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STEEL CONSTRUCTION

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 June 2017

in every issue
departments
6 EDITORS NOTE
9 STEEL INTERCHANGE
12 STEEL QUIZ
62 NEWS
66 STRUCTURALLY SOUND

resources
65 MARKETPLACE & EMPLOYMENT

columns
steelwise
17 Old Bones
BY KATHERINE QUIGG, PE, AND
LAWRENCE F. KRUTH, PE
Ten questions to ask yourself when
beginning work on your next steel-framed
retrofit project.

business
22 Constructive Commenting
BY SUE DYER
Using a partnering scorecard can positively
influence a projects outcome.
30

features
24 Merging Arts and Sciences 36 Final Approach 50 Taking the Complexity
BY JEFFREY SMILOW, PE, YORAM EILON, BY ADAM KNAACK, PE, PHD out of Complex Erection
PE, SUSAN ERDELYI-HAMOS, PE, A historic airport is being transformed BY THOMAS P. GETSCHMAN, PE
AND KATALIN PALYI-HOPPE, PE into a remarkable new public space with a Unique steel structures sometimes require
Steel overcomes construction and majestic steel tower as its centerpiece, just in complex steel erection bracing, and
serviceability challenges in a multi-building time for Independence Day. successful bracing requires successful
expansion at Columbia University. strategizing.
40 All-In-One Construction
30 Living History
BY MATT AQUINO, SE, PE, JOVICA
BY J. MARK DAMATO, SE, PE,
TOM XIA, SE, PE, PHD, AND
54 Straightforward Specification
BY CHARLES J. CARTER, SE, PE, PHD,
GRBI , SE, AND KEVIN HAVENS ROSE BECHTOLD FARID ALFAWAKHIRI, PENG, PHD,
Soaring hollow steel writes a new chapter A Seattle multistory residential project AMIT H. VARMA, PHD, AND
in the history of an architecturally incorporates prefabricated elements inside a SOCRATES A. IOANNIDES, SE, PE, PHD
significant high school in suburban Chicago, steel exoskeleton to address the restraints of Specifying restrained classifications for fire
demonstrating a new take on the original a tight site in a dense neighborhood. protection in floor and roof assemblies is a
Gothic style. more direct process than you might think.
46 Creative Coverage
BY ROGER PRYOR
A symbolic, exposed steel canopy defines the
60 State of Safety
BY SHAWN M. GALLOWAY
look of a Mississippi church expansion. A culture of safety excellence doesnt
come in a program.
ON THE COVER:
Inside the curtain wall of Columbia Universitys Jerome L. Greene Science Center, p. 24. (Photo: Courtesy of WSP)

MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION (Volume 57, Number 6) ISSN (print) 0026-8445: ISSN (online) 1945-0737. Published monthly by the American Institute of
Steel Construction (AISC), 130 E Randolph Street, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601. Subscriptions: Within the U.S.single issues $6.00; 1 year, $44. Outside the
U.S. (Canada and Mexico)single issues $9.00; 1 year $88. Periodicals postage paid at Chicago, IL and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Please send
address changes to MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION, 130 E Randolph Street, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601.
DISCLAIMER: AISC does not approve, disapprove, or guarantee the validity or accuracy of any data, claim, or opinion appearing under a byline or obtained or
quoted from an acknowledged source. Opinions are those of the writers and AISC is not responsible for any statement made or opinions expressed in MODERN
STEEL CONSTRUCTION. All rights reserved. Materials may not be reproduced without written permission, except for noncommercial educational purposes
where fewer than 25 photocopies are being reproduced. The AISC and Modern Steel logos are registered trademarks of AISC. Printed on paper made
from a minimum of
4 JUNE 2017 10% recycled content.
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 editors note
Editorial Offices
130 E Randolph Street, Suite 2000
Chicago, IL 60601
312.670.2400
Editorial Contacts
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER
Scott Melnick
312.670.8314
melnick@modernsteel.com
SENIOR EDITOR
Geoff Weisenberger
312.670.8316
weisenberger@modernsteel.com
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Tasha Weiss
312.670.5439
WHEN I STARTED WRITING ABOUT CONSTRUCTION IN THE EARLY 1980S, weiss@modernsteel.com
EVERYONE WAS TALKING ABOUT DESIGN-BUILD, ABOUT RENOVATION/ DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS
RESTORATION/RECONSTRUCTION AND ABOUT FAST-TRACK PROJECTS. Fast Keith A. Grubb, SE, PE
312.670.8318
forward to today, and fast-track isnt a buzzword; its a fact of life on almost every project. grubb@modernsteel.com
Fast-tracking offered the promise Yo u c a n a l s o v i e w a g r e a t GRAPHIC DESIGN MANAGER
Kristin Hall
of quicker completion and lower costs, presentation on CASE 962-D from the 312.670.8313
but it was a Faustian bargain. Yes, 2013 NASCC: The Steel Conference by hall@modernsteel.com
project schedules were compressed. visiting www.aisc.org/2013nascconline AISC Officers
And yes, owners saved more money. and clicking on the CASE 962-D session. CHAIR
James G. Thompson
But the downside was the proliferation (By the way, did you know you can view VICE CHAIR
of incomplete andin many cases most of the Steel Conference sessions David Zalesne
inadequate drawings. since 2008 in our education archives at SECRETARY/GENERAL COUNSEL
David B. Ratterman
Every few months, someone (typically www.aisc.org/educationarchives?)
PRESIDENT
a detailer) will publicly decry the sorry When it was first introduced, AISC Charles J. Carter, SE, PE, PhD
state of design drawings, and the echoes widely publicized the CASE document, SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT
will reverberate across the country. (I love and there seemed to be growing Scott Melnick

listening to detailers stories; my favorite
recent lament was about the designer who
just didnt understand why he couldnt
conceal a W8 in a 4-in.-thick wall.)
A typical comment goes like this:
The state of contract documents is
horrendous. It would be great if there
were some guidelines for engineers
about what should be shown in the
contract documents.
And whenever someone makes this
complaint, I can count on one of my
favorite detailers, Ron Yeager of Steel-
Art, Inc., to remind everyone that such a
interest in producing high-quality, more VICE PRESIDENT
John Cross, PE
complete construction documents. But VICE PRESIDENT
in the usual case of out-of-sight, out-of- Anne-Marie Eischen
mind, our attention has focused on other VICE PRESIDENT
Lawrence F. Kruth, PE
areas during the past lustrum, and a lot
VICE PRESIDENT
of people have forgotten (or never knew Mark W. Trimble, PE
about) CASE 962-D. NSBA MANAGING DIRECTOR
I urge you to get a copy of CASE Danielle D. Kleinhans, PE, PhD
962-D or watch the Steel Conference Editorial Advisory Panel
Caroline R. Bennett, PE, PhD,
seminar. In this day of routine fast-tracking, University of Kansas
incomplete drawings can result in costly Keith R. Griesing, PE,
errors and delays. It benefits the entire Hardesty and Hanover
project team to follow the guidelines in Steve Knitter, Geiger and Peters
CASE 962-D (and it might just stop you Janice Mochizuki, PE, Arup

document already exists: CASE 962-D: A from being the butt of some detailers next Dylan Olson, Olson Steel

Guideline Addressing Coordination and humorous anecdote!). Advertising Contact

ACCOUNT MANAGER
Completeness of Structural Construction Louis Gurthet
Documents. If youre a member of the 231.228.2274
gurthet@modernsteel.com
Council of American Structural Engineers, For advertising information,
you can download the document for free. contact Louis Gurthet or visit
www.modernsteel.com
Otherwise, you can purchase a copy at SCOTT MELNICK
www.acec.org/case. EDITOR Address Changes and
Subscription Concerns
312.670.5444
subscriptions@aisc.org
Reprints
Kristin Hall
312.670.8313
hall@modernsteel.com

6 JUNE 2017
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 If youve ever asked yourself Why? about something
related to structural steel design or construction,
Modern Steels monthly Steel Interchange is for you!
Send your questions or comments to solutions@aisc.org.
Special Inspections and NDT
The following questions all relate to the requirements of
Chapter N of the Specification:
1. Must special inspections be performed when
AISC Certified fabricators perform the work?
2. Are AISC Certified fabricators allowed to perform
special inspections with their own personnel?
3. Are AISC Certified fabricators allowed to perform non-
destructive testing (NDT) with their own personnel?
4. If fabricators are allowed to perform NDT with
their own personnel, are the qualifications for these
personnel any different than those of a typical third-
party special inspector?
5. Do AISC Certified fabricators typically retain people
in-house to perform NDT, or is this work typically
done by a third party retained by the owner?
The following answers are provided:
1. This is not a yes or no question. The AISC Specification
for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360), avail-
able at www.aisc.org/specifications, does not require
special inspections. Requirements related to special
inspections are defined in the building codes, such as the
International Building Code. The IBC permits authorities
having jurisdiction to approve fabricators, and some or all
special inspection requirements can be waived when the
work is performed by approved fabricators.
2. The fabricator can, at the discretion of the authority having
jurisdiction, use their own personnel to ensure the quality
of the project without outside inspections.
Quality control (QC) is defined as controls and inspec-
tions implemented by the fabricator or erector, as applicable,
to ensure that the material provided and work performed
meet the requirements of the approved construction docu-
ments and referenced standards. Quality assurance (QA)
is defined as monitoring and inspection tasks to ensure
that the material provided and work performed by the fab-
ricator and erector meet the requirements of the approved
construction documents and referenced standards. Quality
assurance includes those tasks designated special inspection
by the applicable building code.
Both QC and QA are intended to ensure conformance
with the approved construction documents and referenced
standards. QC is performed and documented by the fabri-
cator. Section N5.3 allows cooridinated inspection meaning
QC tasks need not be repeated as QA tasks. The waiving of
special inspections represents the approval of the engineer
of record and the authority having jurisdiction for coor-
dinated inspection. If special inspections are not waived, a
steel
interchange
third party will perform special inspections. These tasks can
be seen by examining the tables provided in Chapter N.
3. Yes. Section N6 of the AISC Specification specifically allows
approved fabricators to perform NDT. It also indicates that
when NDT is performed by the fabricator, a QA agency
shall review the fabricators NDT reports.
4. No. Section N4.3 defines NDT Personnel Qualifications.
The requirements do not vary based on the party perform-
ing the work.
5. Practice varies. My understanding is that most fabricators
do not employ personnel trained to perform NDT. If the
fabricator cannot perform the NDT, then I believe it is
more common for the owner to contract the NDT tasks.
Larry S. Muir, PE
Shear Center of Channel
I am designing a single-plate shear connection to a chan-
nel section for a stair. The plate of the single-plate shear
connection attaches to the back of the channel, the side
opposite the flanges. The structural engineer on the proj-
ect is concerned about torsion on the channel because the
load is eccentric to the shear center of the channel. Is this
a valid concern?
We cannot make design decisions or arbitrate. Ultimately, the
engineer of record will have to set the requirements.
The preamble to Chapter F in the AISC Specification states:
Chapter F applies to members subject to simple bending
about one principal axis of the cross section. That is, the mem-
ber is loaded in a plane parallel to a principal axis that passes
through the shear center. Simple bending may also be attained
if all load points and supports are restrained against twisting
about the longitudinal axis.
The design procedures for shear connection in Part
10 of the AISC Steel Construction Manual (www.aisc.org/
publications) are developed to deliver the load to the face
of the web of a wide-flange, which is offset by half the web
thickness to the shear center.
This is virtually the same condition of attaching to a channel
with a single-plate shear connection. In the case of a channel, the
eccentricity will actually be smaller than the distance between
the welds and the bolts (or eccentricity assumed in Part 10 of the
Manual) since the shear center for a channel will be on the side
opposite the flanges, closer to the location of the bolts in your
connection. Designing the single-plate shear connection using
the procedure in Part 10 of the Manual will actually overestimate
the eccentricity, so the concern seems to be unnecessary.
Carlo Lini, PE
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 9
 steel interchange
Removable Steel
I am designing a connection for a steel platform that will be
repeatedly installed and removed from the side of a building.
The bolts used will be pretensioned during each installation.
Additionally, there will be no access to the back side of the
connection once the steel is erected, so it has been proposed
that the nut should be tack welded in place to accommodate
later installation of the bolted connection.
I have the following questions:
1. Section 2.3.3 of the RCSC Specification allows black
ASTM A325 bolts to be reused. Does this reuse
allow the type of repeated installation and removal
that I have described?
2. Is it a good idea to weld the captive nut to allow for
pretensioning of the bolt?
What has been proposed may not be a good solution. There
are several issues that need to be considered. I have addressed
both questions below.
1. No. The Commentary to the RCSC Specification for
Structural Joints Using High-Strength Bolts (available at
www.aisc.org/specifications) states: Black ASTM A325
bolts, however, possess sufficient ductility to undergo more
than one pretensioned installation as suggested in the Guide
(Kulak et al., 1987). As a simple rule of thumb, a black
ASTM A325 bolt is suitable for reuse if the nut can be run
up the threads by hand. The Guide to Design Criteria for
Bolted and Riveted Joints referenced above states: A325 bolts
can be reused once or twice, providing that proper control
on the number of reuses can be established. The reuse
described in the RCSC Specification does not intend that
the bolt be reused in the manner you describe, as the owner
will likely not want to keep track of the reuses. It may be of
some benefit to not pretension the bolts in this application.
The RCSC Specification states, in Section 4.2:
Pretensioned joints are required in the following applications:
(1) Joints in which fastener pretension is required in the
specification or code that invokes this Specification
(2) Joints that are subject to significant load reversal
(3) Joints that are subject to fatigue load with no reversal of
the loading direction
(4) Joints with ASTM A325 or F1852 bolts that are subject
to tensile fatigue
(5) Joints with ASTM A490 or F2280 bolts that are subject
to tension or combined shear and tension, with or with-
out fatigue
If the connection does not meet these conditions, you may
consider not pretensioning the bolts for your use.
2. Though not explicitly prohibited, welding to high-
strength bolts and nuts is generally discouraged. Section 4.5.2
of AISC Design Guide 21: Welded ConnectionsA Primer for
Engineers (a free download for members at www.aisc.org/dg)
10 JUNE 2017
provides further information. Beyond the technical concerns
described in the Design Guide, there are also practical con-
siderations. Though it is not uncommon for both engineers
and contractors to consider tack welding of captive nuts, I
have heard many more anecdotes of problems related to this
practice than successes. If for some reason the nut is not where
expected when the bolt is to be installed or the tack weld fails
to holdboth of which are real possibilitiesdeveloping a fix
can be difficult.
Larry S. Muir, PE
Stainless Steel Fills in Slip-Critical Joints
Will placing stainless steel filler on the contact surface of
a slip-critical joint reduce the slip resistance of the joint?
Section 3.2.2 The RCSC Specification requires the filler to be
prepared in the same manner as the other faying surfaces in a
slip-critical joint. Neither the AISC Specification nor the RCSC
Specification address stainless steel. I am not aware of any orga-
nization that addresses stainless steel slip-critical connections.
AISC Design Guide 27: Structural Stainless Steel (a free down-
load for members at www.aisc.org/dg) simply states, in sec-
tion 9.3.1: The recommendations only apply to connections
where the shear forces are transferred by bearing between the
bolts and the connected parts. No recommendations are given
for connections in which shear is transferred by frictional
resistance, as in slip-critical connections In addition, sec-
tion 9.3.2 states: Slip coefficients for stainless steel faying sur-
faces are likely to be lower than those for carbon steel faying
surfaces. No further guidance is given.
The stainless steel fill will likely have some effect of the slip
resistance. I do not know of a way to quantify the effect.
Larry S. Muir, PE
The complete collection of Steel Interchange questions and answers is available online.
Find questions and answers related to just about any topic by using our full-text search
capability. Visit Steel Interchange online at www.modernsteel.com.
Larry Muir is director of technical assistance and Carlo Lini is staff engineertechnical
assistance, both with AISC.
Steel Interchange is a forum to exchange useful and practical professional ideas and
information on all phases of steel building and bridge construction. Opinions and
suggestions are welcome on any subject covered in this magazine.
The opinions expressed in Steel Interchange do not necessarily represent an official
position of the American Institute of Steel Construction and have not been reviewed. It is
recognized that the design of structures is within the scope and expertise of a competent
licensed structural engineer, architect or other licensed professional for the application of
principles to a particular structure.
If you have a question or problem that your fellow readers might help you solve, please
forward it to us. At the same time, feel free to respond to any of the questions that you
have read here. Contact Steel Interchange via AISCs Steel Solutions Center:
866.ASK.AISC solutions@aisc.org
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 steel This months Steel Quiz is all about the 2016 AISC Specification for Structural
quiz Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360), available at www.aisc.org/specifications.

