ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

TITLE: ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMNT SYSTEM IN

CASE OF ADIGRAT TOWN
SINEAR SEMINAR

COURSE CODE: ENSC 3133

ID NO

PREPARED BY: DESYE WORKU ..009507/

YALGA CHERU...0134/07

HAGOS WELDEMHRET.0103/07

NAME OF ADIVASOR: INSTRUCTAR ELIAS J.

JAUNARY, 2017

ADIGRAT, ETHIOPIA

I
Abstract
Problems in reducing environmental and public health impacts of wastewater to the rapidly
growing urban Population in developing countries are increasing dramatically. Moreover,
wastewater management was a growing problem in Ethiopia in general and Adigrat town in
particular. The study mainly deals with assessment of wastewater management system,
impacts of wastewater and developing strategies to minimize public health and environmental
impacts of wastewater in the town. The study will conducted on systematically selected many
respondents of different residential categories (high, medium and low income).The result of the
study revealed that the existing wastewater management system in the town were the
sewerage system, constructed for storm water in the town, septic tanks constructed for
households and hotels for domestic wastewater management and landfill for discharging of
domestic wastewater

The wastewater management system of the town was highly challenged by lack of sewerage
system for domestic wastewater and wastewater treatment plant. It is necessary to identify the
problems encountered in wastewater management system so as to take remedial actions in
reducing environmental and public health impacts of wastewater significantly.

Keywords: wastewater, septic tank, sewerage system, wastewater treatment plant,

wastewater management, landfill pits and storm water

I
Contents page
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................... I
1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ........................................................................................................... 2
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................. 3
1.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE .................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................. 3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 4
2.1 MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT DISCHARGE .................................................................... 4
2.2 WASTEWATER MANAGEMEN ............................................................................................................. 4
2.2.1 Over land treatment of wastewater ............................................................................................ 5
2.2.2 Domestic Wastewater Management ........................................................................................... 5
2.3 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL IMPLICATION OF WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT ................................. 5
2.4 URBAN SEWAGE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................... 6
2.5 WASTEWATER RECOVEERY FOR VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS ............................................................... 6
2.6 STORM WATER DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................ 7
2.7 WATER DEMAND AND ITS USES.......................................................................................................... 7
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................................................. 8
3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ..................................................................................................... 8
3.1.1 Location ........................................................................................................................................ 8
3.1.2 Climate ......................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1.3 Population .................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1.4 Topography .................................................................................................................................. 8
3.2 DATA SOURCE AND COLLECTION METHOD .................................................................................... 8
3.2.1 Primary Data ................................................................................................................................ 9
3.2.2 Secondary Data ............................................................................................................................ 9
3.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE ....................................................................................................................... 9
3.4 DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS ............................................................................................... 10
3.4.1 Methods of data analysis ........................................................................................................... 10

II
4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET PLAN ........................................................................................................ 11
4.1 Expected outcomes ........................................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Work plan .......................................................................................................................................... 12
4.3 BUDGET PLAN ................................................................................................................................... 13
Reference ................................................................................................................................................ 14
Appendix ................................................................................................................................................. 16

III
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Municipal wastewater management system is a system in which all the activities and actions
required to manage the municipal wastewater from inception to its final disposal and the
process used to convert municipal wastewater, which is water no longer needed or suitable for
its most recent use in to an effluent that can be either returned to the water cycle with minimal
environmental issues or reused. (EPA, 2008)

In recent years, lack of adequate wastewater management especially municipal waste water
management system is one of the problems facing most urban areas in the modern world with
causing sever pollution problem and increasing pollution densities (Mc cartney et al, 2008).
Moreover, allowing runoff from rain storms to filter directly in to a sewerage system which
adds stress to an already a stretched system is a substantial in wastewater management system
in many urban areas of most developing countries including Ethiopia. As a result, untreated
wastewater flow back in to the environment posing a serious threats to public health, economic
and environmental well being. The rapid increase in population, economic development end
awareness of health benefits of improved water and sanitation have been proven by the
municipality to cause rise in water demand, necessity of improved wastewater management
infrastructure and strategies to minimize threats to public health and the surrounding
environment. (Carr, R. 2001)

