Chemistry Exam #1: Study Guide

Chemistry = The study of matter and its transformations

Physical Properties: Characteristics which do not change the chemical nature

Ex.) color, freezing/boiling point, Para-magnetism, and density
Chemical Properties: Things which do change the chemical nature of matter
Ex.) heat of combustion, reactivity with water, and pH

Intensive Properties: Do not depend upon the amount of the substance

Ex.) Density, Melting Point, and Boiling Point
Extensive Properties: Depend upon the amount of the substance present
Ex.) Mass & Volume

Gases:
Have no definitive shape (take the shape of container)
Can be compressed (have no definite volume)
Very weak forces of attraction
Diffuse rapidly
Low viscosity (resistance to flow)

Liquids:
Have no definite shape (take shape of container)
Cannot be compressed (have a definite volume)
Strong forces of attraction
Diffuse slowly

Solids:
Have definite shape and volume
Particles vibrate in a fixed position
Do not diffuse
Crystalline Solids have ordered arrangement of particles
Ex.) sugar, salts, metals
Amorphous Solids irregular arrangement of particles
Ex.) Plastics & Glass
 Chemistry Exam #1: Study Guide

Mixtures physical combinations (must be reversible via filtrations)

Homogeneous Mixtures: uniform in composition [solution]
Heterogeneous Mixtures: does not have the same composition throughout

Pure Substances have a definite and constant composition

Elements: composed of a single type of atom
Compound: combination of two or more elements with a specific ratio

Temperature vs. Heat

Temperature average kinetic energy
Heat the total kinetic energy (accounts for mass)

Converting from Celsius to Kelvin:

K = C + 273

Converting from Celsius to Fahrenheit:

9
F = ( ) + 32
5

Precision = how close the measurements are to one another

Accuracy = how correct the measurements are

Elements:
Sc scandium
Ti titanium
V Vanadium
Cr Chromium
Ga Gallium
Ge Germanium
Se selenium
Cd cadmium
Sn tin
Cs caesium
Rn Radium
 Chemistry Exam #1: Study Guide

Ionic Bonds: forms due to attraction between cation and anion (opposite charges)
The non-metal is able to take electrons away from the metal
Forms between a metal and non-metal
Ex.) NaCl (sodium chloride)
Covalent Bonds: a bond formed through the sharing of electrons
Valence electrons are shared to increase the atoms stability
Forms between two non-metals
Ex.) HCl (hydrochloric acid)

Polyatomic Ions to Memorize:

Isotope Notation:
 Chemistry Exam #1: Study Guide

Daltons Atomic Theory:

1. All matter is made of atoms
2. All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties
3. Compounds are formed when two or more types of atoms combine
4. A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms

Law of Conservation of Mass the same amount of matter exists before and after a
chemical reaction

Law of Definite Proportions The elements in a given compound are always

combined in the same proportion by mass.
Ex.) Water will always consist of two hydrogens and one oxygen atom

Law of Multiple Proportions A law stating that if two elements form a

compound, then the ratio of the mass of the second element and the mass of the
first element will be small whole number ratios.
Ex.) NO (14 nitrogen: 16 oxygen) NO2 (14 nitrogen: 32 oxygen)

Atomic vs. Molecular Element:

Atomic Element = Na
Molecular Element = H2
 Chemistry Exam #1: Study Guide

Determining the Empirical Formula:

 Chemistry Exam #1: Study Guide

To Find the Molecular Formula from Empirical:

1. Determine the mass of the empirical formula
2. Divide the molecular mass by the empirical mass to determine the multiple
3. Multiply the empirical formula by the multiple

Limiting Reagent Problems:

1. Need balanced chemical equation for the reaction
2. Convert the mass of the reactants to moles
3. Use a mole ratio for each reactant and the product
4. The mole value which is less = the limiting reactant
5. Convert this to grams to find how much of the product will be produced

Calculating Percent Yield:

% = 100

Calculating Concentration:

=