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-:''--- . l ~ ~-4.Hl ~~ .
Hearing Feynman lecture in person on the math-physics is a good preparation for this lecture. The
lecture "Relation of Mathematics to physics" can be found at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9ZYEb0Vf8U
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obCjODeoLVw
LEcTuRE I
T odll'i' b~<TINS A. t-lt- vJ tt-ffe of LtCIVi~tS l'hJD TlHS TlH- W<:- WII.L
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1\lon\"'ON t
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lttv~of5 1 uftflQ\J.) Si'HIAL tvtJC.1)0JJS LJI(t i)ESSL
..fu._,l,.'l10MS INitt<.. h COM- l'tboUi IN r.>oJI) 1.11\lf-1\-(' ?robL~"~S,.fo~.>nE-R..1Y'ftr.JS-Ji>n-r5,
A-No s eR., c s.
01J.r prl)bl~ 1~ t.>oT To $='or lnnt\T: ThE- ?h'i'~IC.S c>f A &lutJv PrObLE-t1
b\)T fi\Thtr 1'0 APi>LY USE..fvL MA1hC:MffnC..I)L TE:c..hNIQUf.S IIJ .SOLVIJ-1(,-
ThE RE;~I)t.nN~ ~u~o~s. A~ 51\Jc."' ovr e-l.fi>rTS wiLL tJ oT bE-
OirGcT:1) Tow~d CTE-NC-fr'ILI:tiN<J- our res<PL1S TOft '8Y'O/l1> CLftSS af
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~
'Prublb-\ IN qucSTioAI Tht FU'ST fhll> tnnMOSJ l'ASK bf...fof't vS I.SIO
WE: ALL KNOw how 1'0 ~OLVE' Tht S 1t-11' L ~ C(LIA-\>V'I\Tic. f:<?IJffllON'
xl.. + 't)( -t 1 =o
AlllO V"f: ShOfJLt) lo..~ow ~Ow'"TO SOLW; ThE: (.vbrc. E.qvfrnO,..,
e)' = cosx ~
-
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I.
Tl-lr;~e- SMPt EXltMPt.f=~ CPnJ bE: C!rifC:rorl1:.f;O FIS f\ SE:I o-f E:.'ftJffnOJ.J5
wh1c.h ~r~ ~
LET TAKE. /hi ex 1\-MPt. E of fl CUb I c. t"q u lff)o ~ /tNt> Stc how
VJ~ MICr~l SOLVE:- IT. &IVE-N The C.ub1c. wl,tc..h WE WriT" 1\S,
..!... - ~X
1 -t xl.
W- WILL SOl.Vf n b'l' ThE- lYIAL AJJd f;Y'f'Or H6ThoO. If 1l,1S
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Wr"OtJ(r WITh l:vr!Tl~Cr l>O..VN SOMe NUMbER~ IJJ Tht- "ProcE-sS'.
ThtS cioE.~N'T ft-9H~~~ A COLiiJOH. l.l\(,; IT IS Slc.K TO ThliJK lhtrf
II IS .
l..t order 1'0 HtLP us ~ol.ve- Thf: t-QU1mOM WE- WltL ttJuftJT
SOM~ wAY~ 70 ttJC.Rt:ASE. OOil :ffiC.IhH.y I~ Ctut-SS\tJCrlld: ANSWe-R.
Lf:T~ Th&N -fort-'\ A 7"AbLE: of Vlh~E;S ..foR. X. J
1"\,e- Lffl hAtJD
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2..
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WhtN. ThAT nfrPPE-NS ~oiJ clhJ 1 tJTt-t~t>ot.flTE. lhJo e:ro /l(:rf\aJJ. 0~-.Jc
woro of C/hmON J..I:V-R_ U.S(: C':rr"ft'Ph PflP~ 1T li I~ FJL wAYS
I
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=
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1.
WheRE' you Now Tr'l AN )( 111 VI\LU ~I E. ' (r Xu..t=O ttNd f, l-Id
Xol.\1 j Tha.J 'PLVCr ~,.. VA LIJ~ bAc.K. tiJ ,t;TC.
trn E--rror w~ac.h l)Hr~sfS Mv<."' ~-'Or~ SLowLY Thlhl The pre-vtous
Malhod. At.so fou ~ttv~ TO bt- CflP-.t:-1-ut.. Jh{)T 'ThE- e9vffflolol
IS Wr'ITrf:l.l IN'Th.E; RIU.hT ..forM OThE-t'WI.S- 7"- /tlJSIIVcil WOtJ 1 , -
CoN\IfR<T. To ~how Th1S Sot.vc- ~r x,.,
X,tot ~
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t) .s
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To .St~ vJn'i J)q;; ~ISW-It. IS "0\Vc-R&-INC,.. L.ET s s~ bS"itTU'l-
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8ToJ
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A-N~wt-1' I~ \)IVEr(rtN(r
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The-R.& frt"E- lOTS. of Wl\"1{.) To 1:>0 IT,I Th~ e-MtE:.ST wil'l' HNOl.VE-5
A'Don.l(:r '"ThE. t-.IVI1bt1'~. 1)\IS 1-'lrl-Y SJYtK~ 'l'o~ A-s odd St~C.t 'fov. M~~
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Tor XI\"MPL~ IT IS q~J\T- v~~iv l. "10 KtJow "1\.,AT
1-r 11...Qe
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9
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STEP
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MAl-lY "BooKs bvr 1 R(cot'lt'lE-tUt> You. L e AR.N How TO USt rT
bE:-CihJ~~ 1r I~ QVIT VALUAblE,
1 o
00
e
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x -=- -Q..I
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1
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IMTE.C:rrAL A-~ Wtl.L 1 1, l.
The- 5 I"" p lE-ST c.I'\St: \S Whf: N x, 1\Nc:l XL 1\1{; -ft )(tO VI\LlJt-S
trno t>o ~or bE:-P e-p..~n ON~- v~rlf~blE:- oc. IN Thl~ c"s c-
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t------
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-----i -'IT1.
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/
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reo
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SOHf- IP-\torTI'nJI ProPERTIE-S of. Tht- 1>t."'T1\
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1)ftMP O(.(T.
15
To P roblE: M .5t:T de
--::>
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) xz_
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r-E;-AL.I
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Wf- HI\V 11'-lTt&rl'ltE: OYER A Jvi-1P. Thlfl ME;f\113S ""AT SC.IIWI) nt\S
A K\NK. IN tT. T~E: 1WO SLoPe-~ 'Dtff~;R b'f A f"J\c;roR. of 11'.
IT I~ NOW Kl\low~ ThAT JN ThE: tJE:It:rhborl,ood o+
.f~dA"n"O N fo-r :su~. \ bE:;;t.O KE:)
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(M) ::: - Tf ~(lh)
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J1Nd. LtK(;WI~c fi.S W\ -J -ro StMII) -"? o so l) =o . Uo TO Th t
s 'f ""' M E:Tr IC. AL c.l) trr A-c.Tcr of S l W\) we- hfrVc ThAT 1!> = -C. Th 1J s
WE: C..f\11.1 WRIIE: +o..- W\ ? 0 l3 e.-"" 1\"Nd for M '- o 13 e+..,.... SINCe
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ThE:: IV
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\tJt ~1\VE: th~;; 'Pf'obLtM at fiTiiN(r T'Ylt:>~ TW 0 SOL.UT10i'J.5 T00-E:T\-\I.S-R frT rn=O.
Tht~ \S c.OMI'-'IOI\ILV cdtlet> A 'aoul\ldm-'\' VI\ LV t -rrobLH-1. J\lor\f\l.LY
ThE St f\"f~ 1'1\vC:r~ T TO ThE: ':>TUc.H';J'JT TO be;- (\>u IT- 'Dt ff,c..v LT bll"t 7l'\ t
del.Tl\- fu!Vt.TIO...S R~SOLVE:-~ ALL af Tne- we-R.c! COrJdtTIO~S de-vE-t..OPE--0
bv Th.e:- ~c..ttE-~. ~OTh Tht- dcLTft- tvNc.Tlot-t Pp.icl sn:'P .fvtJc..T\ON settvc-
io TE- L.l uS W"~ fi1\YP~~S b(;-1W ~E-N lh: TW 0 Rfr~IO...,S.
-Cl'i -b~
e 'J - e d
~ (t
W f- cJhU Crt;-T Th ~ Ft t-.>5 IIIJ E;t" It t-.1 U M b:;-r of w A't ~ boT NOT; If
vvon<.. WI~ Th~ .f,r.sr e-4.
WE; INT.-d\L )
d
do Wf:- crrt..~
dI ~ 1
dO..
= 0...
So
To ~ VAlv f\1 E Tnt- c..<ll'l~TfrrJT W& NEKO l'O e V1\LV f(T E- ThE: IIVT6-rf}L.
AI otJE: seT of 0.. fuVd b v fH.. u c~. NoTE- 1f Q-::. b wt hftvE J o.sT
\
00
0 d"~ L. u.Aao Theretore- I -=-0 tft..ld C = +~b. Thu.s
)o ~ ::. --a ro : :. 0
I = ~ b;a..,
lt-1 Th(; LIMIT, ~\.lS TO G-E;T ft f\l'l!'ft;- 1.,11-'\IT LE-T 0 bE;- f<=j)l..f\(.eD
( ~ e- '1.~ d - r e bt
d~
Q.:)
J\) - d J i) -
~ (1
Th t 11\.\TE-c:irftn oN C:r I v ~ S
l3
---- ---- - - - -
Jt-.1 TY'OlJbt..c, ~c b~l bE::-T IS 11:> '"?OT . f\-1-ld t<..H:P ThE- LIMITS
J-INIIE: ThE;-1-l , \'OU C-/h-.l C.Ofw\~1Mf;- ThE- rltJ.SW~ So IT 'DOES t-JOT '0-P'frJO
As P.. ruLE- ~~VhbJ GK> lr.rou u--h fr 'ProblE:-M ThEr -hrsT TlH~
\ ~ usu'ftt..V< qun-e- SL.OPPY , NuT PF'N JUG- ft11tN'TlotJ -ro St&tJSJ
Pi \s 1
.fA-c-Tt>~ of 2. ETC.. The- rQ'tSotJ 1~ lhAT t--'10 rt of11J Th thJ
NOT tW -h v-S I frY l)f'O tTC. h Lff\-d~ \U fr df:-1) cl e-N J & 0 I h tl'VE; li>
RE-Trerr--r- 'TO tilJoThe-r ~T. It \ StE: I t1tJih-Vt' httvG- I+ W~t'TI>
Tht- frt.J<sw6' ' Tht1\l G-o bA--c\( ver'( c.tn'E-fvLL'1 'PvTnt.Jer 11-1 ALL The
6--o r r (;(.T -h\C:TO rs 1 Jt-rJcl (:,.- r 1Nd - G- r 11'-1 d - C:r r t t-A cl ,
'(~v... ~f\-V ;-- TQ bE:- c.~L hH(::: \f wt- 11'\"K( tv\ -to be Er Y"Ei\"TE:r Tn fh..l 0
'"fh;)...1 wf: T'Pt 1(: ~( W\ -t) fr/Vd G-E=I
-til\
) c)o:>
c.o.S 1\o\)C
d.)( :: .n: e Voo'\ "> 0
l -t~"L 2..
c.~" d )( ~
I +)Ct.. j
l cos ~ ~t ( I - ~ "l.. +x. q - Xr.. t ,x 8 + - - ) d,x.
= 11 ~Cw.) -t rr~"(W\) -+ rr~'~~' (w.J t ---
:zs
S'now
):' StNX1.dl' ::
) OQO c..osxl.d)(. ~
.l{
1.. L
)voo d)C
xT-tcL4
'::> -rr..[i
4-a.3
) i:llt I"L.
~(IJ~'J,) d1- = 11 1- 117...
"l,
}000 o..y. d --
~
1 + e Y:
'f -11
Sal-la.U
): $\~h<iv)C
.S I t-1 h, )C
d,x :::. .L ..(- "")1..1 cy'L
z...
LE~TU.RE- 5
I=
I ~Ave:- 1)d\T
Q~ 1 =
\
= -
fi
I
(1 +d
.
G = fi. -
I
I I (I- ~)
fi_
~
rr
i =
f(m) I e GYe;-T
Nw I'M ST\)c.l(.. +!-ow 'Ql) I INTt:C:rrt\lc )(. U)T X~ I dot-l'T l'.~ow, We-t..l,
I 1Y'1' 1\C::rnll'-l. I couLd E.)(Pti-1Jd bt S~,~~ ft-Nc::l I.UTE;-C':sl"t\Te TrM
bv TE;-rM. Tr-f!T ~ t\ htLLvvlt wi\V 1'0 rvJV f\ rtt,\..ro#Jt>. Sv 1,pose
I Ht\~t:- Thf' ft>LlOWII\Hr observl\1101'-l ThftT
Tht-N
2.1\ .:.. ) Olth. [ ~(.:iiNX} t"~CL.O~)C} J d_x
COM biN~
-:. ~:~~ ~ (-<~~X t..o~)() d_): ~ ~ \)ll'1\. [ ~ (i 4 ~ 1..>') j c(~
A~ 'If
= -n
\..
~ 7.. -+ 1:It ~ (tl"" J
1.J'o d I'
T1
2.A ;: -{~1.-+ ~() Jw.. (1)1..~, a) ~
~
tJow In& 1~n-Cr0\L \~ JusT TWI(.f The- 01\J~
w1Th so
(.. ~ ::. - .!!
1..
~ l. + ..!. (z. f\ )
1..
-""> A= -iT~L
1.
or
'J..9
,k ( I t.X) dx
(lt,X~)
~ (~
~<) ~ )M c~'l' -t-SIN'f) Jy - ~\) h Cc.osY)cly
f\boifr The INn-e:rr1rnotJ LIMII Ttj~, So.
I dtMil T'i'
.30
~ow
s:
I
-1.J( -3~ -4)(
l.- ewr. (e-..,.- e ~ e. -e + --- ) d)'
- -I +- J.
J
-= s ca..)
-= -1-
I
C\.. Z,.-Q J-Q ~ -'l
Thts LA-ST s~nE=-s &,~~ 11;) 1::>~ svMME:'J) fn'-'d IT 1S t\loT 't-1\S~
lo uo. The fh\J~w E;-r 1".>
1' t L h t\V'E:- 1'0 c.o ME:- bAc..K. 1\-Nd show You how TO s IJ M Th5
;:. z.v. [
V\ ::. I
31
&-i:CTvRE 5
'PR06LE-M S
de
U..i" b c.o~o
- 3fT
}b
d~ r( (tCL+bJ
1
(X 2 -tbt.)CA i-CL'Ljl.
l.4. 3 b(Cvt-b 3
)
-~
= n. ( ' t- "") e
i
A-rJ~ Z.o..b ::. l. dtJ& \'UOT l~ ct~ b The-N 0....::. Yfi. ::b. Tnv5
;t.. (.It~) . StNC.~ CL =- -b lS ftLSo ft YOQT " \.)Tor--.
REAL AXIS
Th I S t> I 1\ (:r f"I\-M S ~0 "" ~ T)\ lif Tht Two C.tJ's A-dd JuST
L I 1( II H. TOf' ~ fl C coe-d 11116- 10 "'fhE-
W\o\C:N Two C.)o.I~S /rr~ MUl.TlPLtf..D TOC,:,-ThE-2. ,.,~
R.E-5U\.TJNC:r 'PY'OD\)CT IS hore- Otfftc..IJLT TO SEE- EVE-N DtfH:rr',M
MAn cALLY. s\) ppo!:>E hi\"~ Two c. I'J.'s
(!,-: C-t ~d. If MIJLllrl.'(
Le:T'S wO't'K.. T l-\6- 'f"t"l)c:hJc.T OvT US lt-.IC:r 'PO 1.1'\r c.oor-d ltJ.l\T~So
35
Now "'Thi\T vv~ /t1'(; Gt- E::TT I f\1 C:r S Mft-P..T AT WOfi<.IN(r
-
~ (. = 2
If WE: Cub~ ~OTh Sld~S JnE;-N wE- h frVE: x3 = - l. Now
WE:- t-J~E:c:l It J-l~Hb.- f' Whe-N roTATE 'D u- h 3
Th ro l.l E:: quAL. /trJe:rL.l:S
(;E:I~ US "tO -t, Wh IC.~ ~~ AT e=Z7o'D. Thos e; 3 = 90 ..