Municipal wastewater which carries with it human excreta disposal, is always referred to as black
water. Any other domestic wastewater apart from black water is often referred to as grey water.
It is important that the two are collected and disposed of separately. (Sridhar,2000). In many
developing countries, the provision of piped water supplies has proceeded without sufficient
consideration for the adequate treatment and disposal of the resulting wastewater. Poor municipal
wastewater management is a common problem in urban centers and therefore, poses a serious risk
of spreading sanitation-related diseases especially among densely populated communities
(Cairncross, 1986). Comparative studies done on a variety of both off-site and on-site excreta and
sludge disposal systems have shown that on-site disposal systems are cheaper than the off-site
ones in developing countries (WHO, 2001).

1
 The characteristics of municipal wastewater discharged vary from one location to another depending on
the population, industrial sector served, land uses, groundwater levels, and degree of separation
between storm water and sludge. Sludge includes wastes from kitchens, bathrooms, and laundry, as
well as any other wastes that people may accidentally or intentionally pour down the drain. It also
consists of domestic wastewater as well as discharges from commercial, institutional, and food
establishments. The nature of the sludge is influenced by factors such as diet, methods of washing
clothes and utensils, personal hygiene habits and bathrooms and other facilities (Bradley,2003)

Now a day in our country Ethiopia, at both federal and regional level, the management of municipal
wastewater is becoming a major concern of society as well as government. Government is trying to solve
the problem by adopting different municipal wastewater management technology like septic tanks, sewage
treatment pond, sewage gas and also assigning a different machine which dispose sewage to the place
where such waste cannot cause environmental as well as health problem (Hawando.T, 2002). Even though
municipal wastewater management is a growing problem in Ethiopia in general and Adigrat town in
particular, there are few studies conducted on this area in the country. However, issues related to the
overall municipal wastewater management system are not yet. Therefore assessing the existing
wastewater management for the future is more urgent. For that reason, this study was mainly deals with
wastewater management system assessment and developing strategies to minimize health and
environmental impacts in the town. (Wilshenach et al, 2003)

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Adigrat, as one of rapid urbanizing town, is far from satisfying the infrastructure demand of its
inhabitants. The section responsible for the waste management of the town is poor financially
and in terms of human resource to provide the expected serves for wastewater management
systems. One of the major issues that the development strategies should incorporate is the
issue of urban environment, which mainly deals with the municipal waste management.
Currently, one of the main problems in the town is poor wastewater management system.
Especially, the municipal wastewater management system.

2
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to assess municipal wastewater management system in Adigrat town.

1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

To assess the existing municipal wastewater management system in the town
To assess impact of municipal wastewater management on the environment
To identify the prevailing of municipal wastewater management aspects such as those
entailing its collection and disposal in the town

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study will focused only on the assessment of municipal wastewater management system to
minimize the adverse impacts of wastewater on the environment and public health in the
Adigrat town Tigray regional state.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The major significance of the study is, it allows to the planners, decision makers and
communities to understand the wastewater management system efficiency and the impacts
that face planning system management and management support tools in achieving sustainable
economic development as well as minimizing threats on public health and surrounding
environment. This study may use as input for other researchers on the area

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT DISCHARGE

According to FAO (1979) in some urban areas the effluent from the community allowed to flow
over the surface and pended in small depressions. As a result, during periods of high rainfall the
effluents carried in to surface water bodies together with urban runoff from the street and
percolates in to the ground water table in the area causing sever pollution and posing adverse
effect on the quality of the environment and public health. Therefore, sound management
practice should be applied to minimize these problems. Thus, in effluent discharge system, the
effluent from the community should be carried by sewerage system into appropriate septic
tank where those effluents are treated to prevent percolation in to the ground and discharging
on the surface water bodies. The extent to which the direct discharge of municipal wastewater
on the land will affect ground water quality depends on the amount of the discharge, the
degree of treatment, the total hydrologic and geologic conditions and the method of
application. Accordingly, the potential threat to ground water quality posed by the application
of wastewater or sludge to the land is focused on its biological and chemical effects and these
are generally related to public health.