1 A325, A325M, A490, A490M,
F1852 and F2280 fasteners
standards have been combined
into which of the following
ASTM Standards:
a. F16 b. F3125
c. T1000 d. F
2 The 2016 Specification adopted
new ASTM HSS material
specifications: ASTM A1085/
A1085M and A1065/A1065M.
Which of these two standards
would be more similar to
ASTM A500?
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3 True or False: The Specification
requires that all projects meet
the structural integrity provisions
provided in Section B3.9.
4 Is a shear lag reduction factor
provided in the Specification for
the weld configuration shown
below in Figure 1?
Figure 1
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5 Which of the following changes
regarding composite member
design was not included in the 2016
Specification?
a. Increased the limit on rebar strength
to 80 ksi for composite columns
b. Incorporated provisions for
applying the direct analysis
method to composite members
c. Inserted general requirements
to address minimum composite
action in composite beams
d. None of the above
6 True or False: All of the
requirements for hollow structural
section (HSS) connection design
have been moved into Chapter J of
the Specification.
7 The minimum pretension value has
increased for which ASTM F3125
Grade A325 bolts:
a. All bolt diameters
b. 78-in.-diameter bolts and larger
c. 118-in.-diameter bolts and larger
d. The minimum pretension values
have not changed
8 True or False: A hole diameter of
118 in. provided for a 1-in.-diameter
bolt would be considered an
oversized hole.
9 True or False: The factor, Q, is a net
reduction factor accounting for all
slender compression elements.
10 True or False: Roof systems need
not be investigated to assure
adequate strength and stability
under ponding conditions for roof
slopes of in. per ft or greater
toward points of free drainage.

TURN TO PAGE 14 FOR ANSWERS

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12 JUNE 2017
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 steel quiz ANSWERS
1 b. F3125. The AISC Specification adopted an ASTM
umbrella bolt specification, ASTM F3125, which includes
Grades A325, A325M, A490, A490M, F1852 and F2280.
The ASTM F16 Fastener Committee approved ASTM
F3125, which replaces the six existing standards.
2 ASTM A1085/A1085M. ASTM 1085 was developed to
improve upon the requirements in ASTM A500. These
improvements include tighter the wall thickness tolerance
(which means no reduction in wall thickness must be
accounted for in the design as is done for ASTM A500
material), better control of Fy and Fu for seismic overstrength
and minimum CVN requirements, which can be beneficial
for fatigue applications. ASTM A1065 can be viewed as a
specification for very large HSS sections and is produced
by welding two C-shaped sections together, where the
C-shaped sections are formed from flat steel plates.
3 False. Structural integrity provisions, which have been
significantly expanded in the 2016 Specification (Section
B3.9), state that the requirements in this section shall be
met when design for structural integrity is required by
the applicable building code.
4 Yes. The 2016 Specification added a shear lag factor
for welded plates or connected elements with unequal
length longitudinal welds (see Table D3.1).
5 d. None of the above.
T R A I N I N G F I E L D S U P P O R T
1 800 552 1999 1 802 460 3100
14 JUNE 2017
6 False. Chapter K, which addresses HSS connection
design, has been reorganized in the 2016 Specification.
This reorganization does include references to Chapter J
to check some limit states.
7 c. 118-in.-diameter bolts and larger. The material strength
for ASTM F3125 Grade A325 was increased to 120 ksi
from 105 ksi, requiring an increase in bolt pretension.
8 False. The 2016 Specification incorporated changes
that included an increased standard hole sizes (18-in.
oversize) for 1-in.-diameter and larger bolts. This will
also include equivalent increases in short slot and long
slot widths. A 118-in.-diameter hole provided for a 1-in.-
diameter bolt would be considered a standard hole in
the 2016 Specification.
9 False. This would have been true per the 2010
Specification. However, the compressive strength
formulation for members with slender compression
elements has been revised in the 2016 Specification and
no longer includes the calculation of a Q factor.
10 False. Previous editions of this Specification suggested
that ponding instability could be avoided by providing a
minimum roof slope of in. per ft (20 mm per m). There
are cases where this minimum roof slope is not enough
to prevent ponding instability. See Commentary Section
B3.10 of the 2016 Specification for additional information.
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 Ten questions to ask yourself
when beginning work on your next
steel-framed retrofit project.
THE U.S. HAS ALWAYS BEEN the land of opportunity.
But in many cases, those opportunities manifest not when
looking forward but rather backespecially when it comes to
the built environment.
Scattered across the country, often in larger urban centers,
are numerous historic abandoned buildings that have outlived
their original intended purpose but are located in very desir-
able areas. Fortunately, beneath the faade of crumbling ma-
sonry and plaster lies, more often than not, a rigid skeleton of
structural steel. Why does that matter? Because steel maintains
its strength and usefulness well beyond the life of other mate-
rials, regardless of the finishes, offering easierand more at-
tractiverenovation opportunities. Where a historic concrete-
framed building might need to be demolished in its entirety,
a steel-framed building can typically be saved, with members
being replaced or reinforced on an as-needed basis.
Not only does renovation preserve history, but it also pro-
vides a more sustainable outcome. According to Carl Elefante,
director of sustainable design at Quinn Evans Architects, the
greenest building is the one that is already built.
If youre going to renovate a historic steel-framed structure,
you need to know what youre dealing with. Here are ten ques-
tions to ask in order to help you evaluate the existing framing
in your next retrofit job:
1. When was the building built? Knowing when the origi-
nal building was built will help you identify historical records as
well as steel production, design and fabrication practices of the
time. Consider that in the early 20th century, steel mills such
Many historic structures originally used rivets for resisting
connection loads.
steelwise
OLD BONES
BY KATHERINE QUIGG, PE,
AND LAWRENCE F. KRUTH, PE
as Carnegie Steel Company, Jones & Laughlin Steel Company
and Inland Steel Company all produced proprietary structural
shapes, meaning that each mill had its own unique catalog of dif-
ferent shapes. Also note that over the past century, the base yield
strength of structural steel shapes has varied from 30 ksi to 50 ksi
(and today, even higher). A good source for historical informa-
tion on structural steel is AISC Design Guide 15: AISC Rehabili-
tation and Retrofit Guide A Reference for Historic Shapes and Speci-
fications (available at www.aisc.org/dg; a recent update contains
a new chapter of examples for evaluating existing steel). Many
other historical resources are also available to AISC members,
including past AISC manuals, specifications, out-of-date publica-
tions and pre-AISC publications from structural steel producers.
Visit www.aisc.org/publications to find out more.
2. Are existing drawings available? The original construc-
tion drawings, when available, are the best source of informa-
tion concerning a structures steel framing system, and many
industrial building owners have maintained such records and
drawings; community-owned building drawings are usually re-
tained by the municipality.
Another source of valuable information is the original shop
and erection drawings. In many cases, especially for abandoned
utility and industrial buildings, these drawings are readily avail-
able and will provide you with not only the sizes of the existing
members but also the configurations of the end connections.
If existing drawings are not available, it may be necessary
to produce as-built drawings of the existing structure. This
will require extensive field measuring of the structure, includ-
Katherine Quigg (quigg@aisc.org) is AISCs structural steel
specialist Philadelphia market, and Larry Kruth (kruth@aisc.org)
is AISCs vice president of engineering and research.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 17
 steelwise
Laser scanning was used for New Yorks Fulton Center,
which incorporated the historical landmark Corbin
Building. (The project was featured in last months
IDEAS2 Awards coverage.)
ing the bay size measurements and beam and column locations.
Dimensions of the actual beams and columns will also need to
be determined, then compared to historical data to determine
shape properties (Ix, Sx, etc.) The as-built drawings can then
be produced from this information before beginning any struc-
tural renovation.
3. What are current site conditions? Visiting the build-
ing site is important for obtaining any additional information
regarding the structures condition. Make sure that the original
structural steel framing is visible for inspection. Has corrosion
affected the structure? Have alterations been made beyond the
original construction? Are end connections riveted, welded or
bolted? What is the accessibility to the interior and exterior of
the structure for renovation?
4. Is asbestos or lead paint present? Asbestos was com-
monly used for insulating structures between 1930 and 1950
but was banned in 1973. As such, all Presumed Asbestos Con-
taining Material must be investigated. All friable asbestos that
will be disturbed during renovation or remain in the structure
must be abated by a licensed asbestos abatement company or
sealed to prevent fibers from becoming airborne.
It was also common for historic structures to use lead paint. If
paint is present on the steel and the structure was built prior to
1978, then the paint will more than likely contain lead. The lead
paint should be abated in the areas where welding, burning or
grinding will take place, and air monitoring must also take place
during welding as an extra precaution. Even if lead is removed
from the direct surfaces where welding is to take place, adjacent
areas may become heated and emit lead-borne fumes. These in-
clude areas like the back of a beam flange or a beam web adjacent
to the welded surface. Using proper respirators, workers can drill
on lead-painted surfaces with no adverse effects.
5. Were standard shapes used for the structural mem-
bers? Standard structural shapes have been produced ever since
the early 20th century, but there was not always a wide avail-
ability of shapes with the required strength and configuration.
18 JUNE 2017
A structural renovation project in Des Moines, the new head-
quarters for Two Rivers Marketing Group, incorporated a new
steel-framed mezzanine within the existing walls of a former GM
warehouse. (See Second Chance in the February 2007 issue.)
For example, during World War II, structural steel shapes were
in short supply for buildings, so it is not uncommon to find
channels, plates and tees from that era built up into a custom
fabricated structural shape to meet the required loading. Care-
ful evaluation is required when attaching to these built up mem-
bers. How are the members attached to each other? Are they
riveted, welded or bolted? When attaching to these members,
be sure to develop your attachment through the entire member
and not just to the face of the member.
6. Was the building built per the plans? Having the
original construction documents will help tremendously in
determining the existing building dimensions, but many times
during construction, field alterations are made to account for
original fabrication or design issues and/or site conditions. In
addition, there are always fabrication and erection tolerances
that can cause the dimensions to vary from the construction
documents. Today, laser scanning of the structure can be used
to confirm the actual as-built dimensions of the building. La-
ser scanning produces a point cloud where each surface that
the laser encounters becomes a point. Dimensions to each
beam and column can be obtained quickly and accurately
through laser scanning. Care must be taken to interpret the
points plotted from the laser scan on the existing members to
match the actual structural shape producing the points. The
existing members may consist of built-up shapes as opposed to
standard rolled shapes. This will require a physical measure-
ment and inspection of the nonstandard structural shape that
the laser encountered. A knowledge of when the building was
constructed will help when producing a plot of the laser scan.
In lieu of laser scanning, spot checking existing floor critical
dimensions by surveying can help to confirm the as-built con-
ditions (see question 2).
7. What is the strength of the existing connections? Be-
fore attaching to existing members, be sure to investigate the
member and connection capacities. One common retrofit trend
is converting abandoned industrial structures into residential
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 steelwise
The former Ottawa Power Station in Lansing,
Mich., was reborn as the headquarters for Acci-
dent Fund Insurance Company of America. (See
An Inside Job in the December 2010 issue.)
Exposed, historic steelincluding rivetsat AISCs
headquarters at One Prudential Plaza in Chicago.
20 JUNE 2017
structures. Industrial structures were (and are) designed to resist very heavy
loads, so there may be reserve capacity in these connections.
Also, many historic structures used rivets to resist connection loads, and
AISC Design Guide 15 lists historic shear values for rivets. The method for
analyzing a riveted connection is very similar to the present method used for
designing bolted connections. Limit states, such as bearing and shear rup-
ture, for all of the angles and plates used as connecting material are the same
for riveted and bolted connections. Another possible source of information
on riveted connection design is historic design manuals, which may con-
tain examples and tables showing connection design practices for that time
period. Be cautious when evaluating riveted connections based upon the
strength and diameter of the rivet. If there is a concern about the diameter,
evaluate it with the assumption that it is one size smaller than what was used.
The structures past use also needs to be considered. Some industrial
structures were used for processes that created a corrosive environment.
The condition of the existing rivets and bolts should be examined before
relying on them for strength, as the heads and nuts may be corroded. In
addition, the areas in the shear zone of the bolt or rivet may not be visible
and may be corroded due to past processes or moisture from long-term
weather exposure. The condition around the holes may not be conducive
to providing the required resistance. Again, watch for corrosion and crack-
ing from past overloading. Welds should be carefully examined for cracking
via visual, mag particle or other nondestructive testing means before being
relied upon for adequate connection strength.
8. Where will new members be attached? Will there be interference
between the new member/connection and the existing connection? Can the
existing connection be used as a part of the new connection? You must use
an on-site visual evaluation to determine the location of the new member
connections, and you should also document the existing connection condi-
tions including the size of the existing members, thickness of the connection
material and the configuration and size of the bolts, rivets and welds. Each
area where a new member will attach must be photographed, measured and
sketched to evaluate the new connection.
9. Is the existing material weldable? A representative sample of the
existing steel material should be tested to find the chemical composition
for developing a welding process. A sample original steel member that
will be removed as part of the renovation can be chemically analyzed to
determine weldability. After this analysis, the selected welding process
should be performed on a sample and tested to be sure the process will
work when welding to the existing structure. If, through testing, the ex-
isting material is not deemed weldable, it will be necessary to use bolted
connections for field altering the existing structure. This is usually lim-
ited to cast members and steel members produced in the early 20th cen-
tury and late 19th century.
10. Where is dimensional variation accounted for in the new struc-
ture? New members should account for dimensional variations in existing
members by using slotted double angles or a long-slotted connection plates
to provide for adjustment. Often, these slots can be designated for erection
bolts, and the final connection may be welded to resist the required loading.
These are some of the major questions to answer when considering a
historic renovation project. While such projects are challenging, the end
results can be extremely rewarding in terms of preserving the historical
feel of a building or area and providing a sustainable path forward for the
ever-growing stock of abandoned buildings that have outlived their original
purpose. If theyre framed in steel, you and they are in luck, as they can be
updated for the future while maintaining their original character.
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 business issues
CONSTRUCTIVE Using a partnering scorecard can
COMMENTING positively influence a projects outcome.