IW h1 c.h M.& A rJS 0 JJ &- ro-oT IS ~o 1T~E:L f, j\low o
~
e.l'.i. MV~T be 't /tJ..I d A:ftol WhE-N 1 T~ ~6-t..E MOTLI Pl. I f-l)
worK I} ~I+'-
ordt-r To o vT 'PI""ObLE-M Lll<c wf:
Wll.L
'"' NH:D TO KNOW ThE.- Prodv c..r o-f c.o~e -t iS IIIlO ~cl
To s f:-f:- 1 + wE: c. ihJ Pro 1ft ~ IJ c. h 11- Thtorf+'\ l f:-T s dt-f >N ~
R t 0 b t (. 0 sI t i s I ~ll w h' c. h I s (i p t-r f ~ c.T L 'l 6-0"0 cl c.o M p L E-X
'&.
NOfw\bE-rJ,,L R..:.~qo-ti(.e4t), Now R v..>ovl..d e-cyuAL cos~H..o..;.~.
/h-Id 11-1 &-e.J{;Y~L 1T koLds ThA-T for 1'\Ni f'f:AL n R,: eosnn'Sit-~1'\,
Now ~f The- l)..E:-ore-rv~ ho LeiS fhVd Re R~ = R $ 1'1() 1).,~
Nu~lo~r R Jo.tiJST hE:- S.oME:- sor-1 o-f tvl'ld ftME:-N; A-l. rooT -h--oH
Wh1c.~ ALL t.lvMI:>E-rJ cflriJ be=- n'\-KE-1\.1. IJI.ldE-E:-cl Th1S 1\JrtJ~ our To bE;
'fht- Cl\~t-.
,. e ,e
WhfrT 1 w~rNT TO ?rovE; 1~ ThAI Ro;l' ~ Ce') ':! e .
To do Th 1\T COIIo)~'dE-r (R e'l~'~ )""' -= R9 -= (c.o<&e/N+ t.''::>/1-le)N ) N
~d ll\-r'CT~ ,, . 10 I 10 9
00
lE-T N be- Vti' 't Cr I
10 If WE
IIVY'ITE l'V\~ SIMf: COSI"-'E- SE-riE-S pJSidE- ThE- ~ M-N The-s E.S Th -JI ThE:
'
~N\.
1
LEAd I Ill u- TE;-fM S /trf::- J -t ,; EfN - t . 1)., E: /tJ'L TffM .5
WILL .lrop ouT A~ N ~ L~&-&, WE- h It'll G- ThE-N 1'0 TA K(;-
o-f ( I t i e;N t. n\)s hAs ofE:N e~TflbLIShe-o
TO bE:.
k ( -f ~ )N - el(
N ">GO
'e Re
J~ ( t ig;,..,) = e' :
N --:.oo
37
fiJ
To A-NSwer Th~ ttNoTh~~ wAY 1-f 'R 9 =(F')
qot~noN
Wir~Af IS F ~ W- J(tJOW Thfl7 R 9 R-e by TI-lt: ri)LC =
.f.o-r Tfh<..tl\1~ C.OMPI.t)C. C.ON.l'-'C:rltTES. The-N 11 ,...,\JST bt TY'vt; ThAT
( F.:e) ( (Ff'e) ~ I
(;. )"';1
Thu. S !=' 0 f' lh 1~ TD tTOl. 1> F = F 'Ill ~o F ~J~VST b(: Rei\L.
h nJt'N ~ o vT ThAT f = J...? l - ---
F Acr ThAT
C6s e t ,; sINe
IS ONE- of ThE MOST R ;-1-1 f\-r I< f\~L t eq 0 ffl)()l\)~ IN. ft L L. of
M""Tnt- Mt\11CS- IT IS NOT lbJ: MosT r-1-'11'\-t"Kilbl..E- E:qoftTIO,J. IT
IS "i"h1S E:quA"norJ.i Thtt-T 7Vft-JS ft bo'l lt.JTO fl MftJJ ~ A- STUdtNI
itJ1'o A MttTht-Htrn<.ll-1\J. IT IS 1*: It Uff'"f dtL.16-hThlL llu#.J(r,
BUT Tht- MOST rE:-Mfrt'"KftbLE -klV'MIJL/l lfJ f\LL of H/lThfM,JlCS-(
b~ A- Sot--1Ev0hf}T ~vbJ-c..nvc- E:;Vf\Lv/tTIOJ\.1 ) IS
Why would the ith root of 1 produce 546?? Maybe this is the right answer
instead of "42" as suggested in the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy!
38
The- C::rE:tJC1"1tL r:orMOt.lt fOR. TAKIN6- ThE: c..oMPt.fl<
Pow i f of- 1'1- c.o M P ~ ~ )(. IV V M bE:- R. I S
l:~
el W h E; 'f" f;- .l_ I = 0.. t b ~ {t,J d ~ 1. :. C 'f d'
, Q
1-f l 1 " fl. e
W~ \ c.h S \ M Pt. I E--~ TO
n.:.. e c, e rz,
c1,
e
-ad
l
.-z,
:: e
-zik.~
::. e
-z, t'-""' . ,. ,;( ~~ + z.n1f)]
: e - z, [ o + , L "'h t- Z11Tt)] -=- e 11 ~4.., rt
W~ rJ t"XT vJ A rJT 11> CO.._,~ I c:!. cR.. Tft1<. I N Cr Th C' 1..0 Crlf1"1i},f1
of. A c.oMi' L f: X. tJ VM b-r , J. t., )')<\ c (A.tb ,"). To f1~'>d ouT' wh11T
Th,~ I So l E;T s d HIIH:
) 'n ( Cl.. -t b , ) : X 1' , 'I
Th E. ...I T"V\ 1~ I ~ E-q () 1 1J Jl' L f-N T TO
'II
e "' e ' ' -= e '~' ( c.~ v t i .o""' 'f )
X
a. -=e c.os v
b = e" ,s,.JY
39
ON E ~TrA T rEliT af T FIKIN(7 Th E- l. 0 (7 of co MPL fX
1\.l u 1'1 b c-t ~ IS Th ItT W If: C. 11-r\J N 0w T'R I< t- ...,.., (;- LO ~ of ll
N t- c,. A 1 IIJ <:- ~~ u M lo ~ r , ~ . d
-:: i 11j?,...
W HI (. ~ I M P Lt E;-j
i; ~ -/.fn.J w
'"T1I-N C'::r1.>1
i W - ~w)
t; = (e - e
i ( e'w i- e.-wJ
e t<w _, _..,
e l.'w t I
L 'i) t
e -'(e ~x
,. ( )C. i- - L' ( )C L''(
~(~TtY) ~ e
~__
e__________ -t't -c.')(
- -t e e
2.
:: e( :e
'(. . -y) co~x ;- C: (
'( -'t)
e ~e SIIJX
c -t d , l.
6) c -t cl ,
c CA. -r b L. ) = (n e
C\ ~ I b ~ I C. "" I d -:: - I /1. = -{i E) : 'rfJ q
l = ( -r,_ e.z'l1J4 )C-tcl~ = (fi. e'Yf/q)C. (fi e'.Tflq)d~.
~
_r:::; (
11. cos rr;y + ~. S1N '~~'Jq
)
( f2. dL' e -dTrjl.{) .
-= .fi Ce. +rr/q t 2.1\'n) ( C 0& T(/ 'f t ,51 t-1 rif4 ) (-fi) ch
Now d {.
= rt Co~ i t L, SIN t
.,~ L-
c.-o ~ 11 1y + c.o s c- ~ fi ) + i (s ,..1 "' ~ + o .;.... (- k
t t 1.1'111'
t-= 11.e Ji,))]
-11.. e.
'~~t ~, 't 2. "1\ 1i
[ c,os(lfJq - ~ n) + t,' () ""-'( 11/q ~)A,. {i,) 7
42.
CoNTOUR INTE.GRftTIOtJ
FliNC110 NS of A COMPLEX VIT~ Jflbl.E
W=-
I
-'T ,: 'l;
w :::. -
= (I -'f)+i.JC.
I (I- 'I') - '. )(
= (1-'(l~tXl...
11-iC)(tC'f)
s~~ of
'lou.
.f l)rJc. no""
~-N
IS , Tht'I'T
..fv f\J CliO 1'1 oi
A COMPL.t'1<.
~
~vHbE-1
w'v" c,h rE:-q <.n("~~ 'Z- f E-fi"L u tt-r 1ft b L~ 10 LC Ut'ft IT Th E1~t-
A,.-. 0 1n E:-f f:JC 1\-1"'1 p LE:- of w-=- fcc) I~ ThE- ..f.v.vcTio ,..t
w::- t.* wh ~r e vvE- w f'nJT "'"'J"hE:- c..o '"M fJ i E?<: eo/\JJIJ CTATE of =t.
nu.l~ +
u. t l v : ( Xt C: Y) :: X - L''/
4 ~ X Al"d v ~ -Y
)( t-i 'I'
w:: e ! = e
g'L:CJ:.. )~
CJ 4J -/o
whe-rE- Ac- ~ Ax _,at. ThuS
g'{t;):: _,e~ (Llt).,y _ )~ llx -i.4't
() 4~-~o A.C 4.Jitl~y Ax. -t,;ll'i'
iJ -'? 0
U.q~ l. 1~11 {)~1f;Uc:L~ QI\J ~t YI'\-Tio o-f 4X/A'(. IT JS EITnfrlt
tl OR -j . Th~~for~ "flo\{; Ll M\T l)~a..lci~ 01\1 tk>w Th~ 0
1s In' PRo A-c.. \-I & l> . AN fuJ f\-\. 'l'1lc. fvN c.110 tJ I.S utfl t.l ~ J 1JJ Tnt
l.l H \T A$ AJ _, 0 froM /UJ'i D1 R. E. C.lloN 1 e '-. I f W: <1l.
Thf; f' : 2J or
L.JS
EX P~ lkJb o VT ThE:- 1) fi<.llJfh\U E;-
f 1
( c) :: ~ VV CJ-t4j) - WCJJ
A)C -t~~'i' -~o .A}
-= 4 [u c. x-r 47\ '7'-Hl'i') -r ". vo.-tAJ\, -r-t A0] - L uc.,., n + .. ~_! ,o]
A~ ..... ,. A';"
Ax~~~) t A't ~"/<}y -t c.: Jvfox AX -t (. a~~'i' il'i
me- Cd o c. h ';" --1 E. M 1tJV Cr ITE: r If) h tT~ A1\J IN Tff t;-$Tl N G
~fOM-ll'"IC-1\L '&lb~lf-JCITNCt:. If Pr MtTpp11v~ IS Mttdt- tt-bovT
Jo The- d{;-('IVIT'J)v't- o+ if'ht-dvrJc..Tl."JV IS shrVNK. /tJ MA~iVtT\JdE-d
ANd.. f'OTI\1 Eo- ci lh 1"'0'1) (c. ~ So H {; frlJ G, t, c..
Now I'd t.IK.&- T'O 'DlSC-Q.s.S lt-.JTt.<::>rftno~
(.()MP\..~ 'Pt.fftJE-. $cJppo~~ I WlfNT 1"'b &e
f.ror-1 I TO ?.. ONe- Wft'( IS TO 6-o ftL..ON'O
-r-ffK.ItJ0 Vf;-1'{ 5 MA\..L ST&PS. I I t. 'IV
C.urL F
47
L~1'S TIV .SO He- 'PfobLtM.S INVuL,VItvG COMPL{;I(
INT&eov--ATIO~.
): U cl ~ - v d~ ' ) ( V - v) d X = f: - ZX
1
J;< : f
j\)ow Lt-1':> Tf\'
PrbooT f\ C.lfC.LE:
de
t:
s d~
2:-
- ~ c.' o. e L~ oo
t
o. e ~ e:-
z.:n (.
~oT&-- Th\$ re.-~ut..l lt-JdE-PE-NT
IS Tht- t"'ftdiOS. Tn1S o+
RE-SULT IS VE-r"( INPor'N\-NT'. \1 ~t}-Y~ 1f Tht:- I).)T(:b(/tl.
CorVIfntJ~ f\- .SitvG:VL.Irf"aT'i Tht- VfH.. vc- o+ The- INTt;(Off)L..
1~ -z.:rt i. . If Th e-r~ ft-r'E- rvo s' 1tJ <::> u L lh-1 rye-~ ~ e-rJ '"J"'ht-
C.t..o.st--<i INTE-~f"AL 1~ 0.
w'n E:- V' E:- Y\ T E; LL ~ \..-. ow M 1)-1\) 't 11 t1E:~ 'f o v vO rtf'O lJ IV d.
48
L ers '1dO ONE:- ~OR.& PRobLeM
)..~
dx
~-:
-L -.: -- d-:t-
I -t X\.. l-t =t ,_
LIN~
- L. to -t 1..
'""'
-L -tL
L~
)L,~< t
)y,e - 0
WE:- ON\...'( t-tfuJ ;- 1'0 worK. OuT "Th~ s f:1V't l (lrC.Lf- TU
GE;-T :t Thu I)
c: L e Le
=0 ~
L.
I::
NoM E:R.I <:A L I t-ATE Crt"f}T 10 N
TR. A- P t l: 0 I 0 AL fT1I..I d S I M P S 0 t-! R. \l l E-
Th t jtJTt:fU A" I.. ,~,. 0 I Sfl'f I 4 E-(j> .; A 1.. P ftr"T:. lh-lc:L evALUATe ThE: -fu Nc.,Ot-1
T
cc. ~) ,_ ..L
1-t~:L
4"1'"
n
E:-ft c..j... POl tJT, j. Z..
X f t l')
0 1.0
~If -HI
'h .so
o 'I~ 'h. 'I~ 1
1f'l "1
I .5
Th~ Trl'rP &. o 11:> AI. 't'UI.E: TE;I.l.S
A= .)
A.,= ,'c..LI 11
1 -tLf:l'~~,, t" '-~80 -t ~"'"'i + 11>5]-. 78.S33
Tnc rc-:)vL r 1~ A-~Ac 1rJ~;,L.'[' Prc.cvrATE. . IT 1s E-rror b 'l OIJ t.. Y
1tJ
l e4 th : ; ~
X I t J<' J'l-1 (. I t X} ..R'h (lt)C)
I "t~"
0 l.o 0 0 ,001:)
l..t Jh1S e-)01\MPl.: hi\Vt- ~hOvJtJ Thffl 11'1ST~J of Tr'f 1/ll(r 'Ttl tt-l~br"/TTE'
/'r htW"d fv ~ (.TION IT IS ""U c.h E1tS I ffi.
,
to j u.sT WOrt<. OUT SO Me-
VP!Lvf~ b~ kft'rJc::l 1"'-e-N tJ~E:- .SIMPSONS fOI..E: 11) 6-T TisE frJJSCAJ-R
PE-r l1HbA1lO!V fhVIH'l~\~ fl-bovT Th(: 1Y'Ovbl.E:-- POINT. \tJ Tht- C/T.St ot
Ca.) k C1-E J t.
(2:- f ,_ -1-z...
f o hrsT or c:l e-r we htrv;
51
CorJ~Ic:le-R. Th~ uJT& ~ r f\l
)~ e -o.x d,(
\'II HL, Thf:- 1rJT~'=>fl\ L 1~ <;>u 1 TE; t frS.l" TC V/Hu ATt A-Nd I) JU.S1 'fa_,
"fkus we 'nAu~ ~AT NCO.) "" /o... =
1 1
/3 [ I -t ~ e- "' -t 1. e "'"' t 4 e }'\ t - J
IV~ se-nE:~ ctnJ bE- w R ITG-tU A-s
~ [ I -t
4 e.-CI.
I- e-t~
-t ~ e . zq_
1- e-z.q,
J
\ nfiV'i;. ThE Vf\L\JE:- o-f Th~ 1r-JTE-~rf\"[.'
a. o...
IYITP~~aoAL
N to..) CA. C. N (CA.)
5 I Mp.So 1'1
e I-t E fi1- It E ~Bo
,5 1. Ot I I . O'tro 31
,lo'l31S I. o ljo I. 0"0 I 2..
