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Handover in mobile communication refers to the process of transferring a call from one
network cell to another without breaking the call.
There are two types of handover which are as follows :
Hard Handoff : hard handoff is the process in which the cell connection is disconnected
from the previous cell before it is made with the new one.
Soft Handoff : It is the process in which a new connection is established first before
disconnecting the old one. It is thus more efficient and smart.
When a radio wave travels into the ionospheric layer it experiences refraction due to
difference in density. The density of ionospheric layer is rarer than the layer below which
causes the radio wave to be bent away from the normal. Also the radio wave experiences
a force from the ions in the ionospheric layer. If incident at the correct angle the radio
wave is completely reflected back to the inner atmosphere due to total internal reflection.
This phenomenon is called ionospheric reflection and is used in mobile communication for
radio wave propagation also known as ionospheric bending of radio waves.
What is CDMA?
CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access which uses digital format. In CDMA
systems several transmissions via the radio interface take place simultaneously on the
same frequency bandwidth. User data is combined at the transmitters side with a code,
then transmitted. On air, all transmission get mixed. At the receiver's side the same code
is used as in the transmitters side. The code helps the receiver to filter the user
information of the transmitter from incoming mixture of all transmissions on the same
frequency band and same time.
The whole of the geographical area is divided into hexagonal shape geometrical area
called cell and each cell having its own transceiver. Each BTS (cell site) allocated
different band of frequency or different channel. Each BTS antenna is designed in such a
way that i cover cell area in which it is placed with frequency allotted without interfering
other cell signals. The design process of selecting and allocating channel groups for all of
the cellular base station within system is called frequency reuse.
Explain Bluetooth.
1. Frequency diversity : Transmission is spread out over a large bandwidth due to that
less affected by noise. If bandwidth is increased S/N ratio increases, which means noise
will be reduced.
2. Multiplication Resistance : Chipping codes used for CDMA not only exhibit low
correlation but also low autocorrelation. Hence a version of the signal that is delayed by
more than one chip interval does not interfere with dominant signal as in other multipath
environments.
3. Privacy : Due to spread spectrum is obtained by the use of noise like signals, where
each user has a unique code, so privacy is inherent.
4. Graceful Degradation. In CDMA, more users access the system simultaneously as
compared to FDMa, TDMA.
1. No crosstalk interference.
2. Better voice quality/data integrity and less static noise.
3. Lowered susceptibility to multipath fading.
4. Inherent security.
5. Co-existence.
6. Longer operating distances.
7. Hard to detect.
8. Hard to intercept or demodulate.
9. Harder to jam than narrow bands.
10. Use of ranging and radar.
10. Explain the steps involved in demodulating a signal.
Once the signal is coded, modulated and then sent, the receiver must demodulate the
signal. This is usually done in two steps :
1. Spectrum spreading (e.g., direct sequence or frequency hopping) modulation is
removed.
2. The remaining information bearing signal is demodulated by multiplying with a local
reference identical in structure and synchronised with received signal.
To be usable for direct sequence spreading, a PN code must meet the following
conditions :
Building penetration : Building penetration depends on the material used for construction
and architecture used. This varies building to building and is based on building
construction.
Building Height Effect : The signal strength is always higher at top floor and generally
floor gain height is about 2.7dB/floor which is not dependent on building construction.
Building Floor Reception : The signal isolation between floors in a multi floor building is on
the average about 20dB. Within a floor of 150 * 150 feet, the propagation loss due to
interior walls, depending on the wall materials is about 20 dB between the strong and the
weak areas.
15. What are the various types of numbers for network identity?