BY SUE DYER

HOW WOULD YOU LIKE to be able to predict the potential Of course, this method does involve commitment. You must
for the success or failure of your construction projects? use the construction scorecard as a tool. And just like every tool,
Theres obviously no magic bullet, but there is the practice the better you are at using it, the better the results. Also note
of keeping score. Employing a monthly partnering scorecard, that the partnering scorecard isnt administered by a third party,
you can in fact get a pretty good handle on what is actually nor is it something you simply download; each team must cre-
happening on your projectand the scores turn out to be a ate their own, likely in the form of a standard template that can
great predictor of what is going to happen, giving you and your be modified for specific projects. That said, here are some tips
team time to make course corrections before certain conclusions for getting the most out of whatever you create:
become inevitable. Make the partnering score-
A recent study on the effi- card a requirement. The proj-
cacy of partnership during the ect scorecard must be a require-
construction of the steel-framed Training your team members on ment and the team must feel that
Woodrow Wilson Memorial it is valued for them to take the
Bridge in Washington, D.C., the partnering scorecard and its time to share their scores and
found that what the team mem- comments. It is up to the team
bers reported on the partnering importance can go a long way toward leader to make this happen. If
scorecard strongly correlated to you take the scorecard seriously,
what was actually going on at overcoming barriers to its use. so too will your team members.
that given time on the project. So, If you ignore it and dont use it,
the collective wisdom of the team they will do the same. Putting
came forth in a clear snapshot of the requirement into your proj-
the projects status. (For more on the bridge, see the winners of ect documents will help ensure everyone knows you are serious.
NSBAs 2009 Prize Bridge Competition in the November 2009 Having senior management remind everyone that you want
issue at www.modernsteel.com.) 100% participation in the scorecard on a monthly basisand
In the International Partnering Institutes Study of 13 dif- convey that it is an important part of your projects success
ferent projects that used a monthly partnering scorecard over will get people to complete it. Monitoring and acknowledg-
a two-year period, 12 of the 13 projects scores improved over ing those who are completing the scorecard will reinforce its
the life of the project. Overall, project scores improved by as value. Monitoring who is not completing the scorecard will help
much as 1.13 points (28%) over the life of the project. The ensure they will complete it next time.
average improvement was about half a point (+0.54, or 14%). Create an atmosphere of trust. Your partnering effort is
designed to develop a culture of trust and collaboration. This
fosters the open, honest atmosphere that will allow your score-
Sue Dyer is president of card to reflect the good, the bad and the ugly that occurs on
OrgMetrics, LLC, author of Partner your project. The truth will set you freefree to work on what
Your Project and a recognized is needed to succeed. Trust happens when you create certainty
thought leader on collaboration in that you will be fair and resolve issues before they grow into
construction. Sue recently launched problems or disputes. Having a meaningful partnering and
Partnering FIT, a program using scorecard program takes commitment. Your actions show your
new virtual training technology commitment. While trust can be built over time, it is highly
thats available any place, any time. predictable that your expectations define your relationships. So
For more information, please visit check yourself to make sure you are not defensive, protective or
www.orgmet.com. hostile toward your teammates. You will define the atmosphere
and it will heavily influence your results.

22 JUNE 2017

AISC
Understand the tool. The partnering scorecard is a snap-
shot in time of what is occurring on your project and allows you
to measure teamwork effectiveness and the ability to achieve
your projects goals. Training your team members on the part-
nering scorecard and its importance can go a long way toward
overcoming barriers to its use.
Evaluate your results. Email your scorecard to everyone
on your project team each monthand be sure to evaluate
the resulting scores. This can easily be done during a regular
weekly project meeting. If you set your scoring to 1-5, with 5
being the highest or most positive score, look at any scores of 1
or 2. These are where the team is feeling frustrated or issues are
emerging. Focusing on these areas will help a great deal. Next,
look at your 3s. These are OK, and with a little focus might be
able to become 4s or better. This will increase your positive
momentum dramatically.
Make course corrections. Resolving issues where the team
is stuck or frustrated should be your top priority and needs to
happen before the next scorecard if possible. You can use a part-
nering session for this and get the help of a neutral facilitator.
Escalating issues up the dispute ladder in a timely fashion is key.
Make a decision and move on. In addition, set deadlines and
business issues
AISC
keep them. This will create trust and a sense of predictability. It
is not the issues that predict your success or failure but rather
how the team deals with the issues. Correct your course so the
team stays together and gains positive momentum.
Partnering scorecards are a method of obtaining
feedback from team members on performance
measures that are key to the successful completion
of projects. Questions might cover such topics as
effectiveness of internal and external communications,
adherence to schedules and timeliness of responses.
Woody Allen once said, We are all interested in the
future, because that is where we are all going to spend our
lives. Think about using a partnering scorecard to allow you
to predict how you and your project team will be spending
your time. Will it be fighting over project disputes because
things didnt turn out as hoped? Or will it be celebrating the
construction of great buildings and bridges? If youre experi-
encing the former, a scorecard is a great tool for steering you
toward the latter.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 23
 MERGING
Arts and Sciences
BY JEFFREY SMILOW, PE, YORAM EILON, PE, SUSAN ERDELYI-HAMOS, PE, AND KATALIN PALYI-HOPPE, PE

Columbia University/Frank Oudeman

Steel overcomes construction and serviceability challenges in

a multi-building expansion at Columbia University.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY is expanding its Manhattan mixed-use campus project will house up to 6.8 million sq. ft of
footprint. space for academic, research, residential and support services
Located on 17 acres of New Yorks old Manhattanville for the university, as well as civic, cultural, recreational and
manufacturing zone in West Harlem, the universitys new retail spaces. The four-block development is located between

Jeff Smilow is executive vice president, Yoram Eilon is senior vice president of building structures, Susan Erdelyi-Hamos is senior vice
president of building structures and Katalin Palyi-Hoppe is associate of building structures, all with WSP.
24 JUNE 2017
129th and 133rd Streets, and delimited by Broadway and 12th
Avenue to the east and west, respectively, with some sites lo-
cated to the east of Broadway.
Renzo Piano Building Workshop and Skidmore, Owings &
Merrill designed a master plan for this ambitious project, work-
ing together to create a rich urban landscape that emphasizes
accessibility and openness with seamless integration into the
existing street grid and surrounding community. Davis Brody
Bond served as the architect of record for the initial phase of
the project, and WSP provided structural engineering servic-
es for several aspects of the project, including the Jerome L.
Greene Science Center, the Lenfest Center for the Arts and the
underground Central Energy Plant, in addition to the below-
grade areas designed and built during Phase 2 of the project.
Phase 1 of the project, discussed here, comprises the Greene
Science Center, which is home to the Mortimer B. Zuckerman
Mind Brain Behavior Institute, and the Lenfest Centerand
uses approximately 8,900 tons of structural steel in all.
Science Center
The concept of urban layers was the driving architectural
force behind the distribution and layout of the various spaces.
The street level of all the buildings on the new campus was des-
ignated for public access, and the spaces above were designated
The Lenfest Center for the Arts (left) and the
Jerome L. Greene Science Center
research facility (right).
The new buildings are located in the old manufacturing zone of Manhattanville.
Columbia University
to university programs. In line with the architectural intent, the
structural design incorporated architecturally exposed structur-
al steel (AESS) members, including special shapes for columns
and connections, engineered castings, notched connections for
braces and distinct links between structural and nonstructural
elements at mezzanines and common spaces. The use of AESS
was extended to the rooftop terraces, which are surrounded
by trellises and house the support framing for cooling towers.
Smoke stacks extending from the energy plant in the basement
to the rooftop of the science center pay architectural homage
to the neighboring structures. All exposed steel was coated with
shop-applied intumescent fireproofing paint, which required
extremely careful handling during transit.
The science center is a nine-story, 450,000-sq.-ft research
facility housing core research spaces, state-of-the-art labo-
ratories and world-class conference accommodations with
gathering spaces at the penthouse level, and will serve as the
A structural model of the two
new buildings.
WSP
Exposed exterior steel of the science center.
Columbia University/Frank Oudeman
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 25
 Renzo Piano Building Workshop/Dionysios Tsagkaropoulos
The Lenfest Center for the Arts comprises 56,000 sq. ft over eight stories.
intellectual home for the universitys Mortimer B. Zucker-
man Mind Brain Behavior Institute. The building has been
designed to maximize creative collaboration by placing open
stairways and bridges at the axis and four corners of the
building, unobtrusively linking common spaces, individual
offices and research and lab groups to form a coherent and
vibrant community.
Choosing steel for the structural framing system aligned
with the clients requirement for large spans and open spac-
es and expedited construction synchronized with top-down
foundation construction. (The structural alternative of using
cast-in-place concrete was explored, though the tall floor-
to-floor heights on most levels would have resulted in costly
formwork and reshoring systems.) In addition, the steel fram-
ing solution provided column-free for conference rooms and
laboratory spaces and also blended harmoniously with the ar-
chitectural intent, resulting in a significantly lighter building
in comparison to a cast-in-place concrete solution, thereby
decreasing both the gravity load demands upon the founda-
tion and lessening the seismic load demands upon the super-
structure lateral system.
The lateral load-carrying system of the structure is com-
prised of a core of seismic braced frames, perimeter moment
frames and exposed structural steel frames braced by diagonal
tension rods located on the exterior sides of the building faade.
An interesting feature of the system is that the first floor served
as a diaphragm transferring all lateral loads to the perimeter
slurry walls.
The exposed tension rods, which met the aesthetic intent
and are part of the lateral load-carrying system, connect to
the main frames by an elegant solution of notched ends. The
structural solution provided by WSP, which was based on using
exposed steel members to highlight the elegance and beauty of
the system, was consistent with the architectural intent of tying
the building aesthetics with the elevated structures bordering
two sides of the new campus.
In order to provide the public spaces required by Co-
lumbia, additional pickup trusses were introduced at the
mechanical level of the second floor, which created an un-
obstructed double-story open space on the ground floor.
Special attention was given to the design of the vibration-
sensitive laboratory areas, especially in light of the use of
a structural system based on light steel frames, where re-
duced mass and stiffness are linked to potentially excessive
vibrations. An extensive, dynamic study focused on vibration
26 JUNE 2017
WSP
The project is next to an elevated subway line.
sensitivity was carried out to meet the stringent vibration
requirements of the project, while optimizing member size,
member location and connections. Required adjustments
to mass and stiffness of structural elements throughout the
building were made to meet the vibration criterion required
for research and medical equipment. For instance, all floors
housing sensitive laboratory equipment had 5-in.-thick slabs
cast over 3-in.-deep metal deck, and the primary support
members of the floor framing had moment connections to
the supporting columns. In summary, the building meets the
stringent vibration threshold criterion required for research
equipment, including the creation of isolated testing booths
for very sensitive equipment.
The design for structural integrity went above and beyond
the minimum requirements of the New York City Building Code.
The enhancement of structural redundancy and resilience, in
line with the sensitive occupancy of the building complex, was
paramount to the design process.
Art Center
The second building in Phase 1 of the project, the Lenfest
Center for the Arts, has a smaller footprint than the science
center, with a total building area of 56,000 sq. ft spread over
eight stories. The structure stands prominently on a small
public plaza and houses venues for the School of the Arts, in-
cluding a state-of-the-art film screening room and two spaces
for flexible performances and presentations, as well as the
Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Art Gallery.
For this building, the designers biggest challenge was to
find a structural steel framing system with the smallest number
of structural columns in order to maximize the open space area
with added flexibility for use. The most efficient structural solu-
tion was the use of cellular beams, which allowed spans up to
54 ft and also became part of the architectural expression by re-
maining exposed. Another advantage of using these perforated
elements for the floor framing is that they allow mechanical
equipment to pass through the beams without increasing the
inter-story height, thus maximizing available headroom.
In addition to the strict requirements to limit vibrations,
which were shared with the Greene Science Center building,
the Lenfest Center was designed to stringent acoustical crite-
ria, particularly the theater and performance spaces. The task
became even more challenging as the building sits on top of
the underground energy plant.
 Columbia University/Frank Oudeman
Exposed steel stairs and bridge in the science center.
From the Ground Upand Vice Versa
The foundation of the Manhattanville
Campus serves multiple purposes. It pro-
vides adequate support to the superstruc-
ture houses the extensive central energy
plant and provides access to a loading dock,
as well as spaces for storage and main-
tenance. The entire development has a
common basement that extends the entire
site, with depths ranging from 50 ft to 60
ft. The energy plant is located in the now-
finished Phase 1 area.
The soil conditions at the site and the
accelerated construction schedule required
by the client posed significant structural
design and construction challenges for
the project, including sloping ground lev-
els, highly varying depths to rock and a
high groundwater table. Furthermore, the
proximity to the elevated portion of the
MTA subway line on the east side and the
presence of the elevated Riverside Drive
viaduct on the west side imposed further
constraints to the design and construc-
tion procedures and required mitigation of
sound and vibration on the sensitive facili-
ties in the building.
The structural solution for the founda-
tion and support of excavation was a perim-
eter diaphragm/slurry wall system, which
provided water cutoff and the required
structural stiffness to distribute vertical
loads to the soil and rock layers. It also
provided adequate restraint to adjacent
soils, thereby minimizing the settlement
of neighboring infrastructure, in particular
the elevated subway and the viaduct. The
system also enabled the use of a top-down
construction process, which dramatically
increased the speed of construction by
permitting the erection of the vertical ele-
ments of the superstructure simultaneously
with the site excavation. While top-down
construction is common in London and
Boston, given their unique subgrade condi-
tions, it is rarely used in New York, espe-
cially on such a large-scale site.