\ 'oo ', oS 1. J. uo 1./9
I. 155
'' ~8b3 J, 0 "' 7
1..3olS I 'I o 7 I, o ~3
tJoTE:- .for 0..:: "-,3 J 1.38'- ll'Nd 1..~0 The Jvr-Jc:not-J IS dt"oppatJ&-
"DovJI'V b'l' It .f.Ac.ror af l, 4, lhJd... 10 rl:~PE-c.nvtl.'t IN ONE
e or 2.77.-. IT IS tNc.r~dlbLE- lvdll The- S1MP.SON r"iJLf
Pt~:es~uE;-) 'n1 C:. ht A-c.c.u~.J\C.'( E vtru 10 0..-=- I. '3 St,3
5Z
OPERATOR I 1)
53.
eo..Dftx) ~ ( I+<A:o-ta.."/.,o" -t<A.Jo' + .--)fcx)
z::, 0
-3' I
s:
TO Tv\E;
leT -l (X)= fc.xJdx. ~f.- wlh.JT Th!: j ltJT(;~:>rAL IP At"~h
-fo ~vAL "i'l-lt- foL(.Owlr-JCr
Itx+z!) ~ TCx) t- u..fUcJ -t bfl~-rh) t c_f(,x-tz~) -t~
lfJc- fJE::td TO c.. -h IV d 0.. J b I 1\'N d for- Th I~ TO b~ Tf"\JE;. Th IJ.S
w~ IJto-~cl To '-XPI\'rVd IcX"Tl..h} FTS ft Powf:-r se-r,c-s uJ ia. .
.TCr.-th) -I Cx~~) ::: c.,. tCx- .t..) -r b fCX~ t c..f(X"T~} tf
"'I'cx) hL .I"C)'.) -r }..") I' 11 ..L cx-ld:::
.l: (X) -t t"
-1- -,
~.
(X) -
(.,
tJo w I 1
( .1\) :: fCX) .IIIl (X J =- f"Cx)
-r ( h(). - h c.} f 'ex)
e7(..
I I
f M\J~r MATe.~ Tht-r~t"E- C..h.:: CA...t"bi'C. -f
"'0.. hc "::1:: _, 0,. =c 1'
3
1:: =: h 2. 0.. -7 (A. :::. .h til
3 J
h- ~ ~~
I~ h ( I, 4, 1)
3
\.ls1rJ<r lh~ "DrH~&Jl1AL OP&Rf\'TOR.. NOif\llON we- ctPJ
VJOfK 0\JT Th~ /fYPf"OXIMffllON'
=
dv
uV/.X )x
= X )(JLV)dV
d(
Ill- I
~
1)-ll dt)Cj I
n! )
(
( X - LA} IJ) d IJ
Thus lJ)IJI)<r Th\S hri-1\)LA W- CAN
Tht oPE-.,. f)TIO tJ
-'h.
'0
~f co 1\JS 1'fhJ1
rtS~L T IS 1-'1 OSf
55
Sop ro~~ fr p ru b l E 1-1 IAJ h I C. h IN V" LVC"d Th(:
-y'
F \IN c. noN rc.xJ e d'r'. Well , <?ov wo r.J 1 1 ~cT ffi r
Trv ..,er "Nl C:uAt.vi\-TE:; 1 ht'::> I'Jdt-f,....,,yc- 1~T"'E-v.r~L. It 'I'Dv
cttrJ'T lt-IT-U.rf\TE.- tT whftT DO "fOil do WI~ 1T? Ni>ThiNerf.
'
WfLL 1
~JoT qutT(;- t->oThtr.>t:J-. OThE:-1S. hf}vE- 'iYHd 11> lNTC"CrV"ItTE.
11 ArJcl c;.oNt 1'0 ft LoT of l"roublE- oonver so . The-re- fti'E- oThe-r
fv).)cnorvs ~IMlftr 11> The- It 1-::>ovt wh 1ch p, fE d tfuHc:l fl5 Jf'!IE-crriiLS
(n-Jd 1'15 suc.l-. h~E- The- "ProPt-r'fV of C/h""t<'I'C)IJ<r ThE- fvNc.Tlo.V OoTSidf
o-f ThE tvOr1'1AL Clft55 of -NII)l110tJ.S
1
N'll, :~j>OtuftJT1ft0 1 lOcn'tf(fhMS,..
Tt IC,..o tJ 0 ME-TriC. I fh.)d Tr fuJ.s (..E-Nd lblT AL -fu Nt n 0 1\>S . DtJL 'l lfoJ'TE; c.:,.fiYi' 0 ~
e'C'.f C7\) ~
T~ IS -h.> 1\) c. n ~ N f.r (':-9 v e:-NTL 'f oc.c. u rs 11\J "'P (' 0 bIt b lliT't Th f 0 r..t . JTS
oLe~ f-frs~,o~ \0 L-1)-1'"1'1 1\"bovT Th~E- turvc.1lwJ ~lt-Jc.t A-rJ'fOtJ
C I\- f\.1 Lot> \(.. 1)-.. E:+'\ C) 'P~ ~owEVE-r, ,,. IS v...>orl\-.whtlt.. To I<Ni>W
of -,... F 1rs r foy- s ""'f\ l l 'X. we c.thJ E-)c 'P tl-Nd The e 7< po,.H-,.JT 1A L
(l)ld \1-ll-'\rfn'ft TEf"t-'\ b~ TErt'\
.. ) J y
+ y..s t --- ]
s-1..~
Sb
Now .for Lf\"rC:r& 1- T'-'t- A'Proxt,...,~notJ 15 IJ L1TILf: ,..,orf:
DtftiC.\JlT bol
cY'h)( \
vut-
=
i1\
?roc..c~d
J,i~"'e-i' t>
R~ folLow.i':
d~ - r, e
- '(
-z.
dK-
-me- -h r.s T Tf:t"'~ IS d e.f-l t.l I TE- fhVD E-q ~.>ftL$
vr;~ j1., EN wE- J,ttv
ul.
e' 1.'( dt
.. "d(- e;)
- 'X l.
::
' e
7...)(.
- )
1~ e- Yz d ( ft)
1\low 51~C: A '.S l tTf'G-c W E- C. AN 1\fl> r 0 1- I""' AT f X b'r' Y /hVd
e: '1\ pfu.>d The e J( por..> t-rVI I AL 1\"N.I ltv! E: <:J ( f!Tt TtfM b~ Ttt>M. We
fl fl)d 'lnAT
z.
-)(
erh )Cj I - 13 I 3 ~
e "t --
c(.'f.'I.)
-- 1.
57
A. vc:r-t itJTE-I'"E::~n.-Hr ProPe-rTC' ot The ~~nt-s t"or 1./H<:Jt x
IS lht\T 'fOV c.ITtJ C:rt-T frW/t'( W lTh A ~~ frP'Pf"O"'I..I MthlOM bl'
R.t-Ttt-\ t-.1 1tJ ()- o "" LY Tn E- f, r-s T ft w Tert-\s ~E-v t-r, u L n M ftTc t. Y
iht: SE-I"It":S. WILL D1VE-f"G-t- bOI lfOv 1..411\.L h~)/t 1\\f riC:rhT fTI\lSIVf-r
10 A ~E ~o.Vftb\. ~ Ac..curi}-C.Y. Tht E: rror- \N Tht- rt-S.I..)L7 I'S
of ThE- orde-r of Tht LA-.ST TE:FH'\ rt-~INS. For tr.ft1--'IPLE:- 1f
'i -= "2.. j\.o, EN Th <::- S ~ \ {';-,:) I S
l - .l. +
8
It orh.'? ~ TE:fM~ {'rl'"l2 K~T
I
Th t ITN s w "' I ~ (rQ"' c! -n.:> " b 0 uT
~
0
f.o. If It:::: I Th " 'e'f"f"Or IS 90iTt LM6t I
of Thf: orde-r 1 tlS~t.f
50 X M\l~T b t' ~e-A-Tff' Th AT frT L -ItS T '2... .for- Th f: fr P P r 0";( I M ffn "0#
TO WOf K.
8
P r o bLE- t1
-xl. lW "
e e
-'fl.
e. d 't
The ~ w;, or-J Th ~ Jt..fr{;- G r-,yno N LIM ITS c fh..l b~ JG. t-toR.~b
'i>o we- ht\Ut- ThAT
T
A-rJ tMPOt'T'ft rsr PfOP<:-rT'i' of ~t d 1-f+E-fttm~ L ~ 0 t)410}J fe;)OLT~
d t -"'> o-t-. I r-l Thl::) C.I\SE; T I
]he- Ttf.-7P-rfrn.JI"'e
)
A Pt>~oltehf".S
(:
).,
e 'fL d'i J S: ... (.OS~~ dd
The L tl.S I TW 0 ~ C. ft L Ltd fr e-~ tJ (; l \ rJ TE: C:l Y" ft l5 f\"rJc:J ft-'fc
t:lJ c.ou NT-ff:" d 1 tJ. 0 PT\C.~ l tJ d. I f.f-.rtt c:n ON ThE: or Y ,
lrJ 0~ cA ~ (" "}Q -hNd 1)....~ L1~l---\ lr-lTt-N.S.IT'r t1T A biSTnNT puiNT
t-\v'l' ~~\~ \' ruJC.IPL.c5o w\-. 1 c.\..... rE-<v u 1 f"E:-J v~ !\) 1\dJ f\t..L ThE-
ftMp LINe\~~ of TI--t IN C. rC;vl NTfll E; Lee. Tr"IC {\e:Lc:ls I tJ C.tdfNT ON X.
"-'-->s wfr htrvc. Th tTl
(H t, X) = J ws ( W (t - ~) 1 d~
L
Th e ch ':::>lY\"rJ c. E; !Ld - 1R1..-t('f-xJ 1 ' fhUd IS fTP P r-ax lMftT:L )" ::: R t.-t ..l cx-yJ
2.R
5 I)C..~ In ftl
'l: ~J'
INIE-61'"/lL Cfo\J bE- W,..ITTt-rv
s .: c .: : -rn/fi Th E-tJ
'L
'X. ---o~ lSI
z. J s I
't.
c...os I~ I
1..1sl
Ac!d\IV~ llr.E;- ~qotrre-s To -hNd ThE- it\.liE;-)I.),SITt"' wt- --h~J
IT 'P fO Po f T\01\1 t\ l ID 1;
4
}1 SL lh t\T IS 1T fftl.LJ off
,.~
ll" 'J~L
.;, (::.01)..)<:> lt-J r
IY"Of-"\ 1"\f\c- dc:,c;,
ThAT
co
- ~ _ 01) c..os a dJ 1.
-Iii 4~1Sl"L
r-z... -
;:_
Q)
2.15 I
5-s .o~M~'"JJ "::.
fTI/L -r c.o~ I~
- It.
P"f 0 Pof"))O.Vt\ L TO
C. OS IS \'L 1"' {)~ J~ 11..
5
T'r\\~ .l e~c. r 1 b~.s A t-J. o.s C.. I L L UlTOr '1' IIJ'f-rvS./1~ -ff} Llt N <r of.f.
1\$ 'IS. jh E- OSC.Ill 1\J)OI\l~ {1-r- /tloouT .SOH- t"\E&) UfllVE
Pro yo f'f) o rJ 1\ L 1\> ~ e- \N \ Tl frL 1NT f-AJS IT'(.
CC5)
d ,X :: C..()5 .s l. d .s
ds = -.jd/\t.tdyt.
Thl~ t-"E:-;trJ~ Th A-"T S l~ It VAr. AbLt o.f l ~N CT 1h f\ lOtJ v
Th~ \:..Vt'Vt;. The C.0t"\Jt l~ LA'!' td OIJT ltJ equf\L 1J t-l1T~ of
S1 D Th t ~ LO P (;;- o+ Th t;- C.v r V t 15 (:,I V (;-}'.1 b t
d_'f
d)<
= T"A7-> e ::. -t ~nJ s~
OR e = s'Z,.
Thu~ The- CU('\)E:; hit~ The Vt-R..Y U~1Cj)l.1(;- PrCP-tRT'I' ThAT
Yov.. KE;ff> 1\l f" N I 1\.1 (:) ; 9uA L ro Th e ~9 v IT R.(;
of ~
ThE.- D I.S Tf!JVU;- bETWE:c-rJ SPI~ 1\ l (.(;rJIC"R$ IS. Th t I\MPL11U::It-
,. .3
~
MOR{; ~?-c.tAl 'FuNCTIONS
Jrx etdt-
= Ec:CX)
t
Thts tNdcfl,.,tTE: tNTE:-brAL of X 1'5 C.ALLEO Thl:. ~ IN'IR..SE:
C:x?or-JE:-.rUTtfiL I~TE:C::>ff\L. For Sot1~ STUPIO R.t;ASoJJ ThE: E:J'PoNerJTIAL
lrJTe-G.r-AL IS DE:-fiP..\Ed AS
-t I
e
-t
d-t = -E,(-t}
T~e:- I~Tt:t.,."AL cf\N be ~::-xPRE-ssE:o AS 11 ~'""c. 1\,..ld c.osttJE
F IJNC.TJOI'-\ A-S
ci ()C) :: - )~~ cost
--t dt
s~ (.X) = s: SttJt
-t dt-
Noll..) The1"e:- 1\f'E: 111\bl.ES o-f Tht INft:e:.~Al.S GtVCl-1 -for IJf\-RtoiJ.S
V'fiLV:~ ot X. Yol) S 11-.ouLd NoT uo To inc TroubLE; of T'r(n.J<f
To wor-t< The~ ouT. IT 1S orJI..'? IMPOrllhJI TO R.eC.oC::.NI-=tt. whtN
'iov hi("Ve;- R.e-~chcd. ThiS POttJI 1M SOLVIN\;) ""The P~Obl:1"'1 So l(ol)
~co e-t dt
e -t dt
r~
. -
t"
:;::
\: -t -I.' J.. cl t
t
- ).'l'l e
I c E:) ~ e -t dt 1
+ ( e- t- I) cJ f
t ) -
t
It WE; tJOW R..E: 'PLAC.E: E: b'f 0 ThE; I NTE:<::.r AL S AR dcJuviT
AN d. h AV E f\ -f-J N 1 T E: U ft L u e wh1c.h IS -. S77Z. ThiS NIJI"''be-r IS
dE;..f,,vE.-d. 'Tl> be; C 1
EvLR' S f'o)VMbE.R. Thu5 wE: hA-u~ ThE-IV
.I c e ) ~ ( Q) e -t dt
J t :;:: - .5777...-hc. = -4(/.781)
lhe 1 t-tlc<bf'f\L IS LOG.fhtThhl C. d IVefU:;:,&NT
C~ l.X) = h (. J. 78 I X)
f-of' SMALL X
s~ ex ) -: X
. 577l
I
C.= 1" 31 i- --7~
-x
E~ Cttldx x t., (- x) - ( 1- e )
As Ptob I.E M ~ ? Rove. ThE. FoL.LOWIN e:,
~ d -t
lco.e:).:
(
Je e
-O..;t
~ - )a: e cit -- _A ( 178 1 a.e)
.X t
wh~.r-E:- wE- L '-T X= tjc... L 1 1< E-
It be-) - 5:~ ~
~
-b)C
d" ::. k(J.781bE:}
I C.bc) :
-t I~ )~ e -t ~d. -t -l( -t
~:
-E.~(-x) ::: <;_ -
= -e e dt-
t ~
" t .. X tz.
q
'
-x -')(
-t Z l-X ) ~ e - -e1 . .
)( X
e-x ( I
X
= u.
Thl ~ 11-!TE-C:d' AL I5 NOT
O"J'h E R. ~ l' M ~ c-\ '""" E: E: I.. L 1 P T I ( I N l c C:1' r f\l... S M t\ 't' r E:- q () I R.f::
SvbsnTUT10N ot Vf\"R.lA'b\..65 IN o~dE-,.... '1"0 rE;~Ntc~. 01'.lc
'-OHI"\Ot..\. ~ob~nTUTIO"-l I~ t:: .)JN6. The dlfft.rE-NTIAL
subf>nTV'TlO'-~ ts de= _A_! so ThAT L.l= Fttt,<9) b~c.oHeS
~l,.
Ll: ( dt
J f a.L-bt.e [c.'l,.-dt.t1..
OR.. IN ?oVt'tJOMIAL fof'l"'\
~ l - ~'!..Sll)l.v
1
::- d h (.. V)
b8
You wotJd :-t"uJG W~rlT ct..t.t'PTIC. furJc.noNS ltRE- 1,J..
Mi1V be:-
Thf- MhTht-Mt\ncAl. won.d. Yo(,\ Kt..~ow n,,.T TriC:>~OWlC.TriC. fotJc.notJS
&,c.,~ ftS ThE:- ,S\tJ~ mJd C.O.SINc ft{'f: %. .StHpl..cST 'Pt;t'"tOdtC fuAJc.TioJJ5
F-rot-'1 w'h1c...h 1\f..L on-.~r c...oMt-tOIIJ -Nruc.no~s c.~ he- ~pr-e-ssE-d AS
/).\ St""f'l-~ 1-lo"Tf\'T)OrJS c..a exPor-Je-NIIfH.S. WhE:tJ oPE:If'#\TlNtr IN ThE.