2.2 WASTEWATER MANAGEMEN

According to Dyson et al. (2003) most studies indicate that the problem arise due to waste
water should be managed through adequate waste water treatment, which covers domestic
wastewater, commercial runoff and more. Wastewater treatment prevents toxic gases and
harmful pathogens present in wastewater and make it useful for different purposes such as
agricultural activities. There is a need to overcome sever problems of wastewater through
sewerage system drain in to appropriate wastewater treatment plant.

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2.2.1 Over land treatment of wastewater
In over land flow treatment, effluent is distributed over gently sloppy grass land on fairly
impermeable soils. Ideally, the wastewater moves evenly down the slope for collecting ditches
at the bottom edge of the area and water tolerant grasses are essential components of the
system. This form of land treatment requires alternative application of effluent and resting of
the land, to allow soil reaction and grass cutting. The application rate of wastewater wide pond
principally on the type of soil, the quality of wastewater effluent and the physical and chemical
activity in the near surface environment (middle brooks et al, 1982).

2.2.2 Domestic Wastewater Management

The problems created by the introduction of environmental toxins from domestic wastewater
are not clearly understood. However, domestic wastewater effluent and sewage sludge
contains a number of organic and inorganic substances which are considered potential toxins.
To minimize the effects some mitigation measures are needed to design or operation of a
sewerage system development project to reduce negative environmental and public health
impact. However, present t levels of understanding mean that very often the some negative
impact are not foreseen prior to project implementation. Consequently, there should be a
constant re- evaluation of the need of mitigation measures throughout the development of
sewerage system. This requires monitoring so that measures can be introduced retrospectively
when necessary. They also strong suggest that to minimize adverse effect of waste water on
the environment. Individual home should be frequently employ septic tank as a means of
treatment, with the effluent being applied to the land either through keeping fields or pits. (MC
Carteny et al 2007

2.3 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL IMPLICATION OF WASTEWATER

MANAGEMENT
Although the responsibility for collecting, treating and discharge of urban wastewater will
normally lie with local water sewerage authority wishing to take advantage of the effluent are
often able willing to pay for what the use but are not prepared to subsidize general discharge
cost. Since, wastewater treatment is a major cost in effluent use systems, accepting that local
authorities are fully responsible for wastewater collection. Only in these ways can a minimal

5
investment in treatment be achieved without comprising the health risk of an effluent use
scheme. Once a decision on effluent quality has been taken, the required standards must be
achieved constantly and the effluent treatment and conveyance system must be operated with
complete reliability (pescod, 1992).

2.4 URBAN SEWAGE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT

Very rarely do urban sewerage systems transport only domestic sewage to treatment plants,
industrial effluents runoff form roads and other paved areas are frequently discharge into
sewers. Thus, sewage sludge will contain, in addition to organic waste material, traces off many
pollutants used in our modern society. Some of these substances can be phototoxic and some
toxic to human and animals. Sewage sludge also contains pathogenic bacteria, viruses and
protozoa along with other parasitic helminthes which can rise to potential hazardous to human
health, animals and plants. So it is necessary to control the concentration in the soil of
potentially toxic elements and their rate of application to the soil. The number of pathogenic
and parasitic organisms in sludge can be significantly reduced before application to the land by
appropriate sludge treatment and the potential health risk is further reduced by effect of
climate, soil micro-organisms and time after the sludge is applied to the soil (Dean and sues,
1985).