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 27

 Excavation during the top-down
construction process.

One interesting challenge imposed by

the top-down construction sequence and
multiple phases of foundation construction
was the temporary condition of unbalanced
lateral pressures due to the presence of soil

WSP
around the basements, which were con-
structed first while excavation proceeded

Columbia University/Frank Oudeman

on other areas of the project. This situation
was mitigated by designing slurry walls at
the perimeter of earlier phases to serve as
interior shear walls during later phases.
The foundations of the interior col-
umns were installed from ground level
using load-bearing elements (LBEs),
which were built by embedding a struc-
tural steel shape into a concrete shaft. As
construction proceeded downward to the
basement, the structural shape was ex-
posed. In Phase 1 of the project, 95 LBEs
comprised of 6-ft-diameter caissons with
an embedded wide-flange steel shape,
some of them reaching depths in excess
of 150 ft, were installed.
The tolerances for the location of the
caissons and the corresponding embedded
steel shapes were very stringent since the
shapes were to connect directly to the su-
perstructure steel frame. The connection
Proximity to the elevated subway details between the LBEs and the super-
line required enhanced sound
structure were envisioned to allow limited
Columbia University/Frank Oudeman

and vibration mitigation.

yet reasonable adjustments, notwithstand-
Open stairways and bridges at ing the requirement for even tighter toler-
the axis and four corners of the
science building unobtrusively ances around the elevator cores.
link common spaces.
WSP

Bracing in the science center.

Cellular beams allowed for
column-free spans of up to 54 ft
in the Lenfest Center.
Renzo Piano Building Workshop/Dionysios Tsagkaropoulos

28 JUNE 2017
 Renzo Piano Building Workshop/Dionysios Tsagkaropoulos

A notched braced Cellular beams top the Wallach Gallery

connection. in the Lenfest Center.

THE SOFTWARE OF CHOICE FOR

WSP
STEEL FABRICATION MANAGEMENT
The permanent monolithic connection ESTIMATING PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRODUCTION CONTROL COMBINING
between the basement slabs and the perim- PURCHASING INVENTORY CONTROL ORDER ENTRY PROJECT SCHEDULING
eter slurry walls, which were cast at a much INPECTION MODULE QA TESTING RESOURCE MANAGEMENT REMOTE LINK
earlier stage of construction, required an
innovative solution based on shear keys
built into the walls by means of block-outs,
CONSTANT IMPROVEMENT
where dowels with couplers were placed
for reinforcement. Since the basements are We never stop improving our software. A few of
used to house the energy plant, it was im- our recent enhancements include:
perative for the foundation to be as imper-
meable to groundwater as possible.
The project was developed using Au-
Sophisticated new interface for our robust
todesk Revit 3D, which enhanced coordi- estimating features improves clarity.
nation between all design and trade con-
sultants and minimized field coordination
issues, especially for the structural mem-
Powerful new Automated Events feature
bers and extremely tight and complex lets you put FabSuite on cruise control.
MEP services.
The United States Green Building
Council (USGBC) has awarded a LEED '\QDPLFOWHUVWKURXJKRXWDOORZ\RXWRGULOO
Platinum rating (Phase 1) for Neigh- down and extract the precise information
borhood Development (LEED-ND) to you want.
Columbia Universitys Manhattanville
Campus plan, making it not only the first
LEED-ND certification in NYC but also Talk to us today. Find out how FabSuite can
the first for a university plan in the U.S. help take your operation to the next level!
Owner
Columbia University, New York
EFFICIENCY PROFITABILITY ACCURACY QUALITY CONFIDENCE
General Contractor
Lend Lease, New York
Design Architect
Renzo Piano Building Workshop, New York
Architect of Record
Davis Brody Bond, LLP, New York
Structural Engineer
WSP, New York
Find out why our clients are the most loyal in the industry.
Steel Fabricator
Cives Steel Company, Northern Division, www.fabsuite.com 757.645.0842 info@fabsuite.com
Gouverneur, N.Y.

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 29

 Soaring hollow steel writes a new chapter in the history
of an architecturally significant high school in suburban Chicago,
demonstrating a new take on the original Gothic style.

LIVING History BY MATT AQUINO, SE, PE, JOVICA GRBI, SE, KEVIN HAVENS

JOLIET CENTRAL HIGH

SCHOOL boasts quite the early
20th century architectural pedigree.
Completed in 1901 and now
called Joliet Township High School,
the building was designed by a
prominent architect of the time,
Frank Shaver Allen, and employed
Daniel H. Burnham Company as the
architect for a subsequent major ad-
dition. Located in downtown Joliet,
Ill., it is listed on the National Regis-
ter of Historic Places.
Matt Aquino is a vice president and director of building engineering, Jovica Grbi is a The exterior faade of the build-
structural project engineer and Kevin Havens is executive vice president and director of design, ing was designed in the Collegiate
all with Wight & Company. Gothic style using Joliet limestone

30 JUNE 2017
 Paul Schlismann Photography
Wight & Company
Joliet Central High Schools exterior was designed in the
Collegiate Gothic style, using local limestone.
and Bedford stone trim material. The building features arched
entrance doors and an elaborate interior with plaster relief
panels, marble wainscoting and decorative cast iron staircases.
Interior features and materials consistently portray the Gothic
arch motif.
Now, more than a century after it was built, it has under-
gone another, 43,000-sq.-ft addition. Designed by Wight &
Company (Wight), the new structure features a three-story
glass curtain wall faade that leads into a bright and inviting
student center atrium. Beyond that is a spacious, open-plan din-
ing pavilion, also steel-framed, that can seat up to 600 people
for events. The focal point of the addition is a soaring structure
The new atrium, framed with HSS, provides a gathering space
for the schools 2,600 students.
of hollow structural sections (HSS) that defines a collaborative
space for the schools 2,600 students, where they can study, so-
cialize and access student services.
The design team envisioned a space that would serve as the
heart of the school, connecting the new with the old. The new
atrium references elements of this landmark buildings original
style but interprets it in a modern way that takes advantage of
structural steel to create a wide-open, bright, airy space. The
design, which required approval from the state government due
to the buildings historic designation, incorporates a limestone
wall of the existing school, treating it as artwork on the interior
of the new structure.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 31
 Wight & Company Alluring Atrium
The structural steel frame of the 50-ft-
tall atrium consists of a series of bundled
steel HSS columns that branch out in all
directions to form the arched roof geome-
try. These tubular elements come together
at a central node located at the peak of each
arch, which, in turn, support a series of roof
girders, exposed architectural roof decking
and skylight frames. The three-story cur-
tain wall encloses the atrium at each end
and is laterally braced by horizontal HSS
members, allowing for small secondary
mullions and improved light transmission
and visibility.
The new atrium is structurally inde-
pendent from the existing school, and the
sloped roof structure rises above and can-
tilevers over the existing school in order to
enclose a portion of the gothic limestone
faade. New multi-level stairs from the
atrium to the existing school bear on the
limestone faade but use slide bearing as-
semblies for lateral isolation.
Extensive structural and building infor-
mation modeling (BIM) was used to evalu-
ate the performance of the structure under
prescriptive loading. The complex geometry

The new addition in relation to the existing building.

Views of the building, looking south and west.
Wight & Company

32 JUNE 2017
 

 $
Custom stiffened plate connections
are designed to transfer the sloped
roof structure gravity and lateral 
thrust forces along all major axes
to the arch frame below.

required uniquely detailed connections

that met the design aesthetic and facili-
tated erection. A compatibility analysis 7<3

was undertaken to ensure proper per-
formance of the atrium structure as it
interfaces and engages with the original
$
building as well as the new dining pavil- 7<3

ion construction. The detailed connec-
tions were derived from the standpoint
of achieving the desired aesthetics and
also took into account shipping and in-
6(&7,21$$
stallation factors, all while minimizing

Paul Schlismann Photography

cost impact to the project.
The atrium is structurally
&/ independent from the
existing school.


7<3


A four-pronged, shop-fabricated
HSS assembly joins the arch at
Paul Schlismann Photography

the crown. The splice detail near

the crown was critical in achieving
seamless erection of the 3D frame. The 50-ft-tall atrium contains bundled HSS
columns that branch out in all directions.

Framing

during
construction.

Directly outside of the atrium,

a typical beam splice detail
&/
at the exposed bundled tube
framing allowed for a clean
separation in scope between
7<3$77 %
7<3$77 % two separate building portions.
3/$19,(:$$ )/$1*(
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Wight & Company

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 33

 All exposed steel was inspected at the
shop prior to delivery to the site.

Gothic Nod
The arch geometry references the
Gothic style of the existing limestone ex-
terior. Springing up from clustered col-
umn bundles, the structural HSS were
shaped as Gothic ogee arches that formed

Wight & Company

overhead cross-vaults evoking the naves of
12th century European church architec-
ture. In this way, Gothic masonry expres-
sion was translated into modern design,
connecting the centuries between the
medieval master builders and 21st century
structural engineering.
Regular design meetings were held with
steel fabricator Waukegan Steel and the erec-
tor (who performed the atrium portion; the
dining facility was a separate contract) to
evaluate feasibility and constructability of the

Wight & Company

steel frame, and designer visits to the fabrica-
tion shop ensured the final product met the
design intent. Complete atrium frames were
assembled in the shop to confirm proper fit-
up, which allowed for an exceptionally flaw-
The new dining facility, as seen from the exterior and the interior. less and efficient erection process. In addi-
The open-plan pavilion can seat up to 600 at a time.
tion, architecturally exposed structural steel
(AESS) specifications were adhered to, re-
Paul Schlismann Photography

sulting in a smooth and continuous structure

free of imperfections and visible joints.
The importance of collaboration was ev-
ident in resolving the constructability of the
complex 3D frame. It also helped reinforce
a clear vision for the entire team through-
out the process regarding the desired design
aesthetic and feel. The value of connecting
two very different time periods via design
and construction capabilities is evident in
how the new steel frame relates to the origi-
nal buildingall on prominent, permanent
view to students, faculty and visitors.
Owner
Joliet Township High School District 204,
Joliet, Ill.
Architect and Structural Engineer
Wight & Company

Wight & Company, Darien, Ill.

Construction Manager
Gilbane Building Company
Steel Team
Fabricator and Detailer
Waukegan Steel, LLC, Waukegan, Ill.
Bender-Roller
BendTec, Inc., Duluth, Minn.

A beam splice separating the atrium

and dining pavilion (see detail on
previous page).

34 JUNE 2017
 SUPER-SIZE THOSE ARCHES

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 You SteelDay
Its coming... 9.15.2017
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Visit a project site!

we
Tour a fabrication shop!
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 FINAL
Approach BY ADAM KNAACK, PE, PHD

A historical airport is being transformed into a

remarkable new public space with a majestic steel tower
as its centerpiece, just in time for Independence Day.

THE CINCINNATI-BLUE ASH AIRPORT never quite be the prime location for the development of what is now the
took off. Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport. How-
Originally opened as the Grisard Airport in 1921, it was one ever, after failed attempts at developing the land into a large
of the first public airports in the country and was considered to commercial hub, the airport remained a location for municipal
flights and aviation enthusiasts until its close in 2012.
But the area, owned by Blue Ash, a small suburb 15 miles
Adam Knaack is a project north of downtown Cincinnati, has new life as Summit Park.
engineer with Schaefer. The 130-acre park has recently been developed into an all-
inclusive space that can host thousands on its Great Lawn as
a major concert venue, 5K races for local nonprofit organiza-
tions and the communitys annual Taste of Blue Ash gather-
ing. Scheduled to open next month, it includes traditional
park amenities, a community center, retail space, designated
space for a performance stage and an observation tower.
At 162 ft, the tower is one of the tallest structures in the
northern Cincinnati suburbs and a landmark structure for
visitors. Acting as a backdrop for the performance stage at