COMPI.f-l< Pl.l'\t-.!E. Th~ -fuNC.TlOI'JS SNLUl lhJd Cl\(U) hftllc The- Pr-bPE:R.T)l
of- '8f-tt-\Cr 'lhE: .Sti-'\Pl.E-~1 "Uoubl..~ ?C:RJODIC. WruC.h
f-vr-lC.1lOtJ..5
,A~ lhJAL.~TlC.. The'!' ThE:~{Lc .fofl"'\ lh~ "Bt\St ~r- '1Ytt"tJSC.E-NdA-t..
-fvt..Jc..Tlotv~ Whtc.-h. C.lhJ b& C)c:.'P re-s~E:d tJJ le rMs o+ SI\J(UJ 1\"t'ld
Ch(IJ). Tht~C" l'rN:. U f:-f'( 1tJT:f'ESIUJC:1" ful'lC.JlOtJ) 'T\:> ~E: Mf\Th~Mf\-TIC!ItN,
b9
?
1\.10 w W ~ c. ftN K E:- !:: P c., o 1 Jl..l <:, U"NTI L. W6 G &T w h ~T I S C. fll.. t. 0 The
&Aus-&'$ n '-A~. Tht~ MI'TY be- C..At..LE: d. ThE ltf"IThi"''E:.T~ E>t.o1"1E:TrJC.
Kt-11~ ot TWO tJIIMbER. /11 1
)1.. IT TurtJS ouT Thfri ThiS
fV\E:Af-4 I~ G:. IV-N b '(
::
f't. 11
c:le
{w-.l.sltle-rl"\"Lcos~e
I
X
Z,-t _ I
Z.-t ...!..-
Z..+ . -
IS of The: -kf'M
x~ '2. -t J.
X
lfJ~\\Gh I~ JU~T fr QUfTdrt\TIC. f:-QUffnOI'l X. [\)ow WE-Cf)iJ
IN
V'/'rf~ ThE;- F 1-.'i',.....+h R'?ThK ot Tht- -f-r;rc.notJ b'f c.l-.AJJGIN~
'Jht- f'"Eo-pE:11TIIJ E:- t-.}VIV\ b (;;-(" S J t;. ~
l 1" _j_
'2..'-t - '
I+ ...1-
2.+ _L
I t'Z...
X ::. + = J -\- X
-z..+-2-
;x
WhiC:..h ~~ A(:,f\ltJ ft quf\d.v--Anc. IN ~. No whA-T
MI\\TEdl
i<.&P &111)0 "N "P f\Tr;-R.N "(ou 'Pl c..K <fou WI L.L ALwPrVS &JJd vp
eNITh ft qv/tdf'IHlC. R.E:L.It'TIOrJ6),tp
,\low tT as 'POS~JbLE:- TO c.ONSTflJc..T A CONTLNUUJG ft"ltC.TION
Whl ch ck>~ !VOT ~A-vE.- ThE- r'h-iThMIC. r~pe-nno,.., o+ The ftbovf
+r1\: \..'3) 0 ""' . T\1 E; ~ 11'1 p L..t';> T ]JOf.} 6- rhyThM' c. fr 1\-C.TIO ~ IS> 11-J e
~lL.1>w 1~ G:. + I
2.. ..,._,_
3+_1_
Ljt" ~
Stl
Flt-~du..\G The. for- Tht ~ -f-.rf}\..THSIJ ~ <;> v1Tc d,fJ.,c.vL:r.
-to-rMvl..lr
IJ,~-fit,T IT ht;l..d. V P /he- dE; VC.L..O?I""'\-1\fT orf Th~ /Yfot11C. bol"'1 b
1Nh1L.f- we; worK.e;cl IT ouT. warn c:oi\JHd-f/TbL.- E:ftof"T "/OU
C..l\1'1 &how The; Abovt.- .fv.A-c.TlotJ lS 1::-9 vAL To
- ~ ~ J, (- 2. ~J
Jo (-Zi)
HE-RE. The- ~'I'MboLS J, ITrJd J<> rt-.fcrt To ~E.SS&L ~NC.TIOJJ$
50 We SE:-E;- ~AT The-.!:.~ .SPEo"' A L. f'\JtJc.TIONS Cll"tJ 'bE;- R:E-.1..1\-T&D
To 'O~dtl-!1\R.'l N\JMbeR.S.
J ,. cv) :: J..
1\
}ll co 5( n-t - v s
0
11J t) dt
Y\. h~re- ~~ AN !t..IT-<:. t:-r 1"-idE:.X WIT'n v bE:lt-..1~ fl VftrlhbLG.
Th E: f' ; tr<' ;' MJ'TN'( wft'l'~ \Q E:J<?Rc~~ The ~E:~ScL 'Fur-Jc..noJJ
I
E~.::,s e \.. f v N c.:n o ,v s A-?P E:--AR- M fll\J 'i' Tl"' c. s w nG- tJ m t. , NTt e::, t'tH..
IN"OL.v~~ The ?roduc.,T o+ ~~1\.)e;~ f\1--\cl co~IN.5. A t.oT o+
'Ph'?~\'-~ Prob\.E:I"'\S TURr-.1 u? B~SE:I.. -h>Nc.-1lOtJ.S .ONe be11->&
IN T\t&- f\1Vf1~ Y S I~ of F R& qu6fi)C.'I' HOd vL. 1\TIOIU. I I'J /h,~ cASE w6
h ~tv G- fr 1Y' fl t<ls M t n-~:=o w ttv f:- G> 'v e-1\.1 b~ A c...o~ cp L-c) Th c-
1'hi'\St- cp Lt') lS TlMc vfln' 1rJ~ ft~ The: Utf'-rlf-r +rE-qvervc.'(
tS>ModvL.f\'"Tec:l. b'\' ThE; SlbNftL -frE=qu~c.'t' 1
y1 1.l, ThE- {).Jft1)e
7{
Sar-.IG- T\-tc ?nitS- lSI Chfli'JC::>Itv<O IT d.~Pe-rvds ON Jh{;- JJI.ISl"J4 tJT&OU.S
f r t-q 11 t1J c:'( IAJ e. JJ c t ci "1"0 s o l v E:- d_g : WL-t) or
dt
1 :: Wo-/; --t ~ C..O~ 'Y'!
Th\J.S The Slbr.JAL IS dcoCnbt-d AS
A c os ( w o -t -r ~ c..o s ~-t)
NOW v.JC; 1"\\C.:,~T h~K. whAT frE:-qiJcrJc..'( CO!Jip0/'H:N7.S ARE Thfr~li
11-1 ln,~ wAv/lf.. whAT ~~d~ b~d. -fr-e.qu~rJCIE.S 1\1'~ c.AR.R.Ied? Wf:.
t-leeo To evAI..vATE: The 11\JTE:.~f"AI-
( ei vt
) C.o S l1 VJo i t ~ c.D~ ~ t)
4
4 c.
72-
~ J77
1
LV) = J"' (V)
dv
by c:hftE:~6JTIA'ttrJ<::. vrJcLH ~t- INlcC.t'"ltL SICs./'! W<:- \-,"u'-
f\1\ld. b\f E::x-pfhVdlrv& Th& 'Produc..T of The SINE-::> ,q~ The J,ff:-rE?Jcf
~ z. c.o~IJIJ~ w& c.ft"N WRITE.
5 J, ( v) d v =. ToCit)
sv Joc....v) dv -- V J, (V}
s [ Jo (v)]"L.v dv -- vz..
2.
[Jol..CV) -t J.-z. c. v 1]
73
Bc--~SH. fvrvc710~S Jh>p~ ~UCNTL'( IN 'Ph'l'5tCS A-Nd. OJ')G of
ThE- Mo~l COMMOf0 <:H. curENCE-5 IS llJ ThE- fortv~ of- The- SoLL>TJOJJ
aa
dXl. d'1"" -t"- t..
(}
\...GT1""\~ -hrSI C..Or.JSidf=r Th- cftSE: Ot ltlJ JN-ht-.1\Tt
C'(I.\~OER. ANd T'ri.E WfT'rE--~ ftr"- roi'.H-Jtt-JC;, VP AtJd dowN.
Wf\lJT A S0LV1")0N WH1C..h IS of Th& foRt-1
lp (. 7\1 Y J /t)
1 := e , wt F" ( )\ 1 '(I a)
ltJ 1"'1"11<:> <&olvl)ol\) I l'tM LOOKII\JC:. -k>r- A St>Lonor-.~ WITh ft deArNITf
fr~q 0 e-N c 'r, w. I Al s 0 w fi;VT A p f1r'n (.. I)L ~ ~ TY' l'hJ E-t. I N (:, v-J I'} v :
Wnl c..h h ~S ""TI, e- 'Pro Pe-c-T'i Ai iht- wA-LL tT ~ o E-S TO '2: E=-0, I. E1
lf -=a A-'t f=CA.. For Cot--~Ve-NtE-tJC..c- tT IS e-AStcRJ"l) woRK
IN 1'01..1'\it C..Oot''DII"-lfU-S 1)\Jc '"1"t> ""Tn S'J'MI-"'ETRY of ThE ?rObL-11.
7lf
T~c- So\..u'l)Or-1 wout.D I.,E:- o+ Th~ for-K
i wt ,- K .:c
lf>C~,'?,:t 1 t) -== e e G(pc.oscp 1 f-'>~'f)
wh~.,.~ I TY"ATVSforME-d :X A) fC.O~<f fhVd. I{ A-S fS1rJcp, g.jow I
c flrJ D rff t1 -tVTl ffl- fhJ cl G ~T Th t;- ~'( 0 frn ON
I -d'- r d'- ) ~ :: ( wt. _ K'\..) G- -= \ "- G
lax"- a(J,. c.t. - "
_A l~ sot-'\6-TIMt;S. "Ha REF~RRcD TO f\~ nt& Elbct-IVALVc~ of ThE
1),ffc-R.--tJT\fH. e-qvtrnoN. tJo % VftRJfT110tJ,~E:-tJ
Non 1f 1 httd
). = w;c. . N~ w T'O 6 o -Nrlht:-r I t-'\ 05T T~tTh.>S~rM ThE:: 1:>\f-k-r&.rnltL
O?E-rf\101<. To ?OLh<" C.UorcittJft-T5 Or U#t1'1hbt...E:S f fh\ld ThtS cp.
T-rl'rtll~rt-'1.1\"nCN tS Ac..c...oMPll~ht-J u~ttJ(!) "In~ c.hAi.Jiir R\ll.E.:
Ncrn<:..t;- ~~r~ ,.,..~ l'lO Str-3-=--s or- C...O:)JI'Jt-5 \IV ln;- &<;>uffllCHl.ThtS t.)A5
IT S \,() oL 0.. bE: 1
S \IV Ct- ih; 'P ("{) b LH--'\ 1.5 S 'jl,.., M C'ir It.. Ato uT Th ~ ~
m1s. NovJ we:- ~e-e-d To .Su\..VE- ""lnf; ~~d\tot.J
I .;)2 ~
-t- -
f"L d cp'l.
ASSUMINCo t-.)Ow ~..-~ Th& MOM-JJT ~AI >.-= w;c. ftfJd I hA\1
No 1: vi'\"RtA--notJ .sh~tt.L rrY ft sot.v-noN of 1h~ fo~t1
(;((', <p) ~ F(pJ PC'f)
ThE-R- I~ Rf-ftLL.'t' f'JO CTO"Od. R..~Ol\1 w\-t'i' Tf'r' ThtS SOLUnON
oihff l'rltTtJ I )(IVC>'W IT WOfKS . .IJ.ow-V8f.I IT IS 0 l'JL"i' w\-\b.J S'Pe<.tAL.
~tS-01-'11'{'\ eS PE-rt-'\ I I Th ftl Se-? fti<,.rTnO rJ of V ITR) A-bl. E:S 15
Wo"<""Th lY"Y IIJG. W l"fn \ 'PLUG ThiS SOLV"nOrJ I NTt> Th 'Dtfft-r~A-L
f;qutmolJ 1 hf\VE-
cp ( F" + .l F') +
f
F
(?'1.-
Cf'' = -.!!::!.t.. F~
cl.o
~HE'S whEitE 'PE:-oPLE: frr<;;jUE; A Lint.& bE:C.f\V..SEr w&- WilL J)JVJdE:
Thr-o-u0h b~ F cp. \ (,of;-SS tT'.S oKPr'( To l)o -ndlT b~c.ttust
IT WO'('KS!
75
__
', .,., IF U \VIDE- ~I'"OU~h by Fq> GtrT
d1{fl) + ld.Ji.n.) + ( 1-
d n. l... (1., d rt.
n_'l
(1..,.
)J (rt) ~ 0
J-.,trt.) \S> 10-ov...> The f3~~E;L ...f-vN(...'llu~ of- ThE- VfN"'1ftbLt fl. -f}rJd
Q,.,or.lSTIWT-S A SO\. oTI<HJ ~ Th 't)\.ftE:f"e-NTlAL 'C-<:(Vdtl 0 tJ. 'Th U-5 vJ{;-
~ ~
11.-= J{f =p(wic -l{; )'",1-f wE:- R&q U1 Re <P ::: o llT f =o Th 61V "'J"o CX a.) =0
I"''Pll~ ThA-t J(-:: "L.ljOS/a... f.)ow 1-f- Wj(. 1\ LOSr ThfrtJ '2..1.{0)/~
Tht: frXPON::NI1A-L 1~ 1-JE:C..f\'n\lf- f\-r.,ld f'E-A-L fhJd i)...E; wftyc- wiLL
fJoT PRoP A GfrTE: ''"'10 ThE- p 1p ~. D'N Th~ ol'-'erh;n.Jd. 1-f- Tht-
frc-qvENc..~ I~ hi<:Jh &JOu<;,h I Thf wftVt. CofSJS '1-rf\-tV~MI1TE:D.
ltJ ~E- cASE- of A DfllM nfflcl k:~ =o fuJc:!. iht.- -hrsl ~lfrur~l.
-ffib91J~t.'i' IS W:. 'Li2_5 C . tft(:,V!E-r fr8?UENCIE-S COI'ffSPONd TO
ordfr :cero~ ~-r-Tht- ~t$SE:-L {uf\.lC..\TlOtJ. ThE- ro-crrs ~e
h1c..lf\E-f
The
8
Lcw~T Mode;-
tV
o-\- 1nc- t1r~T ordE:i' ~~S.t:L fv~cno f-1
'
'I
'
'
'
'
opw~d
'DovOic.)
MOTt<lN -
f't do~r-.s w(tcd
M01)\HJ. Th- ""Drtsh Ll~ f j
0- N 01- J>J Od 6- S
tt-.h/ 0 L \J~ f\ <p d Ei' &Nds=- tJ C.~ fNJ d v-fh"" 1-t-S frS COS cp J I , ~
I, ( Xyo)
77
/v co~t
Jo ( v) e dt
dt-
Now d-o)'J' T KtJOW how TO 1tJlC <a r ITIE:- The: 1-u).) ci)O rJ GO::> 1<_ -t.
1
flt'ST 1 L L <6&;- ,f I \) tJd 15TJ~~rJd b 'i TE:<H
A cos-itt- s l.Tj
0
IT Te\f"'\
~
cos t dt
0 I 'lTf
I c.o~-t
0
2. c.ost.t T1
3 cos 3 t 0
1 GoS 1 t J4 II
WE:ll IT LOOKS Ll~- IMAi' be- A-bl- 10 SOLVE- ""Tnt$. l Atrfltd~
'
~tJoW At W\IJ~T bt- f;-Jf;-y..) O~tiwl~t- ThE- ttJT;(:,t"~L E,~(.)/tL 'CEiO.
1'n c-R.d~R.E- /t~ T At : : 2 J.. i ~ b -I tJ & fl1J 11\JTE--be rt. Now 1 w fhJT n>
ItJ,. E- ~('"AT & s Ll\c:..o ~ '2.X t-
0
dt" . 1tEf LA-Ck- Tht- c...os I t.Jf- b '( &~otJ ftJ7) th r ,
78
ArJd. VS<:;- ThE- '81rJOMIAL 1), tOt' 1'1 W"'IIC... h s "tl' 1(5
2 CX-r'i)
"11
- i nI x}l--k y .{
ll'.Rt -h. (n-.-k)~ )<(
\fJkE:-rE;- X -= e,
fh0 d 7. ., { 4 1f n{O
we- Now t-J t-~ d
r ll\ e "II!' t- d -t ~ ~ e J o't.f\ -::.o
~0 1'1! ="l.ij 1+- n~o
f.&""Nh JV I N (, The CrJ1"1"A l IE:-ff"'\ \1\.l lnE;- t-j. p t7rJ -S I 0 IV
j= 2J.! '-iL
L 'L;. ).~1 ~
Thl.\ .s (-1) 1 vL-f. {ciJ --bl -
Jo( V) :::: 2. Z.i)Jl - L
J..
em~\
/I
').. .