2.5 WASTEWATER RECOVEERY FOR VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS

The discharge of wastewater and sludge represents an increasing environmental problem.
Wastewater discharge requires and improvement of treatment process in order to satisfy the
environmental laws. Moreover, wastewater treatment plants generate sludge, which should be
disposed in the environment. The fact that wastewater and wastewater sludge contain
nitrogen, phosphorous, biodegradable carbon and many other nutrients required for growth
and the process of product formation. They can be used for the production of value added
products. Wastewater sludge investigated as a raw material for the production of liquid and
solid based bio-fertilizers, bio-insecticides and enzymes (BenRebah et al. 2002; Lachhab et
al.2001).

6
2.6 STORM WATER DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT
The master plan for most town found as the town grows, the planner deviates from the master
plan without searching the solution for the problem it will create. In case of town drainage, the
deviation in master plan is much more comparing counters part of town, like housing, road
network and other materials. Drainage takes a least priority in towns of most of the developing
countries. (Bardley, 1983)

2.7 WATER DEMAND AND ITS USES

Before designing proper water works project, it is essential to determine the quantity of water
that is the required daily. Every human settlement is water supply based whether for
sustenance, sanitation ornamentation, recreation, firefighting or industrial uses and others.
Therefore population determination is the most important issue in water supply planning since
water is the first public utility and significance urban problem. The water consumption depends
on cultural preference, climatic condition, socio-economic status, cost of water and quality of
life. However, the need of clean waters for domestic purpose various from developed country
to developing country. Water as an important natural resource is becoming very precious and
should not be wasted and over utilized. Water in most of settlement can no more be used for
drinking but can be used for various other important purposes, like washing gardening, and
beatification of the city. Even though, water has an important role for human settlement and
technological development, due to over utilization and un proper use of water produce more
waste than that of consumed water. (UNEP, 2003)

7
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

3.1.1 Location
Adigrat is located in Tigray regional government about 898km north of Addis Ababa and 125km
from Mekelle. It serving as administrative capital of eastern tigray zone and Ganta-Afeshum
woreda. It is also located at cross roads of Mekelle-Adigrat-Zalambessa and Mekelle-Adigrat-
Adwa high way. The geographical location of the town is 1420 N and 3919 E and as per the
Integrated Development Plan (IDP) report the towns influential area includes Gulumeda, Erob,
Saesi Tsadaemba ,Ganta-Afeshum, Hawzein, Wukro, and Atsbi Wenberta woredas

3.1.2 Climate
As per the Ethiopian customary climate classification, the town is classified as woina dega;
the average annual temperature varies from 15 to 20 with January and June the coldest
and hottest month of the year. The main rainy season is kirmet occur from the month of July
and August.

3.1.3 Population
The area is highly populated it is consisting of totally 76000 of total population with 46536 male
and 29464 female population the total household is 8000 with male 39547 and female 36543
house hold respectively

3.1.4 Topography
Adigrat town and its surrounding are characterized by continuous rugged mountainous
topography. That is dissected by many minor tributaries of the surrounding river, flat lands in
center and some small plateau towards eastern boundary. Its altitude ranges from 2000m in
valleys of eastern portion to 300m above sea level in the steep western boundary and
mountains in southern east.

3.2 DATA SOURCE AND COLLECTION METHOD

The data for the study will be collected from both primary and secondary data sources.

8
3.2.1 Primary Data

Primary data will be collected from the interview, questionnaire and different households were
the major source of information. The primary data will be collected by using different methods.
Such as interviews and by direct observation of the study area. Note that by interview method
which meant that by direct contact /present with sampled house hold and asking different
questions about the background of past and present condition of the study area and also during
questioning when they respond based on my question, and then they respond will be written
about the study area on the note books and by direct observing methods which meant that it will
be the condition of getting good and reliable information by directly looking or observing the
study area.

3.2.2 Secondary Data

Secondary data will be collected from the workers of the town wastewater management office,
from development workers of the area, and from written documents in the office.

