actually diverge.

The focal length of a convex lens when the object distance is at infinity is
equal to the distance of the image projected on the screen from the lens. Perhaps,
the image must be formed at the focal point of the lens. In the second part of the
experiment, the object distance and the image distance are interchangeable because
these pairs are the inverse of each other. Since the distance of the object from the
screen is stable at one meter, there are two positions between the screen and the
object where the convex lens can be place to form a sharp image on the screen. We
also determined the focal length of lenses using graphical technique; we plot the
graph by getting the inverse of the image and objects distance on the two positions
at their respective orientations. Then, we determine the x and y intercepts which
are both equal to the inverse of the focal length.

In order to produce real images the image distance must be greater than focal
length of the lens. If it is between the mirror and the focus, the image will be right
side up, virtual, and larger. When the object distance is exactly equal to the image,
the image height ultimately becomes equal to the object height.

The magnification of object is directly proportional to the image height and

image distance while it is inversely proportional to the object height and object
distance. The magnification increases as the images height or distance increases
and it decreases when the objects height or distance increases.

Some practical application of refraction in real life are when you wear glasses, the
light is refracted so that your eyes can see images better. Microscopes and
telescopes use refraction to change the perception of images. When you look into
water and see objects in the water appear distorted, that is refraction.
GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. The image formed in the experiment is real because convex lens produce real
images. It is a real image because the object is on the same side of the lens as
the incident light while the image is on the side of the lens opposite the incident
light. In addition, the images that can be formed behind a convex lens are
mostly inverted.

2. The object distance (s) and the image distance (s) are interchangeable because
these are the points of conjunction. Also because the image distance and the
image distance pairs are the inverse of each other. This is a property of optical
systems known as reversibility.

3. When the object is located in front of a convex lens at a distance of twice the
length of the lens, the distance of image will be equal to objects distance. This
 must be true by the thin lens equation (1/f = 1/s + 1/s). So the image
dimensions are equal to the object dimensions because the magnification is
exactly equal to 1. However, the only difference is that image is inverted since
light rays actually converge at the image location, which is twice the length of
the lens. Thus, the image is real.

4.

The image distance and object distance is the same. Hence, magnification is
equal to 1 so the object and image are of the same size. Just like in problem 4,
since the object distance is twice the focal length, the image formed is inverted.

ANALYSIS

1. The object distance is infinite so if it is applied in the thin lens equation, the inverse
of this will become zero. Then, the inverse of the focal length will be equal to the
inverse of image distance. Hence, they will become equal.

2. The object distance and the image distance pairs are the inverse of each other. This
means that object and image distances are interchangeable. The object distance must
be at least beyond the focal point of the lens in order to produce real images. If the
object is at the focal point, no image will form because the refracted rays neither
converge nor diverge since they travel in parallel. Then, when the object is at a
distance less than one focal length, light rays diverge upon refraction so the image
location can only be found by extending the refracted rays backwards on the object's
side the lens, thus the image is virtual.

3.

a. When the object is at a finite distance beyond twice the focal length or radius

- the image will also be located somewhere in between the radius and the focal
point (F) on the other side of the lens. The image that will form is inverted and
reduced in size.

b. When the object is located at the radius or twice the focal point
 - the image will also be located at the 2F point on the other side of the lens. In
this case, the image will be inverted but has the same dimensions As the object.

c. When the object is between focal point F and radius

- the image will be located beyond the radius on the other side of the lens. The
image is inverted but has dimensions larger than that of the object.

SAMPLE COMPUTATION

Part A. Determination of Focal Length using an Object at Infinity

Lens 1. Trial 1 : s= , s= 10.5, f1=10cm

1 1 1 f1 + f2 10.5 + 10.5
= + fave= 2 = 2
f s= s

f = s = 10.5 = 10.5

AV - EV 10 - 10.5
%error = x 100% = x 100% = 5%
AV 10

Part B. Determination of Focal Length using an Object at a Finite Distance

Lens 1. Position 1: s = 12.3 cm, s = 87.7

ss 12.3 (87.7)
f= = = 10.79
s+s 12.3 + 87.7

f1 + f2 10.79 + 10.56
fave= = = 10.68
2 2

AV - EV 10 - 10.68
%error = x 100% = x 100% = 6.8%
AV 10
Part C. Determination of Focal Length using Graphical Technique

Position 1. d = 110cm, s=25cm, s = 85cm, hi = 3.33cm, ho = 1 cm

1 1
= = 0.4
s 25
1 1
s== 85 = 0.1

ss 25(85)
f= = = 21.25
s+s 25 + 85

f1 + f2 + f3 21.5 + 18.36 +16.52

ftrial1 = = = 18.71
3 3
ftrial1 + ftrial2 18.7 + 18.78
fave = 2 = =18.75
2

AV - EV 20 - 18.78
%error = x 100% = x 100% = 6.1%
AV 20

-s -85 h1 -3.5
m= = = -3.4 m= = = -3.5
s 25 ho 1

AV - EV -3.4 - 3.5
%Difference = x 100% = -3.4 + 3.5 x 100% = 2.9%
AV + EV
2 2