= l - (vh,y- + ( ~)~ ( t- )lo
I I 't.h.. ~ 3!~!
,~,
ll -
~ utJcno ~ 1s
.,. - '1 '
:: 'L ::!_ (_v;-z. t + (v/L) ..,.. ( '12.) .,. ..
"" l)'I"Yl! Mt Z.~()'JfJ)(Yit~) 3!(n+tXn+L.)(nt3l
J,,'L ( v) v"
2- '"3! Ct)({){t)
IS JU.5l Tht- S I 1'1\1
Sf'te c. v c.o~t d T
Ui. \
VJ he-re- V f-/1 ft""t bt I 0 1 01J0 or t-10 R 6
~v viv ~
-t
w~ ~ ftve- Tnt- '"' T"E--<::d"frL
1h t-t-t cl.'\1 e t' fitt> d t wheil. ~ cp Lt J =
j
l'1 t; rv c.o ~"t- t'hv d we- w ttNI w !(.tv ow w "'8t~ 1 s It 'P
MJ'\",X or MtM. l r lS oiVl..Y ItT l'nE- ;t-TY"tP"''oM Tnff"r ThE- t)JJ66rttL
cmv ttMovNTib hYVYlnttJCo. Thv~ we- wfbJT '/-trJ) ::.o whf(l.f-
to tS Tnt; TI~E- Thf PV!flSE- t.S NOT chltN0tN~.
""Dtff c REtJTlA-TI N G cf l-t) trN cl So LV pJ <c fa r +o
VSttJto -t Y\ :::. 0
-I
-lo -:: SltJ 2.11' - .n
v
l 61 1-'1 (;- (.yO 0 V f1 Th I) f\-<'o ih t-J 1t.l A t'l OR&- <::>tt-l 8"" IH.. M fttJtJ eR
StJJC.t- IT 1.$ I t1 PORT'fn.JT.
r =- )"""
.l
). - "? 00
Sup po~ t
oo
cj;)
C:f(:t)
I
e
w ltf-JT
, .>t t/>Lt)
dr
Lv h tl~ E.- ~ (. -t) ~ IS 0 t T.
J$t<i>I<.H/ _,
Co~lbll])olol,
I, ; 1.1 ~
Now we- wri"rJT cpL t J f>1( p,Wd-d ftS A- ' 'POWt-R .S Cit\ c-) hboOT to
cp Lt) =- cp l-t o ) t ct .. t o ) eV l +o J -t L~} 1.. cp "t to J
WV\~6- -t cp
,,~:..to) ~
b ftC.)(:. ~~ T
...l ::
t> MftRf
s G- L-t o)
0 . SubSTYTUTJ JJ <:,
o (.) r c 1'1 S ~
j.._t G- -:- e ' " i " =V r.t N d cp =:: c...os t
~ \1h i o -=- o or 1. 11 6 L J-t i) ) :: .1. J (j/' (-1 o ) = - I
( tn
) '0 e
.: )1i
e
, VtoJ't
J t .: {]_ ei v :; {7 cosv - ~ v
rv rv rv
\{ + h~ SE-1/8" A-L M t\7\ I t1~ 1Th t-rJ rov ..J VST S IJH Up
fi-lL 1h t- co f'.rrn b v no ,.;s
6f
lft~T TIME- We We-Re T'f"V 1M'=> TO r 1'-ld ThE: bE:hltVtOR.
of The- IIJ1E:G.rf\L ) -fci) et,\Fltl d-t .fi>r lttrC::>e Vft-lOE-~ of A.
It-~ PAR1\C.I.H.f\"1' The- 11\Jie<.:.rAL. WI\-S The ~E:-SSeL -hHJC.TIOI\J,
t'vcos-1:
~
I .. CV) :.. e dt
'2:rt i "'
-wto t
d ( vc..o~t) =- o
dt
~IS CoNdiTION tMPLIE";) Thfl1 or t-:o or lf.
e-'"
vt/ ~,. J t
'::'
e ,-v ~ :: e
i.v
e
-c.lt,tq .fe~
v
-'" iV
Now WE:. l'ttrv e 10 bE- cttrE:-hJLL be ThE- I ,VI E{:) r fl L F'f011 -co io-tw
COIJTOIIl~ ~lL Th c "ti~$ W hC;v ThE- 'Phl'lS STOP..S C./tit-JJ"- ttJC:. ,thJd WE-
0~1...'1' WfhVT OrVE- C.'(C.LE. ThE fu,vc.T10/J LooKS LIKe
t -:: 0
92.
'II..(E Hi\Ve TO EVftLufiTE- The I~TEbrf"lL ftl t= Tf NOw. T.:>
do ThAi IN e E;t'PIINd -for It shorT PhltSe: fl"1J(:,t..c I 't, ltboOT tiJ J.l
f'E:-!?LACE t bf "rt + t JttJd ~'Pfn.Jd cost = C.oS(Ti-t't) =- -C.OSt
5\lve, '"C I~ SMALL E"XPitrJd ThE- C...OStrJE: TO firST ordeR.
- cos't :. - (I - 't/z..) =- -I + 1'/-z.
'Sub~n1UTII\J(:, 11\JTO The !NT-GrttL
) e iv<ost e int dT ;:: ) elVC-1 t1'/<) einW J-t'
ThiS 11\.lTEG:.('fft. ClhJ bE- -JftLU/'flf:"d. f'tlJd.. 1.$ E-QUf\L T1)
e
- iv fJlf-v e c. lt'fq e i nrf
Now we- httve To buT fiLL Tht~ $TIJft TOofrThcR.
-t"fl.'t(h
we: C.t\lJ W"f\Te I
1'1
:: e )
bnNG;. Thts
'-
OuT f<-nrv' A-rJd WE- h ft\/e
iV - , n if( t. - ilf/ q -iv inl( -tLTfJq1
Jl'l cv) e e 1t. e
-::.
[ e e e "t
filrv
n,c- Ei< P r~.s IOt.J tt-l ThE 13fAc..KE- T IS J VST ZC. 0 S ( V- .,-l - "Y-1) S 0
w : h frl <: Fo r It F t rv AL f=7C P f' E-S s 1 0 N
--J
Y\
cv J =- fi iv
--v-rr
(! cos ( v- Yl-11 -
" rrlj ) FoR. Lft"R~e- v
63
The t>iM&NSIOtJ L~SS. UltrtftbLf:- V IS rE-t..fTTC"d iO Th:- rttdtiJ.S
r ItS V :. ~ rt.. or \1:. -k n.. Whet-e- A<. = Y= wltVf- /'.lUMbrr
/f1Jd. '(-.. I~ Th~ Wl'h.lt- LC?vG.Th.
e i 11 Je c: v tyl. ( I t C: V t q
Z.'t
f i , -t - n1 t '-) J t
'2.
<OivE-S 1)$ Tht- PRE-VIOUS f"f:SULT. in+ Pr\.H: A co E.-~ 10 ~e:Ro. Now
wt: t-JEE:d to cvALuAr 5 t~ e-<i.tl dt fhJ d 5tt. e_o(-e dt.
(' rJ..t'"
Stt->C ~ .} e- d-t :: ffo( DlftE-rEN'1lfmN6
S
, e -o<tl. dt
t~
I r::'
:. .!!I ,.,.Jd
),J. 4 e-.(il d_L
-~, ~ =
'- o<. 3/1..
4
Wh E-f"E;- cf... :: i.. Vfz . (\} c W ThE t '1Cf' M IS ~1-rJ. S H ft LL E-Y
l"YYIhJ 1n c IST 0 1' d 8"' TE1 M AN cl i 4 Is ~ o( 1.. SHALlf:-R. Coi.LH7JNIO
T er M S Th E- I NTE- 0 fA L
,.-
: e
cv ''t.f,
J;:v [I -t
iv
2.4
3
"'-4 (-V/tt)
~ et" If: [1iV
-+ 3
Zt.l
-v L
t'
i~4]
-
zv
NaTE:- Th t;1 BeTh co f rE: <.11 o tJ -r ~ns tTr E- of Th-~ ord E:r 1/ V
f\'N d CfhJ Tn Cf e~ fE- bt- COM b l Ned . 'J"' ( V ) I S ThE-N o I VC1J b 'r'
Now You httvc- 70 cOMPitR E- Te;RI1..S 11) Sf;- If Th ~ S-t--co ~Jd 0 Nf-
IS IMPOfTt\lJT.
h fhl :-
Th 0 \) 0 j.;T IT -p E-C () 1.. f M Th A-T I K WT TE:f t15
l.
It-\ 11 t 4 ANd 1-10 oTh:-rS t=~Cpt n'tt . I DID 'ThftT bHflVS:
ftS V IS L.I}R~ f: i C( 'I IV . T y, ~:; r-r y t 4 ~ v _!_ =- 1.
A-N d 11l. f!.. n'- . o( I h ih'E- 1tJ Tf \.LI G 6vll Y t<.e-pi
v '{/z..
ttL. L
v ThG
~5
::
Th~ ii\JTECO l"ihVd ft d '( 1 tJ~ ;;' POtJ - 1-)T I AL ThAT 1)o~!>~'1::
IS
Rc-quu~& MU c..~ Y TO KILL \T. So w~ ~AVE- AS ft1J
fTp P~IM f\1l0 tJ
-t V 1.. - V z. ( 1t 'lz. ) -r V 6( I+ i -t f)
-'2j -z}Zit. z~q'Lb""
NolV) <:..-oNTYtHJS A LOGtrriT'hM\C. "'DIVE;r'(gbvc..e- ftl v= o. The
Two U.Se-fu L Y"E-lU rs I 0 IV fo f M .VL.~S AA c
N"' :: 1\J"nt\ - ~ ~~
Nr_,lv} lpllt) - Np(v) T,,_, Cv) =-rt?..v
'Jte ASYt'\PTOnc..
A
S OLu-no N of JJ..,Lv} IS ffv SIN ( l V _ rr: - ~)
COUPLE:- M 0 J<..;- R:L1);1 oN~ h \ ps
N0 (X J ::: - 2
11 r0., CoS (X COShlT) du
if ~0~
Jo Cx) :: 2
.SI~ c..x cosh u) d u
HftN\<EL 1
b&r , bt:i fu rv c.nou s
'The. frR.t- S &;vE:RI'H MORE -f-vNC.DOIVS Ct.oSE-1..''( R.E-LflTc'D 1'0
BE-~Sf:L fuNC.TIONS tuh1c.h frrc S-~ fflE-C!fU~TL ~. /nE--Y ~E:-
FtLL foR."" ~-d by L 1 t<l E-M cot-'! buv A-no~ s o-f. ThE- "J ' .S frNd JJ 1 .).
87
G ENE R.An N (0 FUN C Tl 0 r-.1 S
~ ( ~ t t J F (i, v)
i' R 1.? C." E-d I ).) G TO Su LV e Th J<; 1.) 1f{-e-R eNT"\ f\ L. e-c,> U ftn 0 .J
0~
dt -; ~ F C I -ri t )
_.., =- v ( l+tl) d+
'L.
ofl. :: VdLt-~)
'2..
88
A IS Ft co~5Tft1Vr of /NTGRA-11otJ It~ fttR As -t e:roc-s.
A c.ouLd b~ A .fu~c.T}o,V of V W&- t-J~E:-d to ~ot..VE:- .for- Atv).
Lt:.l'S soLVt Jn I :: -{ ( J~-.. - J 1-\-) b'l' MULT\pL.'I' IIVG. bvI t."'
A-tJd .Sut'\MltJ<..
I i" J~' - -{ [tt-l JV"Itl -+ tf ~["'JYI-1
OY
~: - -i (_ t;~ - t) f L-t I v)
_v~z. ( Yr - -t)
F L t, v} -: c Lt) e
lhf- COf'JSTfrrJTC c.tnu be- f\ fv~VcTlOI0 of t. J..k>wevf-R SJ~CE
IW; 'TWo FutJcnorJS MIJ.ST A0R.c~ "f\'\E 5cflLE- htts bE-E-~--> c.hasc,u
I
j\J.oi: Tht1T Th~ poweR 1:-}CpltNS.LOI'J CftrJfiJOT bE; IJJ IE-RI-1.5 oi t- Y.,:
FrNd. 'tV\ 1S SCCMS 1 ~ <..0 t-'.S l.Sle-NT WJ'l).. ou r s Tl'tR.ll tJ ~ It 5 s u ""'pnu ~.
Ir 1s tv&cc-ss AA Y -to ~ p fhV d e -t fh.>d e- 'lt S~tT-rftTE:: LY 1\5 ThE
SVMt-1\ffnOtJ fi}~S frot-1 -~to -tot>. ThE-crp#'ThJSIO,V hA-SfhJ
~SE-N-nA-\.. s ri'4G~U LtrR1T'f A;- o AT oo.
Vf?.
To
Li. Yt)
SE:& ,+- Th,~ G>b.JE:-rtrnto:~e:, fvNcnot-l woRKS Lf=r HE- EXptrNd
e l'r$ li '0 ov b \.. f; S E;- f' I E:S
v17.. Lt- 'It ) - [ ~ ) "' _!_ L "' " (_~ ) -fz I I
LE::T'S
e
C.CMpu"Tc- Jo,,.(.
-::. '!:..."'
YI
n=o.
""'1
f
1
'
L-
To 0t-T 'Jo nl"'uST~v{H-
* "' /..1--h-
.:/fCJ t
_,k
OThc-v-wtSt fti.L The- Olht\" T'fRM.S E-A-1 f:AtH OThe;,~
L
vf2_ Lt- /t)
1
-=- -z: ( _ y_t. )~ _! _ _ vt. (v't..) .1 t
e ..ft. ~ cJt! )l. - I 4 c, !)t 1"" 4 Cl-!)1,
ANd 11 worKS.
IT IS v tf '< I ~T&f -STI ~Co ThA-i Th - C? 60 t;-;1'\-n tJ C.. tvtJ en o A)
C.fr.V LooK. so S\MPLE; bvT A-T ThE- SITME-'TH-1-Rt-Pi2.E-SEiVT
S U c. h IT C 0 Me\. I Gltr-6--d fv I'J en 0 1\J. & TJ -Rfff\ 1\l ~ fv tJ C'T' 0~ S
fn'J... ~ v e,<.. '( usE--tv L w n eN ~ e- curs I \IE-- RE- \..A-ll 0 rJS hI f> s Ai'P effl<.
'g
SvPPOSE:" t =- e (. soMf- C..OMPt..cy NVM bE:R ThE-N The
(::lbJ fr l'mN es, fu NC.1)0I0 b~tOM - S
I10 0Tn E-r TD f-S-r-A- b l I ::, "' Th ~ Id ~fl 0 + f'r G -tJ E-r ftn N (, fv f\J (. '1l 0 1\)
10 'f ov r M '"" d l. -'r M : 0 o lnrou ~ h A IU o lhE-r II'JTe-ft-) Tl~ G:. ~ ftH('tE.
crf Cflc.~ olnER. wh 1LE IN /lC.TUhl Pl'"tt<:TI C E- f'r LO'J of t.'-VtNT 'Dfi'&Jd
ON ef\Ch. ol'VI.er 1 N Subll..t- fhVd C.OMPllCf'rTcD wAYS I
We- .S httLL
Coi'JStder ThE- h ll'0\1\J EX lh-1PL- A-S. frrJ l'Df;-f\l ONf. Svppo~E- wE
W frr.!r TO Cll l.C. v Li\"1 t- I ThE- ~HI M b t--r o1-- r fh 1\l DR0 PS ..ffJ L L ) tJ G. 0 tJ
A cc-rrtnt-J sqvfrRE- +o-cr- o-f -pflvtv~wr- ,~ f1 C'o1vt-N nMt- 1NTC\v~L
-t. Wh f)-T IS The l>robf\btllT'i Sl "DroPs WILL. TftLL uJ ThiS 11HE-
I NTHV flL. ?
Wt Wt\NI "J'Q Flt-Jd ThE: ProbAbiLITY I
Y,.ftC1)
I
of 0t-TTIJJE>
.h. c...ou tJTS tr.l Thee tNTE-fVf\L c+- liME:- T. New wt- t->H-d ::.onE
Mffi:)uct~ o+- T'v-.E- rAT: Fn wi-Hc..h ThE- c.ovt..~T'::. ME- oc..c.orr-JIVC..