36 JUNE 2017

MSA
the west end of the Great Lawn, it includes two observation
platforms. The lower platform, at 27 ft above grade, provides
those visitors who prefer to be a little closer to the ground the
opportunity to view all that the park has to offer. The upper
platform, at 126 ft above grade, rewards more daring visitors
with stunning panoramic views of the Cincinnati landscape.
Bracing Combo
The tower is composed of a combination of hollow struc-
tural section (HSS) moment frames and braced frames. In the
strong axis of the tower, two-story steel X-bracing provides the
lateral stability for the tower. In the weak axis, a combination of
X-bracing and vertical and horizontal moment frames provides
the lateral stability. The tower is flanked on either side with
single-story community buildings that are symmetric about the
structure and approximately mirror the community building at
the other end of the site. These buildings are generally com-
Schaefer
The tower, assembled through the observation level.
A rendering of the completed tower overlooking the park.
prised of steel bar joist roof framing supported on steel col-
umns and perimeter CMU bearing walls.
To provide visitors with access to a stairwell and a glass-en-
closed elevator at the base of the tower, the lateral system in the
weak direction does not extend down to the foundation level.
Instead, lateral shear forces are transferred through tube struts
into braced frames in the adjacent community buildings. The
tower columns resist the overturning forces, but the transfer of
shear forces into the community buildings allowed the tower
anchor rods to be designed only for uplift and shear forces from
the strong direction of the tower and not the larger shear forces
resulting from wind or seismic against the broad faces of the
tower. To help mitigate tower deflections and control fatigue,
the tower anchor rods were all pretensioned using a hydraulic
jack. The towers superstructure is supported on a drilled pier
foundation system extending down to the rock bed, approxi-
mately 50 ft belowground.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 37
 Form and Function, on Display
Early in the design process, it was clear that the struc-
tural steel would play a significant role in the towers look.
The architectural cladding includes perforated metal panels
enclosing two sides of the precast concrete stairwell and a
fully glass-enclosed elevator shaft. Whether visitors choose
to climb the nine stories of stairs or ride the elevator to the
MSA
38 JUNE 2017
observation level, they will notice the steels role in both
the form and function of the tower. As such, the look of the
steel and connections remained a primary concern through
the design process. Architecturally exposed structural steel
(AESS) was specified to achieve the desired look and reduce
standard construction tolerances required for the fit of the
exterior cladding elements. A zinc-rich primer satisfying the
A rendering of the tower lit up at night.
Roof trusses being assembed on-site.
Schaefer
Schaefer
The roof crown is designed to mimic an airplanes wings.
A view of the retail space facing the tower from the other
end of the park.
Schaefer
 slip-resistance characteristics of a Class
B coating was shop applied to all steel
members and topped with two coats of
aliphatic acrylic polyurethane. As this spe-
cific paint did not satisfy the requirements
of a Class B coating, care was taken so that
it was not applied to faying surfaces of the
braced frames, considering that these con-
nections were specified as slip critical. All
weld locations and brace connections are
being touched up in the field.
Considering the complexity and high
visibility of the connections, the final de-
sign was a collaborative effort between
the architect, structural engineer and steel
fabricator to optimize appearance, mini-
mize costs and simplify erection. Bolted
connections were used where possible to
minimize field welding and to aid in the
multi-phase erection of the tower. Fabri-
cator George Steel assembled the tower
framing modules in the shop to help meet
construction tolerances as well as to reduce
the amount of field painting and welding
required to provide the appropriate look
and feel of the tower. These frames were
typically 14 ft wide (the short dimension of
the tower) and at most, approximately 46
ft tall. Given the size of the frames, trans-
portation required coordination with local
municipalities along the route, as well as an
Ohio State Highway Patrol escort. Cap-
ping off the top of the tower is the custom
roof crown supported on HSS trusses
fabricated to match its slopes, as it mimics
an airplane taking off.
The tower and community buildings
are set to be completed in time for Blue
Ashs annual Independence Day celebra-
tion, to be hosted at the new Summit Park.
Red, White and Blue Ash will be the first
prominent event at which the city will
showcase this signature piece.
Owner
City of Blue Ash, Ohio
Construction Manager
Turner Construction
Architect
MSA Architects, Cincinnati
Structural Engineer
Schaefer, Cincinnati
Steel Fabricator
George Steel Fabricating, Inc.,
Lebanon, Ohio
 ALL-IN-
ONE
Construction
BY J. MARK DAMATO, SE, PE,
TOM XIA, SE, PE, PHD, AND
ROSE BECHTOLD

A Seattle multistory residential

project incorporates prefabricated
elements inside a steel exoskeleton
to address the restraints of a tight
site in a dense neighborhood.
SLI

40 JUNE 2017

MODULAR CONSTRUCTION can certainly remedy some
construction headaches.
Stacking units or modules into position, one on top of another,
and bolting them together in a steel frame can bring numerous
benefits to new construction projects in high-density areas: quicker
construction, higher quality preassembled parts, faster turnaround
times to market and occupy the building and a feasible, economi-
cal solution to build housing on small urban land parcels.
But in the AEC world, not everyone is prepared to take a leap
of faith in engaging different work processes. Why change what
has worked for decades? Retraining staff is time-consuming and
costly. When it comes to prefab design and construction, its es-
sential for the entire project teammore specifically the archi-
tects, engineers, steel fabricators and the construction staffto
shift their mindset and operate like an assembly line when manu-
facturing a branded product. The winning combination usually
comes in the form of investment into research and development,
The exoskeleton of the building.
J. Mark DAmato
(mdamato@dci-engineers.com) is
principal and cofounder, Tom Xia
(txia@dci-engineers.com) is a
principal and Rose Bechtold
(rbechtold@dci-engineers.com) is
a marketing specialist, all with DCI
Engineers in Seattle.
SLI
The building comprises 13,907 sq. ft.
familiarity with cost-efficient manufacturing processes, own-
er/developer buy-in and keen multidiscipline teamwork to
design and build in nontraditional ways.
Leaping In
DCI Engineers got its first taste of such a workflow via
the six-story 47+7 Apartments development in Seattles Uni-
versity District. DCI collaborated with Sustainable Living
Innovations (SLI), a Seattle-based, consolidated project de-
livery company affiliated with architectural firm CollinsWo-
erman. The project is the first use of SLIs prefabricated pan-
elized floor and wall systems and component-based design
technology, which produces repeatable, high-quality verti-
cal housing that does not appear manufactured as portable
model units. The fast-track building technology consists of
prefabricated sandwiched panelized wall and floor systems
that contain all plumbing, electrical, fire sprinklers and fin-
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 41

DCI Engineers
ishes for integrated utility installation (drywall was not in-
stalled in the project). A kit of parts was also included to
facilitate assembly of the structural connections, similar to
the contents of an erector set, and the building uses a steel
exoskeleton framing system.
The building has 24 living units in a range of sizes (427 sq. ft to
534 sq. ft) and totals 13,907 sq. ft. Thanks to the panelized technol-
ogys design flexibility, the construction team was able to erect var-
ious-sized living units on a tiny urban site of only just over 6,400
sq. ft (60 ft by 107 ft) within 5 months50% faster than it would
have taken had conventional construction been employed. The to-
tal project cost is an estimated $5.85 million, which includes one-
time additional research and development costs for the system.
Prototyping and Sequencing
The design team began by developing partial-floor mod-
els and a full-scale model in a warehouse to investigate the
best sequencing methods to shorten construction time. The
research and development partnership of CollinsWoerman,
Lydig Construction, DCI Engineers and McKinstry produced
designs and concepts to test the ease of prefabricated panel
installation, connectivity of vertical piping and utility systems
and accessibility to the buildings maintenance services.
42 JUNE 2017
SLI
The external steel gravity and lateral system allowed
for an efficient design that was very quick to erect.
Bolted connections were used exclusively.
Sellen Construction
One of the original sequences tested was a concrete slab lift
method. In this scenario, the foundation would be poured and
cured first, then a separate concrete slab would be poured on
top of that floor area. Once the concrete slab cured and the
buildings exoskeleton steel framing installed, the slab would be
lifted into place (by crane) to the next level of the floor-ceiling
system. This method was abandoned when the team found the
lifting mechanism to be cost-prohibitive.
The chosen floor system ended up being a light-gauge steel
and concrete composite floor, which is much lighter than the
all-concrete floor option and also more suitable for incorporat-
ing in-floor MEP requirements. The prefabricated portion of
the floor system consisted of the light-gauge framing, the metal
deck and all MEP and ceiling components. The construction
sequence entailed installing part of the steel-framed exoskel-
eton first, erecting the prefabricated SLI floor systems and then
adding lightweight concrete on the metal deck.
Exoskeleton
The external steel gravity and lateral system allowed for an
efficient design that was very quick to erect. DCI worked with
a consultant to conduct a fire study on a steel exoskeleton fram-
ing design to eliminate fireproofing for the exterior skin, which
  




 


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:3 :3 An elevation drawing of one of the braced frames.

allowed the architect to expose the steel structure. The con-

sultant examined steel heat expansion and degradation under The Panelized System
various fire scenarios and specified degraded material proper- MEP logistics are a major factor when coordinating
ties for design. The results allowed the engineering team to prefab construction, and this is where the R&D work
oversize the steel members for gravity loads to account for fire really paid off. The project team pieced together an
protection; this was more cost-effective and aesthetically pleas- entire building service system based on panelized
ing than sheathing all the steel members. sections, and the design criteria proved that prefab
The living units use 25-ft-long steel beams to achieve a construction is not simply a matter of putting together
column-free, spacious design. Having an exterior steel framing basic Lego blocks. SLIs building maintenance access
system allowed for 9-ft floor-to-ceiling height, full-height win- was intentionally congured at the back of the house
dows and more interior floor space. Bolted connections were so that service staff can access electrical panels
used to easily build the exoskeleton frame and eliminate field outside of the living units instead of entering individual
welding activity, thus reducing labor and project costs. The apartments.
project incorporated 124 tons of structural steel in all. Engineering solutions, in conjunction with project
scheduling, guided the construction sequencing so that
The Need for Early Involvement these service systems were connected appropriately
Thoughtful systematic design and assembly sequencing typi- while a professional inspector observed the assembly.
cally determines the success of prefabricated building projects, The hydronic heating system was integrated into the
and it certainly did in this case. Being part of the team early in the oor below the metal decking so that the system
project positioned steel fabricator Metals Fabrication Company components didnt interfere with the casting of the
to come up with holistic solutions and improve the production slab, and it helps the building operate with 75% less
run design before the final construction phase. To be a reliable energy than conventionally constructed buildings.
supply chain provider, it takes frequent communication between

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 43

 Future, taller buildings featuring the
panelized system will incorporate
BRBF systems for external framing.

DCI Engineers
multidiscipline team members (and within
your own staff) to encourage product preci-
sion and tight tolerances for steel members
and light-gauge steel joists. Drilled holes for
connections must be consistent and precise-

DCI Engineers
ly located according to specifications.
This project was a successful example of
such a workflow, such that for the next fleet
of SLI buildings, steel will continue to be
the primary material component and a hall-
mark to the SLI building brand, with the
buildings intended to last 60 to 100 years or
even beyond. In addition, future, taller SLI
buildings are planned to incorporate buck-
ling restrained braced frame (BRBF) sys-
tems for external structural framing, in or-
der to enhance seismic performanceplus,
composite metal flooring will be the norm.

The living units use 25-ft-long steel

beams to achieve a column-free,
spacious design.

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Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 45

 Creative
COVERAGE BY ROGER PRYOR
A symbolic,
exposed steel canopy
defines the look of a
Mississippi church
expansion.
THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH OF STARKVILLE has
been around almost as long as the town itself.
The church was established in 1839, just four years after
the northeast Mississippi college town was founded (Starkville
is home to Mississippi State University). In recent years, the
church was in need of expansion and in lieu of relocating to the
outlying perimeter of town, it elected to expand its facility in the
towns central business district. The primary focus was growing
the youth ministry space, but the project also called for a shel-
tered automobile entry to the church campus as well as a goal
of connecting multiple buildings into a unified facility via two
pedestrian bridges, one of which used a steel Vierendeel truss.
The design team was charged with developing a concept
that maximized the use of sheltered outdoor space. Structural
steel was uniquely suited to satisfy this need as well as address
the issues of a short construction schedule and congested build-
46 JUNE 2017
ing site (lay-down area was limited and the adjacent facility had
to remain fully occupied throughout construction).
Early collaboration between the structural engineer and
the architects was the secret to the projects success. By max-
imizing the economy of the main buildings structural sys-
tem (thanks to a relatively simple column grid) funds were
available for the Vierendeel truss pedestrian bridge and the
sculptural auto canopy framing.
In the spirit of the vernacular architecture of Mississippi,
the new building offers generous porches and sweeping steel-
framed roof overhangs that provide shelter from the hot sum-
mer sun and natural locations for chance outdoor encounters.
The new auto canopy includes a series of three-part HSS
brackets (the three brackets are a reference to the Holy Trinity)
and the expanse of the deep canopy is intended to offer a welcom-
ing gesture to visitors approaching the church on Lafayette Street.
 The new building offers generous porches and
sweeping steel-framed roof overhangs that provide
shelter from the hot summer sun as well as natural
locations for chance outdoor encounters.

Hubert Worley

Jim Lytle Hubert Worley

The project uses 150 tons of steel in all.

Framing for the Vierendeel truss pedestrian bridge.

Roger Pryor is the founding

principal and an architect with
PryorMorrow.

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 47

 7 8.1 9
20'-9 1/2"
NOTE:
3X10's SHORTENED @ 2X6 WOOD DECKING w/
CONDITIONS BEYOND, STANDING SEAM METAL ROOF
SEE DETAIL #3, THIS
SHEET (x2) 1/4" THICK STEEL PLATE
SADDLES (x1 EACH SIDE OF
WOOD BEAM) w/ (4) 3/4" DIA.
A325 BOLTS-TYPICAL (X2) 1/4" THICK STEEL PLATE
ALL STEEL GALVANIZED SADDLES (EACH SIDE OF
12 3x10's @ WOOD BEAM) w/ (4) 3/4" DIA.
A325 BOLTS-TYPICAL
5 4'-0" O.C.
NO
HSS6X3X1/4 HSS8X3X3/16 387.93' SPLICES (X2) 1/4" THICK STEEL PLATE
WF BEAM STEEL BRACE T.O.S. SADDLES (EACH SIDE OF
(ON SLOPE) T.O.S. VARIES, WOOD BEAM) w/ (4) 3/4" DIA.
HSS6X6X3/16" A325 BOLTS-TYPICAL
SEE ROOF (ON SKEW) SEE
FRMG. PLANS PLANS/DETAILS 383.09'
3/16" FILLET WELD ALL T.O.S.
AROUND EA. END
9'-0" 1/4" THICK STEEL
PLATE (x3" LONG)
added dim. to centerline
CONTINUOUS, A cross section of
of rafter saddle- WELD TO HSS12X4 the canopy.
Jan. 21, 2014
6'-9" 14'-0 1/2"

HSS6X6X3/16"

58
.23

21'-8 11/16" added dim. to centerline

HSS8X3X3/16
4'-0"

of rafter saddle-Jan. 21, 2014

3x10
TOP OF STEEL

0
3x1
HSS1
2X4X
3/16
12'-0"

HSS8X3X3/16
HSS8X3X3/16
3x10
TOP OF STEEL

3x10
0
HSS1 3x1
2X4X
3/16
8'-0"

HSS12X4X3/16

HSS1 HSS12X4X3/16

24" SQUARE
2X4X
HSS8 3/16
X3X3
/16

CONCRETE COLUMN
HSS6X6X3/8
HSS6X6X3/16
HSS6X6X3/16
HSS8
X3X3
1'-0"

3/16
HSS8X3X /16
3/16
HSS8X3X
Level 1
362.51 A 3D look at the HSS8
X3X3
/16
HSS6X6X3/8

canopy framing. HSS8

HSS6X6X3/8

3/16
X3X3 HSS8X3X
/16
C3
CONCRETE C3
T.O. FTG. PIERS C3
VARIES-SEE C3

2'-0" FOUNDATION
PLAN C3

Framing for the entire

new addition.