3.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

To collect the necessary data from the study area will be selected because of due to time and financial
concentraints in order to get the data from the kebele, for instance the total household in the study area
is 40 with the amount of precision and error (e) is 0.05 then we will get 36 of sample size by using the
formula (Yamane Taro, 1967).

n = N/1+N (e) 2, where:

n: sample size
N: Population size/ Total households
e: amount of precision and error which is 0.0

9
3.4 DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS
Data collection will be do using quantitative and qualitative tools. Under quantitative Tools
structured questionnaires were administered through face-to-face interviews. This help to come up
with the social-demographic characteristics of the study population as well as awareness levels and
practices in management of municipal wastewater. Whereas under qualitative Tools key informa
Interview guides will be used to get data from informants who are more knowledgeable about the
issues of wastewater management. All quantitative data is filed-edited and coded, after which it is
cleared and checked for consistency.

3.4.1 Methods of data analysis

The collected data will be analyzed by using descriptive Statistical analysis and the output will
be expressed by using tables showing the number of households and their corresponding
answers will be expressed by using percentages, demographic characteristics of the study
population such as age, educational level, sex of respondent, and occupation of respondent,
awareness, attitude and practices of the study population concerning wastewater management in
the area, presence of mosquito breeding sites and lastly, Municipal wastewater management
inspections of households by health workers.

10
 4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET PLAN

4.1 Expected outcomes

After studying this proposal research the following outcomes will be expected;

The people will be identify the management of municipal wastewater system

It can be easy to find better solution for the effect of municipal wastewater in their life
time.
The people would be distinguishing the sources and management systems of municipal
waste water.
Identify the cause and effects of municipal wastewater
The mechanism that treating municipal wastewater and their management will be
monitoring.

11
4.2 Work plan

Sequence action in time when I conducting this proposal

No Activity Day

1 Title selection November

2 Data collection December

3 Data arrangement December

4 Copying the arranged data January

5 General process January

6 First draft proposal January

7 Final submission of proposal January

8 Questionnaires preparation March

9 Data collection April

10 Data analysis April

11 Research symposium May

12
 4.3 BUDGET PLAN
The cost budget shows the total cost or an expense that is going to be fulfilled for the purpose of
materials necessary for this proposal.

No Item Unit Quantity Unit Price Total

Expense(Birr)
1 Paper Packet 500 0.20 105

2 Pen No 3 3.5 10.5

3 Flash USB No 1 100 100

4 Binder No 1 25 25

5 Typing Page 1 35 35

6 Printing Page 1 33 33

7 Note book Page 1 25 25

8 Ruler No 1 5 5

9 Transportation Day trip 6 6 35

Sub 373.5
total

13
Reference
Abdel-Aziz Ismail, Groundwaterenginerring, Mccorawitill publishing company limited,(1986).

Ben Rebah f., Tyog, R.D. and Prevost, D. (2002) production of s. maillot using wastewater
sludge as a raw material:effect of nutrient addition and Ph control. Environmental Technology.
23, 623-629.

Bradley, Jonathan P, and Kevin T 2003. Environment & Urbanization. Decentralized wastewater
management in peri-urban areas in low-income countries, April 2003, 15 (1), 75-77

Brueck, T.M Kundsen, D.I and Retterson, D.F(1981) Automathic computer based ontrol of a
combined sewer system. Water science and Technology, 13,103-109.water management and
Research, 3:251-278.

Cairncross, S. 1986. Urban Drainage in Developing Countries,

Parasitology today, 2, 7, pp.200-202

Carr, R. 2001. Excreta-related infections and the role of sanitation in the control of transmission.
Read 02.11.2012. Availableat:www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/iwachap5.pdf

Dyson, M Berg Kamp, 6.2003. The essentials of environmental law. Gland, Switzerland and
Cambridge, UK: IUCN.

FAO Irrigation and drainage paper, (1979). Ground water pollution, technology, economics and
management.Institute of geology and mines of Spain, Cambridge, Mass, U.S.A.

Hawando, T. 2002, The survey of wastewater management in Ethiopia. Pp 12

Lachhab k, Tyag: R.D and Valero J.R (2001) production of bacillus Thuringiensisbiopesticides
using wastewater sludge as a raw material; effect of inculum and sludge solids concentration
process B.Chemistry. 37, 197-208.