Pe-r- SE-cOIJt). LE-T us c.flll l"'h.1S /tvc-r(trof:- NVM.b~ o+ c.ou..,TS 'Yfl~
5(;-c..o!Vd ot. Jw dT 1 hE- i"rob A bFl-tTV o-f A IJ ~~ 1s pro porno.v 1} L
To d.T b'l' eX... 1f ell tS 'lb-o 5 horT 1
'11--E-N t-Jo EvQV-
1 WILL occ.ur.
A h fA-~ u r<=- o+ how LONG '1'0U w11-11 8:1WbE'IV E=--/E:NIS IS ON The
o r-ei E-r ot I /rf.. .
oc..c.v'f'
Now
IN
wE-
lhE-
w fh'JI TO
11t-'\E- INTEr vAL
CAL (u l
7
me-
-t
The-
AT. ThtS.
Proofl-blll T';'
IS WRtiTfrJ.-1
of * COli NTS
c-v ENT~: lhAT .k E\1-NTS hf\vc- oc<-uv-rE:d 1JJ T fPJd NotJ~ oc.c.ur IN AT
A-f0d ~AT A.-t tv'f-NT) o<.c..vrred t~ T fn..\~ I &Ve-NT tN AT. oC.dT
JS ~f-- Pre bfrbl L \ T't' ON E-11" C:NT IN dT S 0 )- 0( dT I .S ThE
'ProbA-biLI"N ot- NO ~&-vf--Nn tN dT. 7,-fcL"T) \S Tht:- PrubAbiLIT}'
You h tt d h._ EV f-NT S I N T I M E:- T.
'P~ (T) 1" dt d P~ll) "::: '"'P.k(T) - Q(d"t (]'R(i) -t o(..dT Y-k-.C1)
dt
It--\ The- oTh of"c:lt:-r lYlE: 1Wo smc-.s t'\uST fr(:)R&E ftl-ld ,.._, ThE-
,~ ord :-1" wE: f"t-qutft Th~ ftC:>f':t J ThtrHort- we- hf'WE:- A nrftc-ro.mflL.
EqvtfnOI\1 1tJ Y~(T), vt:C
d P~t-r)
d-1
W t- ~ 1 soL.. v E- Tn IS S&-1 ~ c.f D 1ftt-r E-NT1 ft L E-q u fYf)o t.JS. NOllct
jJ\ v
The- 'Y,ft.L7) l'f>. frPPE-f\RS I~ f\ rtcurStoN RtLffllOtJShlJ;, wt'Tk?--h.-1
ThvS W h 80-Yt:i 'lh1S h m'?f:t.JS wE:- S ~ D0 L d eft ll I ).l fr 6CtJC(l. rtn~ C:>
-fv ~ c(j') 0 1\l '1'0 ht;t.. P v .) fn.. 0 rJ '- Wc W ftN T TO "D efH.> E-- P, Fu tJC 7) 0 JJ
FC.XJt) Wn\c.h hAS The- ProPEi'T'I' Whbl IT IS ~?ftr.k::lE:-d rrJ A
St:ll~
1
'POWE<' of X I ThE- c..o0f,( \OjT.) l\)r!V OUI 10 bE: ThE: r-h.tf) 4,
SA-11) WOVL..d liKf
Xtk.'P~LT)
\.f W:- M\JLnPL'(
z.
ct>
1<-~o
X k. dP~
dt
::
'f ou wiLL ~ onLe- ThE- s HO r.Jd TE:i""' otJ 1l-- e- R.1 C:Jh T 's STI'I'X. TE-T.:> AT
h.= I It 1\"fh~ Th lhV At= 0. Th1~ I~ ~-<.fh.>SE: "Ph'l' S.t C.IIC.LY ?.. 1 15 de-f,lol6:J
To be :Z:E:v-o. The- 1-4-ffi T~~ IS H:fll..>tNbL~~ SD we WILL t(:,~Of(; rT,
Thus. U.StrJ<o The- d~fl).)I"""OtJ To'f tnt- (!)E-tJCCrnJIV<.o hli'JCJlON We ht'!V
~ F<.x,"t)
dt =
T'O SOLVE-
I
ll IS JUSI
F (X,T) = c. e- ct.(/ -x)T
1-t t: R c IHdrl tJ we- h 1'\Ve- TO w or f y IT bouT ..,-,., - co t.J S"'J"lTNT C. . Th 1S
1$ f\ COt-JS'T"'ft"NT WITh ~~ PE-c.T W T so ltJ <:.E-NE-rA-L IT covt.d
bE- fr tvrvc..'TIO"'l of X
I "' o RD E-R 11? P e-rcr""' \ tJ E:- wh tTT 1h =- C.OiiJ.STfl .N T s h o "'L d
be LE;1'S ~1\-MI~f: Thf: S"P&C...IftL PRO'Pe-RTIC.S oF f(.X 1 T)
w~qc.h Arf: f:-\..1\-"rf:"t> JC Th c '?hYS!C..S of Th~ ProbLcH. CotJ~1dE-1~
TIMe 1
T:: o Th E.N ~ex., o) .:: C (X). A-T T =o The.RE.
\'S \00/o Pf'ObAb1\..1TY of c~fo cout..~TS oc.cuffiN'-,Thv.S
'Po co) = I. ThE 'f'robA-blL ITY o+ \ oR. noRc- cv61JTS
oc.c..vrv ltu b AT T :::. 0 frf t f\ LL T:E 'R.O
I
1. [. 'P, c D ) :. 0
/
'Pl. (.0) =0I eTC
.
Th f:f E:-~ '( t- 1/J f;- M \) .sT K t:q 1.) \ RE: Th flT
F ().,O) =L.. X k ~~co) - I :: c (X)
F CXJT ) - Q(.( I - )() T
ThvS :: e
WOULl) ,JOW LIKE. Tl) ShOW ~0 'now l'D J<cc...ovE:-R
Th~ 'P& lT) 1
:5 b'l' ~?fhJd 1tJCo fl X,T) f\5 1\ 'POW-,<. SE--RtE:5
II'\ X. To '8E.Git--t LfT l-'\c wR1TE
-c<.."T -toLXT
FCX, T) :: e e
~ -otT
:: co<.T) e
.-R!
I1 d tv a w 1. 1K ~ 1t> Tf\ L )(. ft b o vI Th t- 'Ph YS 1 c...s of
T h 1s
-fvrJc1)0!'--\. F'tfST IT ShouLd.. 'bE:- lYvc- ThAT ThE- 'Prob A- b 1 liT'f'
ot tHl E-Vt-PfS ShouLd l\1)o vP TU I E
r
I '
0:>
L 'P~ Li) = ~ T) k. e-o( T = e -toi.T e-'.)( J ~ I
Az. =-o ~'-: 0 h. ~
~\d II 'DoE-S. Now 1"0 Ot>'TiT-uJ The ME-fttJ NvHbC'f of c.ovNTS,tJ1
l M u.s T co...,Pv T c 2:- j_ 'P,a. (.;) 1. l J
k --:::.
lht-
N
Mfn<.IMft
b'l' L~lTITV'=>
N
oc.wrs ~T
.A<.::.
=
NT..Q
~ = N . I wILL ~f>frNd 7 A-buul
Whet:- )( \S f\ + OY" - SMflLL
NUMb~R.
~~- _L
e -t ~ T t tJ-t..tJ h cdi-t)
- 1'2-n N
~Y\ N :: -h(l-t~) ~
1\.l ;- -t
1.-li tJ
\;:X
J
e .. a~.-,: dx::. -
rJ..'
\
J
x1 e-o(xdx -:'..:?
x3 )
C'x 3 e_o(xd,x.:::
J
fuvd W I t \--.. LI fT\, t- t-1 e-t,rrf) L e-f+t, f'T )vu S CfrrJ bt-- ~X Te JJ d e-- d TO
) X"' e-rA~ J ,x - n ~ w h 1 <.. h for rA ::: I IS J v S,- ThG:
o( '11-r I
w ~ 'IL. -x
= x. e dx
J 0
95
USltJ<O ThE- R&-curstorJ Rt-L/TTIONShiP wt- hfhlt- ThftT
r( 3 hJ = '11. r ( 'tz.) = Y1. -rrr. Th vs pJ ~ f;Ntf"fl L
\ f- Wt 11-\ I rJ I( 0 f ) !hVd "\, r'TS d E-h l.) , tl<D f'r P un.J E- w t- v..r I'ThlT 1\)
' J
c..o t-'\ ?o TI; ftlJ Ai' ffi IN l'E; ~ f" fH. ~ 0 ft G:. tl1 tJ LC"'TS c., h A1V bE- 1.1 ftr I f+ b Lt)
I
BCMJYI) ;; dx
II IS lY'vt- ThAT ::.. ~lY),""') . ALL IT CfhV b~ ~how ThAT
)o~ _Y_l"vl--1
( I tY)rnt"'
i'Y'tt n :: I ~ E-N
00
r(IM) r(t-wl} ::. )
0
YM-I dy
I 1- '(
Wt::- h"1) J'('OVblt- TiV INC!:l 1'0 C.OMi'UT&- in~':> t!VIC'Gr-A-L by COJ,)J:Ou(
97
TkER&- JS cr-l~ MORE c.u=r~s o+ s'PECtflL \="UNc.\Tlorvs
Thl"tl hit'S b~E-N "Dt<ONt-hE-d bv ft Nf\"M so tJow I w/hiJT ro
'D1Sc.u~~ ThEI-1 lhE:-~c At"~ ThE- SO U\LLE-d h l;-bE-1-Jdf- 'FbLYNOHIALS.
~hv-> ThC<"t- ~ Mtn-1'1' WfTY.S TO l:>~FitJE.. Tl11s s-1 o-f. futJc.1)\)rJS
bvT I'd Lll<.t 11> 't)C IT Ullt Th& C::>f-N\frnt-.>0 f,>.tVC..710N t-1E-ThOJ)
yrevtOvSL'\' ""'DIS.C.VS.S.E:;d.
fX)
IS
::: [_ t l'\ 'P~ CX)
{ 1- 2 tx ttl. rt=o
t :. )
x = c.ose
St~C.l IN E:-U:-<:.TrOST'ft"TIC.S ThE "PoTC-Nnfl L E:-10:-R(:,~ IS IN\/5l.SE:-LY
P(.tO"Po~notJ AL. 'To ~ \)IS'Tt'rtJc.E:-- bC"iWE-~ ThE- Ch fJR.(:,E;-) 1
t.. V = Kjn. 11..
( I - .., tv + t'l..)- IJ
"" ,. '2..
= 1 - l
2... (
-2..tx +-tl.. ) .,
- ~ (.- z:t~ -+tz. ) "t -r I
nt(:)l.t-r
COLL-"-nrvG TCit.MS IN ordE-f'';) of t, e orc:lt-r
99
LeT t1 e;- De-h tJ t- ft New GE-N E;-1 ffn r-> e:, fv rv cno}..) G-(. t, s)
Whtc..~ hr\S ThE fOLLOWIM~ Dc-htJ 1noN
&l:t 1 S) = LL
l1o'\ )\
l"",.t..,.s"'
Th\~ 'Pe-r-K\T~ UOitJC:I Tht- WnoLE: St-T of lrJTE-offtLS ftT 0)./(
~r lh.Lhtwe-- TO 00 IS eJC.PfuJd 6- (-t,S)
I To f:,t-T ThE- Uf\LVE-5
of ThE- rrJTE:C::>ffiLS. 'FIRST J howwe,~, \ t-10SI INT-b~~Te
~
1
G-C.1,S); f [ f" 'P.,CX) .s"p"C!I)d.X
2.
l.At-t I
W~ I'll "DO~ ThiS 1'-'\ffl,J? FIRST IT Stl"YS Thf\T t-f m '"Doc5 JIJoT
e-(\>VAL n The-N .J..~..,.... -:: 0 0 'i""n. er- w 1~ e rf "M ::: n =- At 1
"' f"1J
= 2.
1..th-r I
fhJd. lhe-- INI;-C:>rAL hit'S Th1~ Vf\LVe.
j 0\)
The- ~,- Th ftT I W\ V\ :: .for
0 'l'YI :#:"h 1s fr v e:r '? 1M porTf'Thl T
P,.C!.u\. T SttJ(t:- tr IMP Ll ~ Thft"l Tnt TW 0 fu NC.noNS AAE: ori"'ooOrJfll.
Th1S }'f"OPE.<i"Y \S ft bAcl( borvt of Pr <i-0-od 'P~T of tJ!Pr1htMttrlcS
trtJd. 1,.- 1 s ctTV1lf7 L -ro The- DE--h rv l'no tJ of IT c.o M Pl-t-Tc- st-T of
tfu N c.'fl o 1\> S l 1 K. t- 1\, E::- C9-'f.d ER A11,... l &- <:>~ D R : 90 L'Y t-J OM I R l S
d - l
dx L u-~~. l
1.
~~ J T nCYtt-i)'P"'cxJ -=-o
oR. d
SJN9 de
T ~\.. + dl..
v a"' 1. ~ 1, ad ~
Th1~ oPtl'"r'\TOf" I.NorK.S' o1...J s.oM~ tvN c:.noN tcx,Y,t). If wc-
TrfltJ sfor t'\ f.ro M c tn1..1ES \ rtN Coord H..) r'ffE..S ""J"\l s 'P h C"f' \c. f) L co or d 1tJ ITJE-S
Thtl'-' ThE=" ltil'Lrt"tlftN OPeqproR. MuST l.\ K-W\St:- b~ T"~Sforl'1t-4.
WE- Mv.SI' V~E- ThE- Y"(;Lr't'nOI\ISVt\P'S
J_ ;)'- (11.f)
n.. ott1
rfr.:JIJ CtnV Show ""l"n f\T \ 1-ldt;t-J
_1 ~l..
n... o~~.,
L ( 1L F) :: _L. _.2.
11... '- afl.
(11..t !")
d jl...
I Dl
LE:T'S NovV U1~c.0~S A 'PrubLt-M. tNvoLvE:N0 Th-:- wftVe
cqvltTIO"-' 1N. ~Ph e<1C..!'tl co ore:! 1N 11T~ 1 I \)?.. F -=- -~ 1.. F.
Svp po~~ -hrs 1 ih t-1- 1 s 1VU 'DE-1'EtJJ:>e-N c..t-- 0 ~ cp
~ T\'"~ 1-'1 r\K:S
~E- P!bbL-M. OIVE- 't>E;-\::>R.Et L--S.'S. COM'PLic..f\TfrD. S INC.E- w~ K.t-J<,>w
?"' c(. o~e-) s f\"n ~.-he.~ ThE: e "DE-'PE-Nd f1J C.- l l E- T I 5 TR '( ThE
Q"'CX): l ('t\
J_,
rp~C."f) ~
x-Y
SttJC..c- Tht:..R..~ I~ A- ?ot..e- 1\T X='( we- f'Jt-E-d lh.c-PR.INUPAt;
V/1LU~ o+ The- INTE-\::>f'AL, A- !Nord hbouT lht PRli\J<..tPftL Vt\1.-UE
of- fTrJ ltJit:-C?ffiL IS !IV Or-d -R.. S I.Jj>j>O'&~ I WftNJ 7U C.ALCVLftiE
"\l QuC.>C} , The"l\l I ltJI\-rVT 10 f;-\)f\Luf\IE;
+l
qoCX}::J. \ __!_ d'r'
z.. J-~ x-"f
Tht!) irJIE-C::dftL ~LOW~
~0 Le-T M- '8A-CK off
uP ItT 'f=-X
Of'J E-\"i"h-1 S\Dc- of ~e- 'POLe bt' ftrv AMOUJ\JT fTNd
T frK- ThE:- SuM of 'The: 1W 0 PftrTS. I. 6) <OcT rtcl of e=f Th
J
TroubLe 'SPOT b't' Lt.-T'"nJI.H::> E;- Go. TO o ttJThE- LIMIT
: ~ ~\ [- Y.h c.x-,d]JC-E: -1
+ [-~cx-rJ]' ] )etC
y--:.