The auto canopies were framed with 6-in. and 8-in. square of the bridge were shop assembled and the floor and roof planes
HSS, and the fabricator developed full-scale mockups for the were field installed piece by piece.
complicated framing. When the project (which used 150 tons of steel in all) was
The Vierendeel truss pedestrian bridge spans the childrens completed, Sunday school records were broken, with the big-
playground to connect the new building with existing buildings. gest turnout in the history of the church. The project is a wel-
The bridge uses 6-in. square HSS faced with curtainwall glaz- come addition to downtown Starkvilles historic district, and
ing. The trusses are fully exposed on the interior of the bridge structural steel played a key role in the design, development
and clearly express the working structure of the span. The sides and implementation of this important community asset.
48 JUNE 2017
 Two pedestrian bridges connect the
new and existing buildings.

Owner
Starkville First Baptist Church,
Starkville, Miss.
General Contractor
West Brothers Construction,
Columbus, Miss.
Architect
PryorMorrow, Columbus, Miss.
Structural Engineer
Second Moment, LLC, Florence, Miss.
Steel Fabricator
Industrial Fabricators, Inc.,
Columbus, Miss.

Hubert Worley

Architectural Tapers + Universal Pin Connectors

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 49

 Taking the
COMPLEXITY
out of Complex
Erection BY THOMAS P. GETSCHMAN, PE
Unique steel structures sometimes require complex steel erection bracing,
and successful bracing requires successful strategizing.
THE KEY to complex erection bracing projects is not unique,
one-off bracing schemes used past on projects, but rather the
strategies used to overcome complex erection bracing issues.
Here, well discuss some of the the strategies that erectors
and erection engineers can use to help them achieve success on
complex steel erection bracing projects.
Acknowledge Roles
The first strategy is more of a philosophy that should be
considered for any erection bracing project. I recently had
an informal conversation with the safety director for a client
who stressed this point to me in a way that I hadnt previously
thought of. His comments focused on the role of the erector
in the design/construction process. From the owner to the ar-
Thomas Getschman
(tgetschman@csd-eng.com) is
a principal with CSD Structural
Engineers in Milwaukee.
50 JUNE 2017
chitect to the engineer to the steel fabricator and detailer, the
last person in the process that will have the final influence on
the steel structure is the erector. The erector will ultimately
have the final contribution to the steel structure as to how the
structure will look as envisioned by the architect, perform as
designed by the engineer, fit as produced by the fabricator and
succeed as envisioned by the ownerand because of that the
erector has the final say in the overall process. It is all the more
reason for the erector to be engaged in the design/construction
process and for the other project team members to understand
and accept the role of the erector as influential to the overall
success of the project.
Get Involved
The influence of the erector in the construction process
would logically lead to the erectors influence in the design
process. The erector should get involved in the design pro-
cess as early as possible, certainly as soon as contractually ob-
ligated if not sooner. Efforts that are put forth by the erector
in the pre-bid phase will give them a leg up in the proposal
and selection process and will allow them to influence the
design before it gets to the detailer. Any decisions made by
the owner or design and construction team, that will have
a significant impact on the structural steel erection, should
incorporate the erector.
One of the most significant groups of decisions that drives
the structural steel erection plan and stability bracing of the
structure centers on crane size, crane type, quantity and loca-
 Any connections that participate in the lateral load resisting system of the structure, along with typical connections (like the above)
that could be applied to atypical connection locations, should be carefully reviewed.
tion. Complex structures usually involve large and heavy struc-
tural elements. This will influence the erection sequence, lift
limitations, shoring requirements and long-span truss design.
During the crane logistic planning between the erector and
general contractor (GC), ground preparation and review of ex-
isting buried utilities should be addressed. Whenever possible,
engage the geotechnical engineer for crane ground preparation
recommendations.
In conjunction with crane logistics, the final design of long-
span heavy trusses should be reviewed by the erector. The en-
gineer-designed truss lateral bracing may not be present when
long-span trusses are set, which may require changes to truss
design or the need for additional temporary bracing. Under-
standing the engineers truss design and then suggesting alter-
nate splice locations, chord orientations or increased member
sizes will facilitate the truss erection and help maintain stability
during construction. Once the conceptual connection designs
are being developed, the erector needs to provide guidance to
the design team to ensure that the connections have erectability
in mind. Any connections that participate in the lateral load
resisting system (LLRS) of the structure, along with typical
connections that could be applied to atypical connection loca-
tions, should be carefully reviewed. For instance, while a field-
welded moment connection can be thought of as typical, if it
is detailed at a cantilever situation, the complexity of erecting
that member increases dramatically.
Therefore, any unique connection situations with atypical
connection design should be addressed by the erector in the
connection design phase. Any large connections/nodes that re-
quire extensive field welding need to have erection aids detailed
and fabricated into the connection design, to ensure fit-up and
erectability.
Understand the Structure
The next strategy for the erector to succeed on com-
plex erection bracing projects is for them to completely
understand the structure and the structural design of the
engineer. This strategy goes hand in hand with engaging an
erection engineer, which will be addressed in the next sec-
tion. As stated in the AISC Code of Standard Practice for Steel
Buildings and Bridges (ANSI/AISC 303), available at www.
aisc.org/standards, it is the responsibility of the design
engineer to indicate on the drawings to the erector and GC
what the LLRS of the structure is. Additionally, they must
indicate if any structural elements in that system are not
structural steel. Unfortunately, any logical description of
the LLRS on these very large and complex structures is not
easily generated.
Often, going above and beyond the Code is required, and the
erector and erection engineer should have an open line of com-
munication to exchange information about the structure and
the intended erection plan. For these parties, understanding
the structure will allow for an erection plan that can efficiently
use the design engineers intended load path and minimize the
need for additional erection bracing. Establishing alternate load
paths for both lateral and gravity loading may still be required
by using temporary bracing, using reserve capacity within the
designed LLRS and sequencing the steel erection to minimize
loads on the partially erected structure.
Engage Your Erection Engineer
The most fundamental strategy for success, which all the
other strategies are impacted by, is the relationship between the
erector and the erection engineer. The design engineer has vast
knowledge of the steel structure and the erector has tremen-
dous knowledge of how to erect steel structures, but it is the
erection engineer that acts as the bridge between the two. It
is also important for the erector to communicate their needs,
wants and concerns to the erection engineer so that the lat-
ter can provide an erection plan to meet the formers schedule,
budget and logistical constraints. An open exchange of infor-
mation between the two will allow for an erection plan that
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 51
 An ExxonMobil facility in
Houston involved a challenging
erection sequence for an
assembly called the Cube.
The assembly was built on top
of temporary jacking assemblies,
them permanently rested on pot
bearings following substantial
erection. (See Focusing Energy
in the June 2015 issue for more.)

is easy to understand, reasonable to

implement, works within the fab-
rication/erection sequence, clearly
identifies critical erection sequences
and provides safe stable points for
the erector. Equally important to
the erection engineer, the erection
plan should present a clear and evi-
dent load path for each sequence of
construction, be consistent with the
expected duration and provide the
flexibilty for field modifications.

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52 JUNE 2017
 Understand the Erection Plan
It is critical that the erector can easily understand and imple-
ment the erection plan provided by the erection engineer. A
top-down approach by the erector in implementing the erec-
tion plan will ensure that the plan is followed correctly and
most efficiently. The estimating department will need to know
the crane requirements to support the erection plan and an or-
der of magnitude as to the amount of temporary bracing/shor-
ing towers to budget. The overall project schedule will need to
be reflected in the erection plan.
The project managers and superintendents are the on-site
eyes and ears for the erection engineer. They will need to coor-
dinate with the GC and other trades so that the erection plan
developed by the erection engineer can be implemented cor-
rectly. Lastly, the boots on the ground ironworker is the final
person that will have influence on the steel structure and ulti-
mately needs to understand the work flow of the erection plan.
The ironworker is responsible for implementing the detailed
step-by-step erection sequences that are included in the plan,
measuring and communicating the as-built field conditions
and being the first to recognize realize inconsistencies between
the erection plan and the structure. Every level of personnel
will have a significant impact on the outcome of a project, and
therefore understanding the erection plan will increase the rate
of success.
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Simplify the Complex Problem
Simplifying the erection plan on complex steel erection
projects will create a safer and more economical approach to
the structural steel erection. Identify the source of the complex-
ity. Is it the design, logistics, construction constraint, architect
or engineer that increases the degree of complexity? Whatever
the answer, develop simple solutions to address those sources of
complexity. When it comes to erection bracing for complex steel
structures, I prefer to substitute safe in lieu of stupid when using
the K.I.S.S. concept (keep it simple and safe). There is nothing
stupid in erecting structural steel, but safety is always a concern.
For the erector to tackle the complexity of these modern-day en-
gineering projects safely, they need to have knowledge on par
with the design engineer to create and execute the erection plan
developed by the erection engineer. At the end of the day, from
the owner to the erector, safety should be a priority.
Although there is no simple solution or typical situation, us-
ing these strategies on complex steel erection projects should
help overcome the challenges that arise and allow for successful
completion of complex projects.
This article is based on Session R7 Complex Erection Bracing, which
was presented at NASCC: The Steel Conference this past March in
San Antonio. You can view a PowerPoint presentation of the session, in-
cluding a recording of the audio, at www.aisc.org/2017nascconline.
Interested in
business development
and making structural steel
the material of choice?
AISC
has a job
for you!
openings now in
SeattleBostonHouston
send resumes and cover letters to
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Theres always a solution in steel.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 53
 Straightforward
SPECIFICATION BY CHARLES J. CARTER, SE, PE, PHD, FARID ALFAWAKHIRI, PENG, PHD,
AMIT H. VARMA, PHD, AND SOCRATES A. IOANNIDES, SE, PE, PHD
Specifying restrained classifications for fire protection in floor and roof
assemblies is a more direct process than you might think.
HAVE YOU EVER BEEN ASKED whether your floor or
roof is restrained or unrestrained for fire protection design?
If so, it was probably because of requirements in Section
703.2.3 in the 2015 International Building Code (IBC). The code
states that the qualification of construction for the restrained
classification, in accordance with ASTM E119 or ANSI/UL
263, is the purview of the registered design professional for the
acceptance of the building official. Restrained construction is
required to be identified on the construction documents.
When used with floor construction that is appropriately
qualified as restrained, the restrained classification properly
provides for life safety and property protection. The owner
benefits from a lower cost for fire protection, the architect is
happier because smaller clearances are required in the building
finishes and reducing the quantity of any product (when pos-
sible) is a hallmark of sustainability. For all these reasons and
more, its the right thing to do.
So how can you correctly identify and properly use re-
strained classifications? Its actually quite easy. Following is a
succession of simple tools you can use, starting with the easiest.
1. Make the question entirely irrelevant. Underwriters
Laboratories (UL) Design D982 provides identical fire-pro-
tection thickness requirements for both restrained and unre-
strained two-hour assembly ratings for floor construction and
associated secondary members. It is based on UL tests that were
carried out on structurally loaded, and physically restrained or
physically unrestrained, floor assembly specimens incorporat-
ing steel beams. Therefore, the unrestrained assembly ratings
in this UL design are based on the structural performance of
unrestrained floor assemblies. This is in contrast to other UL
designs where the unrestrained assembly ratings are derived
indirectly from tests on physically restrained floor specimens.
These indirect unrestrained ratings are based not on the struc-
tural performance but rather on thermal (only) performance
using overly conservative temperature limits. (See the sidebar
on page 56 for further information.)
54 JUNE 2017
The two-hour assembly ratings in UL Design D982 can be
used with any UL-certified spray-applied fire-resistive mate-
rial (SFRM) with thickness sufficient to provide a one-hour
Unrestrained Beam Rating. This one-hour unrestrained beam
rating is a generic means of specifying the fire protection thick-
ness required to achieve a two-hour assembly fire-resistance
rating. This permits the use of any manufacturers material with
UL Design D982. It is not a reduction of the assembly fire-
resistance rating from a two-hour rating because the one-hour
unrestrained beam fire protection thickness was used in the UL
testing that resulted in the two-hour floor assembly rating.
The UL testing that supports UL Design D982 included
specimens built in both restrained and unrestrained conditions.
These specimens were explicitly designed to compare the real
structural performance of unrestrained specimens to the real
structural performance of restrained specimens with the same
fire-protection thickness. The results demonstrate that physi-
cally restrained assemblies and physically unrestrained assem-
blies do not differ in their fire-resistance performance with
the same thickness of fire protection. For further information
about UL Design D982, see www.aisc.org/ULclarity.
2. AISC 360 provides a simple and direct consensus ap-
proach. If you have a case that isnt covered by UL Design D982
and you must classify the construction, Appendix 4 of the Speci-
fication for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360), available
at www.aisc.org/standards, provides a consensus standard you
can reference as your basis of classification. It says the following,
in 4.3.2 and 4.3.3:
4.3.2. Restrained Construction
For floor and roof assemblies and individual beams in
buildings, a restrained condition exists when the surround-
ing or supporting structure is capable of resisting forces and
accommodating deformations caused by thermal expansion
throughout the range of anticipated elevated temperatures.
Steel beams, girders and frames supporting concrete
slabs that are welded or bolted to integral framing members
shall be considered restrained construction.
 Table X3.1 of ASTM E119.

4.3.3. Unrestrained Construction mon configuration of steel construction as restrained in Section

Steel beams, girders and frames that do not support a con-
crete slab shall be considered unrestrained unless the mem-
bers are bolted or welded to surrounding construction that
has been specifically designed and detailed to resist effects of
elevated temperatures.
A steel member bearing on a wall in a single span or at the
end span of multiple spans shall be considered unrestrained
unless the wall has been designed and detailed to resist ef-
fects of thermal expansion.
These are clear and concise statements in the consensus
standard for steel design and construction, and you can use
them to properly classify the common types of structural steel
construction. The Specification explicitly labels the most com-
4.3.2. This covers the majority of steel construction.
3. ASTM E119 Appendix X3 and ANSI/UL 263 Appen-
dix C cover more cases. If you have a case that isnt directly
addressed in the Specification or you want to use an alternative
basis of classification, you can use ASTM E119 Appendix X3 and
Table X3.1 (see the latter, above).
Here again, these are clear and concise statements. They
are provided in the consensus standard for prescriptive fire-
protection testing, and you can use them to properly classify
the common types of structural steel construction. This stan-
dard is broader in its coverage and also explicitly labels types
of construction as restrained and unrestrained. It covers all
steel construction.