Mark O, Herne bring, C and Magnusson, p.(1898) optimization and control of the on flow to
wastewater treatment plant using integrating modeling tools. Water science and technology.

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Mc cartney,M.P.,Boelec, C. coffee O. and Muteroc. M.(2008) Minimizing the negative
environmental and health impacts of agricultural water resource Development in sub-saharan
Africa. International water management institute.olambo,srihanka.

Middle brooks, E.J middle brooks, C.H. Reynolds is H, waters. G.Z Reed, S.C and George, B.D
(1982) wastewater stabilization lagon Design, performance and up grading Macmillan, New
York.

Sridhar MK. 2000. Ground water in Nigeria urban centers. Problems and options.
PMID: 10842844 (PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE)
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10
842844

Pescod M.B(1982). Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture. FAO.Rome.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. (2008).Septic systems fact sheet. EPA publication
no. 832-F-08-057.

United Nation Environment Programme 2003, Environment for Development Available at:
www.unep.org/annualreport/2003/

Wilsenach J, van Loosdrecht M. 2003. Impact of separate urine collection on wastewater treatment
systems. Water Sci Technol. 2003. 48(1): 103-10 PMID: 12926626. Read 15.01.2013 Available
atwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12926626

World Health Organization/UNICEF 2003, The Africa Malaria Report 2003. Read 24.12.2012.
Available at:apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/67869/1/WHO_CDS_MAL_2003.1093.pdf

Yamane, Taro. (1967). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Edition, New York: Harper and
Row.

15
Appendix
Questionnaires for respondents

The main objective of these questionnaires is to improve the municipal wastewater

management in the town by gathering the necessary information from the society.

Please answer the following questions accordingly.

Name-----------------------------------------------------Family size----------------------Educational status-----

------------

Kebele-------------------------------------------------Male----------------------Primary school-----------------

Sex-----------------------------------------------------Female----------------------High school-----------------

Age-----------------------------------------------------Preparatory----------------------College-----------------

University-----------------------------------------

1. How do you collect municipal wastewater at your household?

A = Septic tank
B = Just pour it on surface
C = Soak away pit
D = Others (specify)
2. Do you dispose of your municipal wastewater separately from storm water?
A = Yes
B = No

18. Do you have a central collection facility for municipal wastewater in the vicinity?
A = Yes
B = No If No, go to question

3. If yes, what kind of central collection facility for municipal wastewater is in use?
A = Stabilization pond
B = Soak away pit

16
C = Open discharge or surface
D = Drainage channel

4. If you do not have a central collection facility, how do you dispose of your wastewater?
A = Wastewater soak away pit
B = Open discharge on the surface
C = Irrigate vegetables
D = Others (specify)

5. which problems do you encounter when collecting, storing and disposing of your wastewater?
A =Lack of land for disposal
B = Poor Drainage
C = Limited funds to make a disposal facility
D = Others (specify)

6. what are the existing waste water management systems in your towen?

7.waht is the main function of waste water management in your towen?

8.Is there any sanitation system in your towen A. YES B. NO

9. If yes is the sanitation system monitored?How?...................................................................

10. IS there septic tank for discharging of wastewater in your town? A.YED B.NO

11. If yes what is the problem facing it currently?

12 IS the waste water drain in one direction?..........................................................................

If no how many direction?............................................................................................

17
13. is there underground conduit through which sewage is conveyed? A. YES B. NO

14. What is the capacity of designed sewerage system for waste water management system in
you town?........................................................................................................................................

15. which types of wastes are allowed to be disposed into the seweragesystem?

..

16. Which authorities are concerned with municipal wastewater in this area?
.

17. What proportion of the budget is allocated to municipal wastewater management?

18. What municipal wastewater management facilities do you have in this area? (Soak pits,
wastewater, storm drains etc)

18