\03
For TWO C.VIA-R<:.c-s fTI ThE- on<o 1rv A- - tt-Wd -t- ch~<b"C A
1
"DtPOL.E- IS -forM:1) W\Th A /ftt. cLE-<.TrJC. ?oT'1\Jllftl.. Vfli<fAno,J,
The-- thVCouLtrr "b1STYb0no,J Goe-s A-S 'P. (c..oseJ .=... c...ose. ThE
Nf-?<T 'POSSibtLtn' 1-f n::-2 or 3 c~AAGE-) /T7Th oR.r<::>tiJ_;'
lWO PL0StS fhJd. MINUS, ThiS hl'tS f'r t--10rE- C..OMPliCtrrE-cl
E;L~1Y'IC... PoT&vn-ALj IT ffflt.s off ITS
1
/n.. 3 fJd. lTtJC::>Ol.-l'ti"LY VfTRJE-S
As 1:. ( 3 cos t e - , )
3 :et.-n.1..
'2,. (1. L
"Pn Cc..o~~ll. ) =L .. -~ .I ( n }
p\'1., Cc.osl:.\)
. "- l'ltlcj, -(' ... ,0
?~" (LO.S~) e e '"''TL
( l'\ 1"111r\) t
f
I
I
I
lOS
FOURIER SERIES
ThE- 'PfO b L ~ n::-qv I fe-d S OLV I ~6 ThE- 1) 1 f-ft-1'-cVTll't L E-q u fti1 o,J
\/1. T = ... ~
dt
Wh1c.h S\HPllnES Tc dt.T = ~ dT(x,t) tf WE- Cot-JS.td.~ tt OtJ
1) I M -NS I O!V A-L f' 0 cl. 7h 1$ dX1.. at tfft:-r1V11 ftl f-9 U ffflO IJ h I}S
1)
f''cxJ =+fc.x.)~'lt)
0 t-t}
'D\VIt:>ltVG:> '"l'v\('0\H::>n b'l' f(XJ ~ tt) W- h~V
106
l1 1 5 LOOK AT ThiS SoLunoN fer It c.ovpl.(;- o-f- Uf}LVE-)
0 f 11 r\lV d S Eo E:- I f VJ -t- C. fTpJ u N d (;-( S T"f\1Vd fl'"r 1T T ; LL S
(,U h
LlS. FtfST L-T n =1 A1 t-= o ThE-tJ Tht:-- rod. htts Ft
Tf;MPE-r~tlf'"(;- ProfttE- Th!"l-T Lo-cKS L I Kt l).,E-- fo LLowJ!V(l, .
0 .... ~ a..
1-
A~ T Ih c 1\1) V fhJ C.E-.S Th J.5 rtru R.t- 'P roh L E- WI LL c.o L L ttl'S ~
T-M PI;-(
~POfJtNT\1\"LL'I' f, ~ fl LL l'tMPLITUDE-~ IH0r06 X G-o l)ow~ Prorornct.trltE-LY
> I
(40
J +c.x) S nJ ~~ d,x = L An \a.
)o !JIM ( n~JC} Sit./ ( M~) dl\
Th~ tt...rrE-(::>ffrL o._, ThE:- rhS hA-s ThE- woJOdtMvL 'ProPe-rTY o-f brNC::>
o tf h'\ =t n 1trJ d 1.$ 0.11... 1f rn : :- n. ThE- Proof For l'n1S IS
SlY AI~ hi-fur vJ A-rd
) { [ co.s (h -~~1
., -i f '-
Q..
TfCW~-t\)
.<l vi, (.,... -n. llfl'
~
= 0 - 0 =0
108
ThiS If. 'm =n The I 1\Jf(:;.lo OrL 1':.> NOT 1;) t-f- I JJ f:T.:; so wt- MI)S T
'...__.''
R1) o ,+
"WI='"
) Sll'l -n'lf)l suJ 1"nlT)t'
Cl 0: d)( - ~: l
2.
tos Z.ltli1,:
0..
d)C ::' a..
'2..
Tr\I)S WE;- VlrTvE: 1hAT
2
SJN (WI~)
AYrl -= Q ): .fcx) d,x
The A..,.' s trr~ C ftLL E-J 7).,(;- c.oef-f-1 Ci&VTS o+ The- hv r ICT Sffl f:-$.
NoT 1\1\AT llt\E:- co<:;ff)C.ICNIS ttrc- foo~Vd wf: MUSf -hrJd The
fc.x) 's. EsswnALti" ALL 5t--~ooTh I
SIN&L.E-t:i vr1LI)t- Nf-.)c..norJS ~e oKttY.
lhftl lite~ MtrfhtMttnctH rlbOOi?. buT IT WOrKS.Tht 11oR.t-T:e-fHS
Th m- ftr~ 1"R KHJ I tJ ThE:- S.E:ilt E-S Th c bE=-~ Th t- ifT l'U Th t
Ac lV 1\ L fu tJ c.n o 1\1
I 09
L.e:T '~ w or K o oT ltrJ f1< 1'\Yl PL. e: o+ +tow f'r fuN c. noN
\S ~p~~E.-d 1tJ l"Ei~S ot ft .fovf'lt'"r SC:--rle-5. LE:-T +C.xJ be
T ht- fo (.,L 0 w I rV G:. -5 ()C)
fCJ() =- - I
-l U() = 1" I
-I
+I
X_..,
A..,::: ~'-
0
r
)
- Sltv n'n'"r dl(
I' + -cI ) c
I S I N l'l_!!_lt
-c c 0
c
ALL we- lt\.ft\1(:;- dol)..)~ ~~ Jv:sr brE-/'YI<. ft.x) vp 110'"10 r-vvo
C.o HT\tJ v o v '::> 9 1E;(. E. s . Ev lh. v tf'n rJ<l> The ft-N' )
tCX) ~ -c -
'2.
c.
-c.. 110
ThGfG- nitS bE-e-N A Lol of MIITn~.MftnGffL D lSCv~SIO N OIJ
ThE: C..O~II-l"<s>eNC.t- of ~t;- foortE-r S-rtE:-S. ThE: Q()t-2iTIOtJ IS
1\fT&f' SI.I~H IIJ'- Ttl ft L f\'-;eo~ tJ. lhVd.. ThE;-JJ ST'Oppuv<# how C.LOo~
lX> we- cOMf- n fcx} I
Ll I h~w tMpor11hJI ~~ Th~ rtSI ot- Th<: SE-rt~J
Th~tT 'iOIJ 'l1-lf"t-w lt\VftY. As I'TrJ -/lft-MPL.tS- Th(;- squA(f- wA-V
fv,vc.n 0~ h~S A CO,VII6f<::>E-!VCE: bUT 'P'f'OdOC.E-S ftN o llff~l-tooT Whtch.
r t-A<...~ ~ S. o H. :- L I M 111 tJ ~ U fl- L \1 f
.j.
[ truSt-S\-. ool
Ill'
l'
X --:>
.l
I ll
I C./OJ .f1tJd ..5 USJfJG. fovrtff fhvA'L'(SIS. iJow SvPPos~ Tht;R
IS SoH& fv,vcnoN Fen) Whtc.h re- ProovcS ThE- /rbovc- .)&RJ-S~ 1.[..
L. Fe..)'\) = 'F{o) -r fC.t) -r Fez.) + --- -+ f(n-1)
ll!~ l
-t<J:> CCX):
C(x> = "'. &c.x-n)
1\"01110
t
CC.XJ
- 'r~.
z
(1;)
c-c:x ) = \ t "l:
-l_.,,
Now iov h.PrVE- To no The- lt-.ITt=-G:>rltL S wh,c.~ Mrf'i iJOT bf fts E~t5Y
PrS so.....,E- oThrr Tec.'ktvtquc. BuT ::.oM&I1M~S tT 1S lhJd whtN 1T IS
Th1~ ~flroA-c.h IS c;:>u lTC- 1)-c.wrrn-c-. A~ f(X) G.cTS s.Mo--or~E-r m-.ld 01-1ooTh~
112
\ Now wf\-r.)r 1"0 IMPft>vE Th~ d.E--htJtnotJ of The- FourttT
~tflf.-S b'i' worK I rJC:> IN COMf>Lt/( IV C'T"ffllON, Th Eo- futvC'TlO fl) ft X)
be-c..o ""'~s
V\':-01)
I tJ TV\ 1 S I'J o 1'Frf) o 1\J 1r \ 'S ~S 1 t-1' n> w o -c 1<. o vT Th E- M fl'/""h E-M tmc S,
T~.:~ fn.Jd "TVIE- c.o~+ftC.It-.VI5 we- hiTV'
r-
)_, f
c.
(X) e
, MX(.
c dx
: r Q 1-o fe , (
J
'h- mJ TI.Xtc d ')(
1-f tCX) IS f\- f-ttL FUNC.1l0N ThE-N ITS C.Qt-'\PL.E:X <:Ofi)J\J~fTT: f'*cx)
1s &tll1'1 bY f*cxl =- L.a.! e''-nn)Ctc.. Sti\X:E: fCX}-::. F*c:x) n,- TWu
Scfl c-) M USI bE- E-CVt\l. 1h e-r~ton- '"l'"htQ. c. OE--ff1c I ftJrS HU~T bE- E-QcJftL., 1,(
Th& a,.,'s M u~T Sl'tTISN Q., ::a..!'.
e c. L.a.,* ) e....c.!" dx
>'h
J 13
Yov S'nould b&- f\-wlh'e of 'four ~Pftt\)c::ll~0 'Powt-R TD
~0\..IIE ?'t"Ob\.;MS. )<E-c.ftLL wE- -hJu~d for A- SQU'h"E- wttvE- ThE-
';)eliE.-S C1C p ftl\).SIO 1\) WAS
tcxJ .,_ + J. S I IJ
3
~ Jj')C
c.
1" .,.. - --
Th E- (tv f:(' I\" C.. " s q (.) ftf (; \s t-9 uft L 1o so
\fCx) 1'1..-= ,
J.. ... -+ I
'"i. 3 '-
I + I
'-
I
-:st. + __ -]-::
Tf,_
8 "
L
J.
Yt"
l1 odd
Thus wE- hrtve:- foiJ~~Jd
r li"~-
1lodd
I
-=-
ThE-re I~ ft (:, E-tJEY fh..l 'C-f\-Tl 0 rv T 0 ThE- e 1-J E-r& "{ ThE-OR.~ W Yll C h
1s VI..>"OY"Th \(Now fhVd. lnflT tS c:,,vt-,v +cxl rnvd Gtx} The
hl t;(' (:> 'f I& (;, \V E;J b't'
I L. ~ bh
.
W~cVf
E :. l.C.
)_: -tc.x)
0cx) dx -::: b
.fcx J -:: "[ G..
"'e
'"nx.tc 8(.)( ) = -z: lo'le t'VITrf./c
l T f\1> f> E:i'TfS "' ~ T Th n><:O ti'Y'E;: e:. e- rrn..> G wors c-- fo f' v ';) 'b u 1 1f. w E
?c.n.. L ThE- tt..>TE-G:>rf'IL ovT froNT TheN WE- htrvc- "'tn~ &t-Of-'\e1l"IG
~ t'h()c-t}
~f:'rtE-::, ... e whtc.~ ctnu bt: wr1ITOJ A-S
-rJ L. e ')\ c..x--t) -: e c~-t'ta.> o-t> e t(rJ-t'h.) c~-t>
y~,.cx-t)
- e
1.
~n
f 1i
-11
S 11'1 ( N t" '/t.) ( )(-t)
5 IN 'h. ( '1- -t }
fu> d-r
Th\S Stf'I'S ~ ~K.& tL-t) thJd. ft-dd T00E.-'T),-f" W(i"k lhf- Wt-lbL-!TI.N(,
ftrc.:ror ct S~C.t->-t'h.UJC-tJ. hJ lh~ c.~se:- of 'fLt) bt-lfll{:;. A
5 tt-.1 'fl.()(-t"}
5 TE P F U r-JC.nO N w~ h A- v fT f.on1 VL~ t=-or fnsd I ~6 Th t- 0\JerS h>T
~ -~ 5 dw C ~)
Thl{S WE;- l-Jf\vE:- cfo'f f(X),
f (X) ::-
lV\\ ~ R e,-;) r~:-s E;N1ftnO f.) ot f<.)(.) I tJ Vu 1. v ~:> lh ~ SuPeR Po:> I no tJ u-\
AN lNfuJrl&- tJVMbt-T of OSC.tLL;t}TOfY wttv~S. Jo:f Wf- W/TNy- TO re-c..ov~
~Lw) wE:- tJE:-E:-d TO E:vALuArc
q>Lw) = )_: e
'
-wx
fc.xJd,.x
1 15
SoLIJ , rJ eo u 1i=F e:-t<.ovn f1 L eq vfYJlO f\.)S by
l=OI) R..l E.. R TRPt N S t=ORM. T6C.H-1J1 q v:.
s o l..l,)t,.., b t.. ' "' e-ttr '0 d?fs.R e,vn A L cq v ~~' o .v ~ w 'Th c. o .v ~"T'fh\l T
c..oefnc.1 b-)'j~ IS It C.OM.""' Of'l oc.c. "('f~c.t- ,.., 'P" "i'SI~ t\-Nc:l e-.J ~ trJ:-8'1~6.
1\- tJ"< ~hf\J 1q v ~ W l-n c... h. M 1'\ J<'k:5 1n (:- Tl"tJ<.: E-h'S I :-R \$ J\-P P R.E:<. t ftTed . ThE;
tJOfMt\L E-qvfn"lOIJ IJ..IVOLIJ;S ""Pe:ftvfhii.IE-S c+ S.OM:- vltf'LAbl~ ~ 11-tJd
cA-N be- ~ x pr ~'::.5 e-d. A- <:>
l rv olh~ wor-d..s t> rf:f-t-r E. rJ i l ft1l N C:> cfrt.l be- S \ H p t ~ t:: 1) TO HlJ I...it PL/C.rtrlOJ-.1
b 'f i w . ThE:-1'-l The- -pro b L e11 l ~ re-d~ c:.E.d To otJe- at ft- LC.-b (' fl I c.
HfThh PV l. frllO ~.
lib
Th fh.&t.brlt IC. M lhJt PUL fhto )') C fh.l G:.o boTh w fr'(S b G-VlV e 6tJ
ThE:- {\) r-l C..Tl 0 rJ 1
\ ~ l"f ftiV 51-or M 1 ft"tJ cl b fte..IZ. 1\ (:) fn I'J , C 0 tJ S I d 6-< Jh t
-foLLow l~(.p 'noVO JY'A-t'V~Tori'""\S
_, W')(
<::>c.w) - s crx) c:. d~
y c.w) ::
s y c.~) c:.
- C:wy d J(
A- ser o+- l'ftbLE-~ ft,r WOR_K.\t.) (::> ouT J'he~~ .f.oo r I 8" lY 1')-,JS-h:> f' M S
1S vf:f"'( IJ5~l.. w"' fr1 W f:- .f1> r M. A L.. L. 'I' h fn'~ j1) "1:>0 1.> SIJb~nwn
'r'CXJ -s
"1.11
To evftLIJI\T& R( )(.. ->() tT I 'S> tJ E:-<. :-') $ t\-( )" TO c.tn c. u Lft=rc- Th~ 1 tJ'1t C:> r fH.
ut f\ 'POl.'f fJ. Ot'\ I 1\L. -rn~ 1\s I f:-f:.7" w~ TO "PO Th r'tJ tS b~ R.:5 1 d.v -
lht-<>r'l' ;n.1d. c..o ,_.rro IJ r lNic<o f'tWlOtJ, s lfJC.{: 'Pc i ""J ,s A POI..'I'NOMJ~L
I 17
Pciw) = CL"' ( iw-o<.,) (i. (A) -o(t..) --- C.t.'w-o{.._)
-rJ..yo I
1\) ftJ S o t>T
"vJ-pc.C:w). l
P'C.~t")
. . c.v-o<.'\. -:. ....
So Lv'T) o rJ T1> TV\ E- 1)\tf{;-raJV) ~ L E-q V frn O,J IS
01"-
?c. D) '( l;<.) = ~ (,X.J
LeT':) VJOfK ouT Pt Stt1'PLE- ~11-M PLt: crf A L JtJffir
D\-ffE..rENn A'l EQ U7lll C~ of- 'Jh~ \~ 1:>c<Of"ft-. CorJS I d '1"" 1hE- .o LLOWitJ(?
f:L:-C.1Y'ICA-l" Cl fC.U \T
R.