Charles J. Carter (carter@aisc.org) is president of AISC, Farid Alfawakhiri (falfawakhiri@steel.org) is senior engineer, Construction
Codes and Standards, with the American Iron and Steel Institute, Amit H. Varma (ahvarma@purdue.edu) is a professor at Purdue
Universitys School of Civil Engineering and Socrates Ioannides (socrates@saii.com) is president of Structural Afliates International.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 55

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What Are Restrained and Unrestrained Ratings?
UL and other re testing agencies conduct their furnace tests following ASTM
E119 or ANSI/UL 263. These standards provide alternatives that the client
can choose, and the most fundamental choice in furnace testing is whether
to construct the test specimen as restrained or unrestrained.
When a client chooses to construct and test a restrained assembly, it re-
sults in two assembly ratings:
A restrained assembly rating is determined by the rise in temperature
at the slab top surface, the prevention of ame passing through the
assembly or the ability to carry the load. For steel-framed oors with
concrete slabs, the restrained assembly rating is usually recorded when
the slab top surface temperature criterion is reached or ame penetra-
tion occurs, because load-carrying capacity typically is not yet reached
when these occur.
An unrestrained assembly rating is inferred based on measured beam
temperature, although the beam is physically restrained in the test.
When the beam temperatures reach 1,100 F average at any beam
section or 1,300 F at any one location, the time is recorded as the
unrestrained assembly rating.
Also note that there is an additional safeguard that is specied for the
restrained rating: It cannot be more than twice higher than the unre-
strained rating determined based upon the beam temperature criteria,
regardless of the actual performance in the test.
When a client chooses to construct and test an unrestrained assembly, it
results only in an unrestrained assembly rating. In this case, the unrestrained
assembly rating is determined by the same temperature, ame and structural
performance criteria described above for the restrained assembly rating, not
as an alternative inferred from beam temperatures. For steel-framed oors
with concrete slabs, unrestrained assembly ratings inferred from a restrained
assembly test are always more conservative compared to unrestrained as-
sembly ratings determined from an unrestrained assembly test.
AISC and AISI found the same performance in the direct comparison of
the UL tests constructed in both conditions that support UL Design D982.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) found that the
restrained assembly rating was conservative compared to the unrestrained
assembly rating in the comparative tests performed as part of their study
of the World Trade Center. Other research and testing of steel construction
shows this has been well known for a long time. (See the 2001 Engineering
Journal paper Restrained Fire Resistance Ratings in Structural Steel Build-
ings, mentioned in the main article.)
Moreover, it is interesting to note that this also has been observed in con-
crete re tests as well. See the following:
Carlson, C. C., Selvaggio, S. L., Gustaferro, A. H., A Review of Studies of
the Effects of Restraint on the Fire-Resistance of Prestressed Concrete,
Feuerwider-stansfahigkeit von Spannbeton, Ergebnisse einer Tagung der
F.I.P. in Braunschweig, Juni 1965. Wiesbaden-Berlin, 1966, p. 32-42.
Issen, L. A., Gustaferro, A. H., Carlson, C. C., Fire Tests of Concrete Mem-
bers: An Improved Method for Estimating Thermal Restraint Forces, Fire
Test Performance, ASTM STP 464, ASTM, 1970, pp. 153185.
This underscores the overly conservative nature of the inferred unre-
strained assembly ratings provided in all UL Designs other than UL Design
D982. This conservatism was noted in the aforementioned Engineering Jour-
nal paper: The unrestrained assembly re-resistance rating for structural
steel beam oor and roof systems, based on ASTM E119 temperature criteria
only, has no relevance to the behavior of these systems under uncontrolled
res in real buildings.
 The two-hour assembly ratings in UL Design D982 can be used with any UL-certified spray-applied fire-resistive material (SFRM) with
thickness sufficient to provide a one-hour Unrestrained Beam Rating.
Note also that ANSI/UL 263 is a parallel consensus stan-
dard to ASTM E119 and provides similar guidelines in its Ap-
pendix C. Both of these documents are directly referenced in
IBC Section 703.
4. Use the seminal juried paper that directly addresses
this topic. The information provided in the foregoing consen-
sus standards is supported by an extensive and substantial list
of references. These references provide direct and quantitative
measures of restraint. They report on and conclude the results
of many decades of large-scale fire tests, detailed experimental
investigations and extensive research and analysis. The picture
they paint is clear and incontrovertible. Your needs will be well
served by an Engineering Journal paper from the second quarter
2001 issue: Restrained Fire Resistance Ratings in Structural
Steel Buildings (visit www.aisc.org/ULclarity to view it).
Two of the conclusions provided in this paper are particu-
larly relevant to this article:
All steel beam connections to other structural steel mem-
bers exhibit both axial and rotational restraint. The least
stiff connection typically used for steel framed construction
(such as a three-bolt single plate connection) is adequate to
develop restrained performance.
Conclusions drawn from the fire research and computer mod-
eling that have been performed by various agencies, including
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., support the conclusion that a
restrained assembly classification and fire protection design is
most appropriate for steel beam floor and roof assemblies, and
verify the guidance contained in ASTM E119 ...Appendix X3.
As before, these are clear and concise statements that you
can use to properly classify structural steel construction.
The paper is the seminal reference on restrained and unre-
strained classifications because it concatenates the results and
conclusions presented in all the other references. It provides a
complete review of the historical developments related to re-
strained and unrestrained classifications and explains these clas-
sifications. It also serves as the singular reference you can read
to gain a complete understanding of the subject. And as a paper
published in a peer-reviewed and juried journal, it is authori-
tative. Furthermore, the bibliography assembles the additional
body of supporting work. It is substantial and definitive should
you want further detail or support of a specific point.
5. Follow the further guidance provided in the other rel-
evant documents. Other AISC publications relate and provide
similarly clear and useful recommendations regarding classifi-
cation, as well as supporting information. Additionally, other
organizations have published similar documents of their own.
Following is a summary of the available documents and their
content relevant to this article.
AISC has published AISC Design Guide and Facts docu-
ments on fire protection and design. Design Guide 19: Fire Resis-
tance of Structural Steel Framing is available at www.aisc.org/dg,
and Facts for Steel Buildings Number 1: Fire Facts is available
at www.aisc.org/facts.
The Design Guide states:
Most common types of steel-framed construction are
classified as thermally restrained. Appendix X3 of ASTM
E119 lists the few instances where individual steel beams
and girders, or steel-framed floor and roof assemblies,
are classified as unrestrained.
The Facts document states:
Appendix X3, Table X3.1 of ASTM E119 provides guid-
ance on the classification of beams, floor and roof sys-
tems in construction as restrained or unrestrained ...in
most practical cases, structural steel beams and steel-
framed floor systems within steel-framed buildings are
classified as restrained.
The Council of American Structural Engineers (CASE) has
published its own guideline document: Structural Engineers
Guide to Fire Protection. This is a very useful summary docu-
ment written primarily for the structural engineer of record. It
states the following, specifically related to restrained and unre-
strained classifications:
In structural steel construction, the thermal restraint
developed under fire conditions is a combination of two
primary effects:
1. Resistance to axial thermal expansion provided by the sur-
rounding framing and floor slab or roof deck
2. Resistance to rotation of the ends of the beams and gird-
ers. This restraint is influenced by connection stiffness,
girder or column stiffness and interaction of the beams
with composite or non-composite components of the
floor or roof construction
Both modes of restraint occur in steel-framed buildings
and they both contribute to the fire resistance of a structural
steel-supported floor or roof system. Indeed, there is strong
evidence that, of the two modes, rotational restraint is the
more significant. Even minimal rotational restraint provided
by simple connections is effective in achieving thermally re-
strained performance. This suggests that calculation (docu-
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 57
 mentation) of the amount of thermal restraint that exists in a
structural steel frame building is unnecessary.
information about the test frame stiffness has sometimes
been misinterpreted. It has been suggested that a building
structure must have stiffness greater than that of the test
frame to qualify as thermally restrained. This is an erroneous
interpretation.

These documents all add to the clarity, usefulness and appro-

priateness of restrained classifications in steel construction. They
also demonstrate a breadth and variety of organizations and enti-
ties that are consistent on this subject. In fact, we are not aware of
a single credible technical document that contradicts the useful-
ness and appropriateness of restrained classification.

What if Someone Challenges You?

Its clear that there are those who are committed to their belief
that unrestrained classifications should be used in all cases. They
continue to maintain this belief even in the face of the mountain of
available proof to the contrary, including in the aforementioned in-
formation. They do so without a shred of research, testing or other
proof to support their case. This is why their arguments are based
only on confusing statementseven when there is no confusion.
As summarized in the sidebar, UL will perform tests in the
restrained configuration or in the unrestrained configuration.
However, only AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) and
AISC have ever used the unrestrained configuration to establish
A oor assembly undergoing a re test.

58 JUNE 2017
a UL Design. Thats right. All those who advocate that steel must
be classified as unrestrained do not conduct their own tests in the
very condition they insist is more appropriate as a classification.
If thats what they believe, they should be consistent and conduct
their tests using specimens built in the unrestrained condition.
We believe this speaks volumes about their position.
In the absence of any technical basis, there have been some
attempts to use as proof International Code Council (ICC)
interpretation letters written to fire-protection manufacturers.
All such letters weve seen say the letter is not an ICC position
and cannot be published in any form, implying such approval
by the ICC. If you are shown such a letter, please send a copy to
the AISC Steel Solutions Center (solutions@aisc.org).

Simple and Sound

This article provides five clear, simple and technically
sound bases by which you can properly classify structural steel
floor and roof construction as restrained or unrestrained for
fire-protection design. If you are the responsible design pro-
fessional, it provides the basis you need to satisfy the require-
ment that IBC Section 703.2.3 places upon you as you specify
a restrained classification on the design drawings. If you are
the building official, it also provides a basis upon which you
can accept a restrained classification.
It is clear that a restrained classification is almost always the cor-
rect classification. The exceptions that require an unrestrained clas-
sification also are well defined in the foregoing information.
An SFRM-protected oor assembly following a re test.

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www.aisc.org 312.670.2400
 State of
SAFETY BY SHAWN M. GALLOWAY
A culture of safety excellence doesnt come in a program.
FOCUSING ON SAFETY CULTURE appears to be the
next battle to win. It is not.
It is the reason you are in the fight in the first place. It took
years to create the culture you have today, and change doesnt
happen overnight, nor can it be outsourced to an external entity.
Culture is what is common among a group of people. Unless
you are starting a company on day onebringing a group of
peers together for the first timecommon elements are, well,
already common. As individuals begin to work together, unwrit-
ten rules of how things are accomplished and how to get ahead
become apparent based on direct experiences and stories shared
by coworkers. Excellent, good or bad, a safety culture has formed.
A new hire into an established organization, regardless of
expressed consequences, cannot be expected to immediately
understand, appreciate and comply with all the written rules,
policies and procedures. This is reality. During onboarding,
training and education should occur, coupled with reinforce-
ment of these expectations by their colleagues. As a reinforcer,
there should be a timely and consistent balance of consequenc-
es for desired and undesired behaviors that, over time, normal-
ize these individuals into the way we do things around here.
Cultures are a powerful force.
Cultures are also organic. They grow on their own. Al-
though they tend to resist forced change, they do accept and
change on their own all the time. The evolution of culture
eventually occurs with every corporation, influenced externally
and internally as new ways of thinking transform what is valued
and how beliefs are acted upon. Though the term safety cul-
ture is a relatively new concept, its impact on corporations and
their strategies and results has always been present.
Culture will always be an important consideration, whether
for a brand-new company with only a goal to make sure no
one gets hurt or a corporation long on the journey to safety
excellence, with mature safety management systems and a com-
prehensive multiyear strategic framework. Whether your cur-
rent focus is meeting basic compliance or becoming the best
in your industry in safety performance, you have to align your
injury- and incident-prevention tactics with a culture that will
reinforce the efforts in the absence of leaders and sustain gains
without formal prompting.
To accomplish this alignment, dont start by assessing your
current culture. Rather, begin by crafting a desired future state.
If you had a culture of safety excellence, what would it look
like? What would the common beliefs, knowledge, expectations,
behaviors, experiences and stories be? What would your results
be and why? Only then can you effectively assess the current
state. Otherwise, it wont be apparent which gaps to fill or de-
sired commonalities to reinforce.
Achieving a culture of safety excellence occurs when desired
beliefs are reinforced at or near the point of decision, almost
automatically. An employee will expect a certain outcome for
taking a desired safety action or putting themselves at risk.
When that experience occurs, it will influence the storytelling
throughout the workforce that affects future decisions. Pro-
grams, speakers and other interventions can certainly challenge
the status quo, add new ideas and contribute to the direction of
change. True sustainable improvement, however, comes from
leaders at all levels purposefully leading.
If you want a culture of safety excellence, dont start your
search for a program. Begin by answering these questions:
What would be common when I have a culture of safety excel-
lence in my work area? What am I doing to get us closer to this
and what am I doing to hinder our progress? Everyone is part
of the culture and everyone is responsible for improving it.
Reprinted with permission from ProAct Safety, Inc.
Originally published by BIC Magazine in December 2016.
Shawn M. Galloway
(sgalloway@proactsafety.com)
is the president and COO
of ProAct Safety, Inc.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 61
 news
DESIGN GUIDES
New Guide for Castellated and
Cellular Beam Design Available
Building designers now have a valuable
resource for the design of castellated and
cellular beams in AISCs Design Guide
31: Castellated and Cellular Beam Design.
This latest addition to AISCs design
guide series provides technical guidance
for the design of steel buildings using cas-
tellated and cellular beams.
Castellated and cellular beams offer
some great benefits in steel construc-
tion, said David Dinehart, PhD, pro-
fessor with the department of civil and
environmental engineering at Villanova
University, and coauthor of the guide.
Longer spans and the ability to run
utilities through the web openings are
just two advantages as compared to con-
ventional sections. There are numerous
research opportunities to further under-
stand how to gain additional efficiencies
from these beams.
The guide reviews the current state of
practice of the design of castellated and
cellular beams, including differences in
failure modes with traditional beams. De-
tailed design examples, both composite
and non-composite, are also included.
This guide provides designers with
a comprehensive resource for a state-of-
the-art practice that adheres to the 2016
AISC Specification for Structural Steel
Buildings, added Sameer Fares, SE, PE,
BOOKS
New Book Offers Intriguing View of
Notable American Structural Engineer
A new book, The Structure of Design: An
Engineers Extraordinary Life in Architec-
ture, is a firsthand account of Leslie Earl
Robertsons storied career in structural
engineeringwhich has generated some
of the most innovative and formally dar-
ing buildings of the modern eraas well
as his extensive collaborations with sev-
eral titans of the practice.
As a restless student from modest
origins, Robertsons first encounters with
engineering were almost accidental, yet
he would go on to be lead engineer of the
62 JUNE 2017
research and development structural
engineer at New Millennium Build-
ing Systems and coauthor of the guide.
The web openings in these beams in-
troduce new limit states and unique de-
sign considerations.
A PDF of the guide is available for
free to AISC members (and $60 for non-
members) at www.aisc.org/dg. A printed
version is also available for purchase at
the link; the cost is $40 for members and
$80 for nonmembers. A full article on the
guide will appear in an upcoming issue of
Modern Steel Construction.
landmark IBM buildings in Pittsburgh
and Seattle while still in his early 30s.
Immediately thereafter, he embarked on
what would become his most renowned
project, the World Trade Center, to be
followed by scores of major buildings
around the world.
The book provides a look at how the
key discipline of engineering influences
design, as told by a genius and poet of
structure.
Visit www.monacellipress.com for
purchasing information.
People and Firms
The Steel Erectors Association
of America (SEAA) recently
announced that its network of
Ironworker Training Units has
expanded from coast to coast
with the addition of Orland,
Calif.-based Rackley Company,
Inc. (an AISC member and
Certified erector).
With continued steady growth
from year to year and with many
employees with 20-plus years
[on the job] heading to retire-
ment, Rackley faces the dilemma
of maintaining a knowledgeable
workforce, said Scott Rackley,
president. It was for this reason
the company decided to estab-
lish SEAA/NCCER Ironworker Craft
Training, with a future goal of offer-
ing Ironworker Apprenticeship.
Currently, two other SEAA mem-
bers have successfully established
Ironworker Apprenticeships in
Texas and Florida.
SEAA partnered with the
National Center for Construction
Education and Research (NCCER)
to develop and initiate the
Ironworker Craft Training Program
in March 2014. Since then the
program has grown to a network
of training units in 11 states and
the District of Columbia. The
program also meets the U.S.
Department of Labors require-
ments for apprenticeships.
The SEAA/NCCER Ironworker
Craft Training Program will attract
a desirable pool of qualified
applicants and help new hires
reach their full potential, Rackley
added. This will help us grow
the next generation of great iron-
workers and steel erectors.
To lear n more about the
program, visit www.seaa.net/
Craft_Training. SEAA is also
endorsed by NCCER for Rigger,
Signal Person and Mobile
Crane Operator certifications
a n d c re d e n t i a l s . F o r m o re
information on becoming an
SEAA-sponsored training unit
or assessment site, contact Tim
Eldridge at 980.722.9373 or
crafttraining@seaa.net.
 news

BRIDGES
NSBA Releases New Resources for Bolted Field Splice Design
NSBA has released a new document,
Bolted Field Splices for Steel Bridge Flex-
ural Members, which provides guidance
on bolted field splice connections and
corresponds with changes made in the
8th Edition AASHTO LRFD Design
Specification. In the specification, the de-
sign of bolted field splices has been sim-
plified to generate more efficient and
economical bolted connections. NSBAs
document provides a walk-through of
the updated design procedure as well
as three complete design examples for
typical plate girders, deep plate girders
and tub girders.
Additionally, NSBA Splice has been re-
tooled. NSBA Splice is a free design tool
for plate girder bridges and allows the de-
signer to analyze various bolted splice con-
nections to determine the most efficient
bolt quantity and configuration. It removes
the time-consuming task of designing and
checking a bolted splice connection and
simplifies the process with input and out-
put pages, and also allows the user to ex-
plore the effects of bolt spacing, bolt size,
strength and connection dimensions on
the overall splice design. The new version
is presented in a Microsoft Excel spread-
sheet format, allowing users with Micro-
soft Excel 2010 or newer to access and use. Bolted Field Splices for
The Splice download includes Steel Bridge Flexural Members
Overview and Design Examples
a design spreadsheet as well as two
complete examples. The examples are
the inputs and solutions for Examples
1 and 2 presented in Bolted Field Splices
for Steel Bridge Flexural Members. To
download both the document and the
tool, visit www.steelbridges.org and
click NSBA Splice.

BRIDGES
New Steel Bridge Collaboration Guides Now Available
In conjunction with AASHTO, NSBA
has released two Steel Bridge Collabo-
ration documents, both available as free
downloads. The documents join a grow-
ing list of AASHTO-approved guide
and specification documents for use as
references during the design, fabrication
and erection processes.
G12.1 2016 Guidelines to Design for
Constructability is an update to the 2003
document of the same title. G12.1 is in-
tended for engineers, contractors and
fabricators as a reference document to
ensure efficient and economical girder
design and construction. It features nu-
merous changes that reflect the advance-
ment of the industry over the past decade.
G2.2 2016 Guidelines for Resolu-
tion of Steel Bridge Fabrication Errors is a
new document that addresses common
issues during the fabrication process,
from a misaligned bolt hole to a mis-
cut member, and provides the necessary
guidance to ensure an economical fix
that preserves the long-term resilience
of steel girders.
To view the new documents and to
learn more about the AASHTO/NSBA
Collaboration, visit www.steelbridges.org/
collaborationstandards.

ERECTOR NEWS
Ironworkers Announce Paid Maternity Leave Benefit
The Iron Workers (IW) and the
Ironworker Management Progressive
Action Cooperative Trust (IMPACT)
announced a new paid maternity leave
benefit at the recent 2017 Iron Workers/
IMPACT Conference in San Diego.
The organization is reportedly the first
to introduce a generous paid maternity
leave benefit in the building trades, and
the announcement was made after a
panel of ironworker women on safety
and diversity discussed the role of female
ironworkers and unique challenges they
face on the job site.
"We are very proud to be the first
to introduce a paid maternity program
in the building trades," said General
President of IW, Eric Dean. "It's about
time we make our industry a level playing
field for women and make diversity and
inclusion a priority."
The new IW paid maternity leave
benefit includes six months of pre-
delivery and six to eight weeks of post-
delivery paid leave.
"When we first started talking about
it, I wasn't sure how we'd pull it off and
what it would cost, but we realized that
it's an investment because we want our
well-trained ironworker women to come
back to work," added CEO of Ben
Hur Construction Co. and co-chair of
IMPACT, Bill Brown.

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 63

 news
CERTIFICATION
AISC Issues New Certification Program Requirements
AISC has issued new requirements for its
Certified Building Fabricator Program
and its new Hydraulic Steel Structures
Program, which are now available at
www.aisc.org/certification.
We're happy to introduce these im-
provements to our AISC Certification
program, said Charlie Carter, AISCs
president. We are simplifying and
strengthening the process for steel fab-
ricators who participate, and providing
even greater peace of mind for owners,
engineers, regulators and others who
specify our program.
The requirements for the Certified
Building Fabricator Program are the
new governing criteria for the pro-
gram and reference the Standard for
Steel Building Structures (AISC 201-06,
available at www.aisc.org/standards),
which describes the essential elements
of the quality management system for
structural steel building fabrication.
The Hydraulic Structures Program is
the newest addition to AISC's current set
of certification programs, which include
building fabrication, bridge fabrication,
component manufacturing and erec-
tion. AISC developed the new program
and requirements at the request of the
United States Army Corps of Engineers
and the needs of the marketplace. The
requirements are the governing criteria
for this program.
Applicants and participants can now
apply for the Hydraulic Structures
Program, and audits for building
fabricator participants must now meet the
new Building Fabricator Requirements.
For questions, please contact AISC
Certification at certification@aisc.org
or 312.670.7520.

HIGGINS AWARD
Nominations Sought for 2018 Higgins Lectureship Award
Nominations are being accepted
through August 1, 2017, for the presti-
gious T.R. Higgins Lectureship Award,
which includes a $15,000 cash prize.
Presented annually by AISC, the award
recognizes a lecturer-author whose
technical paper(s) are considered an
outstanding contribution to engineering
literature on fabricated structural steel.
The winner will be recognized at the
2018 NASCC: The Steel Conference,
April 1113 in Baltimore, and will also
present their lecture, upon request, at
various professional association events
throughout the year.
Nominations should be emailed to
AISCs Janet Cummins at cummins@
aisc.org. Or, if youd prefer to mail your
nomination, contact Janet for mailing
information. Nominations must include
the following information:
Name and affiliation of the indi-
vidual nominated (past winners are
not eligible to be nominated again)
Title of the paper(s) for which the
individual is nominated, including
publication citation
If the paper has multiple authors,
identify the principal author
Reasons for nomination
A copy of the paper(s), as well as
any published discussion
The author must be a permanent resi- The award is named for Theodore
dent of the U.S. and available to fulfill the R. Higgins, former AISC director of
commitments of the award. The paper(s) engineering and research, who was widely
must have been published in a profession- acclaimed for his many contributions
al journal between January 1, 2012 and to the advancement of engineering
January 1, 2017. In addition, the winner is technology related to fabricated structural
required to attend and present at the 2018 steel. The award honors Higgins for his
Steel Conference and also give a mini- innovative engineering, timely technical
mum of six presentations of their lecture papers and distinguished lectures. For
on selected occasions during the year. more information about the award, visit
The award will be given to a nomi- www.aisc.org/TRHigginsAward.
nated individual based on their reputa-
tion as a lecturer and the jury's evaluation
of the paper(s) named in the nomination.
Papers will be judged for originality, clar-
ity of presentation, contribution to engi-
neering knowledge, future significance
and value to the fabricated structural
steel industry.
The current T.R. Higgins Lecturer
is Todd A. Helwig, PhD, professor of
civil engineering at the University of
Texas at Austin, who received the award
for his paper Stiffness Behavior of
Cross Frames in Steel Bridge Systems
and other papers related to stability
bracing, as well as for his outstanding
reputation as an engineer and lecturer.
If your organization is interested in
hosting a T.R. Higgins lecture, please
contact Nancy Gavlin, AISCs director of
education, at gavlin@aisc.org. Todd Helwig, current T.R. Higgins lecturer.

64 JUNE 2017
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first 50 years are now available as free PDF downloads
at www.modernsteel.com/backissues.
Hiring
Safety Manager
Casco Bay Steel in Maine
75k100k DOE
Steel-Industry a must; Bridge Industry desirable
Relocation expenses considered.
Send resumes to Matt Flynn at
matt.flynn@expresspros.com
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 65
 structurally A GOLDEN ACHIEVEMENT
sound BY ROUMEN MLADJOV, SE, PE
MAY 27 MARKED THE 80TH BIRTHDAY of one of the most
admired and recognized structures in the world.
When it was completed in 1937, the Golden Gate Bridge
created a much-needed link between San Francisco and the
northern reaches of the Bay Area. Together with the San
Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, it unified the Bay Area into a
combined economic entity, significantly contributing to the
regions development as a financial and cultural center.
It is also one of the few man-made structures that has
significantly enhanced its natural environment. The beautiful
setting and elegant, powerful structure form a stunning
composition. Perfect in its functionality and design, is also
an object of art, a monument to the creative spirit and the
unending quest for achievement. The bridge even garnered its
own color: Golden Gate Bridge International Orange.
To fully appreciate the bridge, one must consider its
geographic location as well as the state of design and
construction in the 1930s. The Golden Gate straitsituated
between two hilly peninsulasis a mile-wide stretch of
open water defined by strong tides, swift currents, winds
exceeding 60 mph and soil depths of up to 330 ft. Without
computers or softwareor even electronic calculators
engineers had to rely on hand calculations and slide rules.
On the construction side, there were no mobile cranes or
high-strength bolts, and structural welding wasnt in wide
use. Connections were made with field-driven rivets, a very
challenging method considering the difficult atmospheric
conditions and the projects location.
On more than one occasion, accidents delayed the project.
A few months after construction began in 1933, a ship traveling
westward in a thick fog crashed into the just-completed access
trestle to the San Francisco tower fender and destroyed a large
part of it. Later the same year, strong Pacific storms destroyed
66 JUNE 2017
AISC
part of the access trestle twice. Together, these accidents
delayed construction progress by five months. But despite these
and other obstacles, the nearly 9,000-ft-long bridge (including
approaches) was completed in less than 4 years and ahead of
schedule. It held the main-span world record (4,200 ft) until
1964, when the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York
surpassed it by only 60 ft, and it remains the second-longest
main span in the U.S.
The bridge has been retrofitted several times over its eight
decades, and another retrofitscheduled to begin this year
and last for four yearsis planned for the main suspension
structure, including dampers at the towers and piers, replacing
some lateral bracing and reinforcing part of foundations.
Based on the significant strength of the steel wire main
cables (the two cables that carry the weight of the roadway
contain more than 27,500 strands each!) the load-carrying
capacity of the structure does not need reinforcement and
remains as originally designed. One unexpected load test
occurred in 1987, when about 300,000 people assembled on the
deck for the bridges 50th anniversary. The unanticipated load
caused the main structure to deflect, temporarily removing all
of the main spans design camber. Even though the pedestrian
load exceeded the design live load by 50%, the bridge still
maintained a safety factor of 1.17 vs. factored load demand and
2.44 vs. nominal load demand!
Not all U.S. bridges can claim strength in the face of such
loading extremes (there have been several reports on how
a large percentage of the countrys bridges are currently in
substandard condition). But at age 80, the Golden Gate Bridge
reminds us allespecially todays engineers, builders and
transportation authoritiesthat high-performing and efficient
bridge structures arent beyond our grasp; we just need vision
and commitment. Happy birthday, old friend.
HIGH
quality
METALIZING.
Among the industrys most valuable tools
against corrosion, metalizing provides a
protective coating by means of a thermal
spray of molten zinc or zinc/aluminum
alloy. Incorporating metalized structural
steel into your project can increase the
structures lifespan while reducing long-term
maintenance costs.

High Steel Structures is one of a select few

fabricators who have made the investment
to provide metalized structural steel directly
from the fabrication facility. To meet
increasing industry demand, High Steel
recently added two dedicated chambers to its
Williamsport, PA facility with state of the art
equipment for blasting and metalizing steel
components.

We offer our full range of steel coatings as

individual services or as part of a turnkey
package including fabrication and shipping.

CONTACT US TO DISCUSS
YOUR PROJECT
Rich Truxel, Sales Manager
(717) 207-4303 RTruxel@high.net

1915 Old Philadelphia Pike PO Box 10008

Lancaster, PA 17605-0008
WWW.HIGHSTEEL.COM