-----~~--.....L~-------0
hi C.. tOIIl
0.... I
W~6r!:' S11'1 t.S '"1"\E- ti')NT VOLifrb& fhJd. 6 ouT IS T'r\ :- 0 "'P '-'T
VoLT~G>c. The llt'\ E:- h ~~TOr'/ of c I ('C.u T IS (!, I \1 E- ,._j b 'J'
RC.. cLfour T EovT -:. ~,,..,c:t)
d"t
L c 111 N CD 1) e- cl/ d. t- w & c.frtV W rt IE-
to\JI ~ -'
R.C..
e -"ttR.c ) -i
e '1: '/R. c. ~ '"' (t ') ci"t
,
-oo
Prs ~ c.tt E- c.ri,
RC. d f..IJ-, :: ...l e-t"t~c:... 5-<t>+ e.-t '/~ f:iN (t'J dT
c:lt" ~c.
e: s: (- ~~) e-~'
So ThfH 1>' Cot..,)
~ ('~~~
1
'{LX) =. J1<' _ e -1' dA
ll9
Th ~ PJT"Eiof"/tl.S c. fnJ tJ Ol 'b- E:-v A- Lvfl-"1; d... l) I rE- c..T L. 'f b lalT
CfttJ b~ E'/<Pf~ AS Er("Or ilJT-(::n~""I7L Et 'Prt-\JlOu.Sl-'1 IJISCcJSSe-d.
Th v~ S c. W\) c fttJ b~ VJr '"IT E-N ft-5
12.0
WE: c.ftt\.) USE Th~ IE<~NIQIJE:- o-f -n,f+E:-l"'~IIA-TI~Co 1,J w- S?flc.E:-
To .SOLvE- .S1>M~ ~~dK rJOtJ- L I..,E;-Ar udtE-CWTIAL Eqvfh/OJ-.1. F=or
~ii'M PL'=' I
Sv? 1'0~E- w~ vJ 1'!,\JT 1"0 so Lvt
d_:_t + X'( =o
d~'L
Bt-<.IWSE:- ~~~ \.S NOtJ L.l~et\1' Wll'n X 'TO FtrJT POw1~ \.Vt- c.~ Trll'N.SFDt'H
l\low TO b~<.l<. ,, (,
I
A J
LiT
Thi.S 1rJIE-bfitl.. IS fH~cl 70 "1hE:- l:)~~~l -foi'ICIJ\lJJ of YJ ordE-~,
S.oHt-'Tit'\~ cA-t.L~d lhE. IMr~~ I ,,n'f:c..r A L.
~0 L "E
E o vT = (f G u"
d \,.A$ It- ~ll M b<:- r of r rof'CC"T' 1':) ONE- crf- Wh. 1 c-h IS of TE;V
LltJErtnT'i. J),.,fY'f'" 1<) 1+ f~c-t) 13 PvT IJJ 'l'ht1v 'i=1 is ouT.
1fr.J d ,1- +1...Lt} 15 1 1-.1 ~EN l-1. ,s o IJT s c 1}, lrT ~ t- FL 1,..,
GlVG-S ~~ t-t:1... ouT. Svt1?l't STfT'r-d. \-f. '(ou "DoubLE- Th(- lN'f>I)T 'fOIJ
oovbLE- lhE:- OuTPuT'. Th\S ~~ It Ll._,Efr( 11MPl\ht-t"
I 2..1
Th &- ftM P L1ft E;-1' h~ The YfOPGfT\' o+ belJJG n,..,E- tNUfH'JfhJL
l.f ft-tJ 1:) ltJ A--t -t In E-JV ~ c:t) 's o o T. .:n;. Th- sttM Pl.-
S \G. 1\l Pt l \ S y> U T I ~ f}-T T ,..., 0 i-T v...
I
ThE- s ITYIG-- 0 Ul "PI.il ,s
obTfliAI~cl.
""i"h E- /TM P L l -h E-f ( fhv bE- A-tv 1}- L'f~ d -b 'I' 1N v~ n <:, frjJ JJ <":> 1TS
'BE:'r..A-v!Of' To 1\ S'Pf-CIA1._ fv jo.) cl10.V I lhE- d.H.l'it -Nl-lc..QlotJ I (A) hiC.J
?ff M ITS d E-do C.. I N <0 ThE- f"E-~ ?o tJS E-- -h> I<. 0 Th (;-'(" 1~ -p rJT -N rJ Cn 0 JJ ~.
1-f W- 'PUT ft dE:-L TA fvfl.)c.noJJ 1hE- ouT'PIJT WilL LOOK Ll\(~
A$ (.1:) ~~u~~
~A~.
Rt..-t')ooJr
So t--\t- -pro PE:<'n~ bc-TYV~ ~ c. i:"J A }I) d. 'R. c. i) f19..E """i'r.E- ..ft>uow' ""~
S l t.-t o ) -"') R C. hicaJ
b & Ct. -to) -'""> b R ( i -"to)
& (t -td .,..~c.-t-tl.) -""> ~ (i-i,) T Rl -t-tL)
f ( t d ~ ( t -t I) --::> J?L-t I) )( l t- t,)
Th-E- \<:t tfr we- ~ "'DC\1 :-L o P 1N G fl vJ ho L E- b o rv c. h
lS b'f PrJTil N C::>
o-\- d H Tfr -fv ~C.. T"l o t-l'S l'O ~ e-J~H EJr<.h A-T D\ tf~t-N) 11M C.-)
frtJ c:l 0 t "D dh:i' t-r-> T ' ftK ? Ll ")\) l) f.) W ~ c. fh) c.() I')ST'1' U Cj fh'-1 ~ W ftV E-
Pftt...\'\E-T 'lOI) Wfh.Ji, ~I)~ w~ c.fh.) W1'1 Tf
~Out: (:t) 5 'R.(.t-t') f,t.J (-t') Ji'
0 1\\ (.E; 1h e- f -5 Po rJS e- --ro fnJ )Mf>~t...S: IS 1:.S TY")'bLI shE-d II
\S "PO.SS\bLt-- 1'0 ~OLV- JT LL :)u b se-q u E-N1' e-q ..> /JJ>O r-J S <!> I \) 10
1h E- ~ "f ~T&--'1 TY' ()-N ';) 't= 8 -N ...>c. ll 0 )1.1 '
I A2..
t")oR~ ON Th& 1\-MPI..IFIE-R. ltt-id The CRUSAL
I KPLI CI\1)0rJS ON The: IRih-!SfEi<.. F'IJ N CTlON.
s <pc.w > e
~wt d
_!!P
~"
____..,. 5 'Vt.W) Au~>} e
t'"'->t" d
-~
G.Ti
lfJ f:- c ftN ST"V d. '!' ThiS
1h~ ~T lht\T
-fLt)
f\.low Lt-r fLt) = e.'(A)t ~IJc..h "i'h~-r Tht JY"~ft-r lS e 'RLt#t'Jdt 5 t'wt' '
B 'f re-& E-M tJ , "'(:, ~ ~ n K c- bAsE=- 1'0 bE: t = t-t' w~ c.m.t wr1rt
Tht 11-J TE-~ ... Pr L IT 5
'wt'
e" R.C:t) dt
/2.3
~wt
Th v ~ l f E-,"' : ;. e
VolE;- h II( \I~ 1<> \J \V d ""T'hf\"1
A-<.w) :: 5
Rt't) c.fnJ be:- ~v.vd
:: ) fL-t'). J+ R..<..t-t')
It-\ o-r-de..... l'O f"~oc.E;~cl wE:- t-\c-~d. TO Tf\K~ The-1-t>or\~ irfu.IS~rr1
of l"t\(:- PROd0C.T ot 1WO fvtJc..nOJ-lS. 1ht~ I.S f\ ll5rf\>L C.OJUU;fl
So Lt-T ME:- <;~~ftLt'f""f; b'i' c.ttLLip..\Co Tht- TWO futJc..notJS f(-tJ ~d,a[t)
bo1'1\ hft'VE: r, T. 1
~ ~ f Lt) -"'> Fe~) ful d. 8Lt) -=:> (:rD.V)
12.4
IT IS \..SIE-lf6nN0 ~ ..S111dY Tht- Cft.St- whe-N ~<t) :::o .~r
't L. 0. ~\!) IS f\- ::n'f\1E;M-c'JT Vhl'\1 I'VO 1c-~ Po !V~E;- w 1LL OC..C.U f' ll tJT ll.
A~ IW\X)\ ~\(orJf\l \~ /Tl>Pt..l(:-cl. 1'\-\\~ ~El-l ,.S Pr 5~6\IT o-t C.ltUSitLJT)"
dw
Z...li
1\-\E;- 1\..>TE:<c>f''Pr-L ouE:-r" ~ c. ful bf: E-V'ft"Lv-hiE;-d b ~ 'Pl.11lltJ., 1tJ A
CotJv t-rG>\t..lV> ~TOr- e e 'r ( ~-lure t. "- o) All d lflt'- IN <0 Tht- LJt1tT
A-~ e -""";> o. 1h I) ~ w c- h ttv E:- n:> E:v A- L I) PrTe-
lc.w-w'>t E:t
e. e dt!
_L
c. cw-w'} TE.
llt-l
- -")'0 ): kw') d w 'lt.rt
i,c.w'-w)t"E-
=o
ft d w'h..l!
) (.w)
w-t.V -~~
=-0
125
"Jhe- fJ01JOI\l
J2.b
leT's !'lovJ d.t-duc.e:- ~of.'\C:- 'Propf'f""nE:-<:> o+ A by LMve&TI(Qfl'rl'-lb
Th~ LtMtllfllb ~httvtor o+ Th~ t~T"(;--&f'fh..Jd. LE=T 1 5 ,.H'tTc Tk~
ft\crb t" I A-~ 'Tht- S. U M of ft-Jol I M 1")10 t tJ Itt"' V fh.J d.. ("E-f\ l f frrT !
w'-wZE;
_L ~w i
w'-w-i.E: (w'-w)t tCt.. cw'-wJ"L -tE z.
( tt;-A L..) (IH.J\Cot~ ftf't)
~'- w lc:.u ,_ w)
ThE: ~L ?IW'T 11-1 ThE:- I. I MIT C:ro~ ftS> Tht- 'P Y'Hlt.l PAL UftUJt. t ~. 'P V J._
5\t-lC.~ 1he:-rc- ftrE -<f.; fh.
'
1> t~TJ'nl.>ce 0~ ;- IT'he< S\ J.E:- of 11,~ Stl-ib"l.l\'r"l7y,
w'-w
1ht- tMI\-~~trri P~ b~kttv'e-6 As #\ dE:L..TA Fo,..c.no,., A-S e -"> o
uJ~\Le ~E; trtel\ Got5 ~ lt. l\10~ we- hlW'~ ffi The liMITlNGI
Th ~
T~ E-
1 t1 ~IN Ar'{
re~ l 'P ~ RT
'P ttrT
l't t--E:'d S TO
IS. E-ft'S'I
be.
TO
INTEE.d'r\Te-d
tt-ITGff(TE; IT tS
1\fOc)~ c:1 The
~IJSi
-i. z
Acv>).
5<.u-b+S
-oO wt~
Q)
A C..t.0' J 'PV _j
w-w
dw
Z.Tf
ThIS IS f'r LI n L ;- t) 1#1 C.U L T TO ttJ'T"&\"ftT: SO for Tht- MOM~T
L.E:r 1"\t- w Y" \T E ThE; r e-~ ln. T A'.:>
I Z.7
Now ft CW) \& C-OMPLEX 50 vJE cfhJ wrtr- tT flS
Tht- SuM ot A (' -ltL 1'\-1\ld I M fto INtrr'J' Pf\RT1 l,t
A {W)
.
:. ARC.W) -t l. Ar(w)
A-Ncl fttoM The- Pl-111 OIJ~ f'ESIJL.I WE: hi'Tve 1ht- co,Ud..tn o t\J T\,fl1
- S-~
--...... Ar Cw') pv -L
w'-w
-d_w'
n
= A-n(Wil
""- 1
IZ.B
ThiS f-91Jfl'flON. IS ~0 w E: ~ll.y bOLV-d It~
-.-kl..t
~cA,tJ ~ e At,&.)
-f~ l.t
= cpc~). The-N zc~,1)=- cf[l<.) e
IV"/T}lS-fE-.r ft>t-t(.1/0f'J (.A)f. c.rt-~ INV-rT 1T TO
StNc.c- c.pc~) '::> j e.'~tc' fC.x'J dx' we- C.fhJ R.cwr1Tt Th-
~f>o..>etSTl frL f\S _ t(k + l (1(-X')]' _ c.~')2..
e. -z.t" e -t"t"
A~ d. fiN A L.Lf
-ex-~
I )L ,
TCX 1 t) = e 'rt ftx.'J dx
'"'--~ Th \.S IS Ft- co,wo L-lHfllO ~ 1NTE-<Offl L 1N X by IT Cs> AIJ~ 1A~~
"DISTil-.\ buT\Ofll.
?A'RT Tvvo
Fli,sr oRde-r '""D rff. f:Q 's. f\ R~ o-f Tht ~1' t-1 f C')(1 y, dl\
eli ) =0.
o~ KoR.~ '-OMHol'lv!' e,..PK-&5st:ci. A.:) dy - Fcx, v). I he- HosT &E-t-lei<.~L
f,~T ordH"" -o,-\{. &q.' 5 IT.& ~t>T .SOLI)AbL~ ~t E-9uffnOt-.{ t~ SOLV /1-bl.E;
No Y. elY
= FCX) T')ojj~ IS II0Tf:b r- A TE;-d DII"'GC.Tl}'
d)<
NO ')( ~ ::. Fey) IN Vt-t-T lh.ld IIJT E- (:) n')-q""{; A~ j_
dx dx :: ..!
dy d'( FC.Y)
X -:
s -rc:v)
131
1h - -::;.o L U'TIO 1\J TU C1fS- ~ 1S J cJ sT 'fC~ t'T ) :: S H d,)( -r KO')
~ frN /'rM p L E;
t;-J(
~ =- 'f..:!:}~ _,.., (Y + 1 >') d X + C. I- ;q d '1' = 0
d,X I+)(
d C 'j X -ti\~ -t'l') =o <!>t-T
1..
'jX t-)<z. +Y -= c. or y = c. -1-
j-t.)(
-:::. d)l.
f{X)
So l..U I tJ (;, NoT o t-l LY +1r~1 '0 r de< bJJ tfL..So hl1.5 h f-f
I~ SOY\ t-Tl t-1(;-'l::. v~ L 'TO C.~ fnJb ;-- Jh(:- 5c.f\'Lt- of "Jnt.
t-\
cti
d)<
= dv ;x
dX
4Y t-V=- V1..+1 dv =
d'& VL"-v tl
A~ f\"N oThtf" q 1\-MPL E
~ = X + XJ
d'f. y
1\t\t:-\1.1 d=- x2. v ti1J d g = ~x:
d x tv 2. X y -t )(t.dy -- x-t~
3
132-
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Th t- e:, t.1IJ ~ A- L fo f" M
dy t- Pc.x)y := QLx)
d)(
y ~ e -f<.-x) s';. e
FCX
1
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Q LX' ) d X l
A
Fe.~<') ::. Sy; Pc.x'' J dl\ ~
Foi~ q-=- o ,The:- Hot1oc,c-toJt.oiJ~ c.ttst- Tht- ~?-<.tAL ~oLvnoJ'J ~~ ~o.sr
~ ::.. A e- ~<.x)
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y .. c:Lx ~('"''
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~ ;- Clc.xJ ':11. ~ bc.x)
d)( \1
lh1S. c..ftNNOI IN Gtt-Ji:-rftl b~ ~OL..V-d.. bVI t'T l~ 0Nu~U~(...
wn A-T you. c.I}-N cio wtT~ tT. Wt;- c. In/ re: w Y' ''~ 'r A-S>
J. !Y ;- ~ l.. = hc.x)
~ d~ (} QC,K)
Now LE-T S -=- SY. Qc.x'J d)(.' so lh ltl
Th~N we hi\V ~ dY
d"~ -r dl. = dc.s)
Ltl d ::. l d_:p :: ]!. 1 , dotJ 'T ItS"- whj "to tJ do Tl\ IS
tp d)C. y>
In e-JJ w t- c !'TN w f' I TE-
d. y :::-. ~~ - ( ""' 1) ~ -""":)
d't tf ~'L-
Wh\ c..~ 1s wn1T~u ft$
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f\1.. (c,t-d f
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h> 6- So L. v f;"d Th c- C. ~E.- o+ tJ 0 ~ L I tJ b4- (" 1:::> I f+t-rE:tJTHH. t-Q v ~-5
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R t-d V C. fr 0r ci..C'r b y L- TT I N (Q W =. '(
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I - :>. co.tJC ir..J
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- C - X 0
c. =- ~: c c - d y) 3 dy
o :: S..,' y cc - oy J3 d y
Tht:- Prtr. Wh /f'r 'Pff\\\ wiLL lT -foLLow "I. The- ~we-r I~ l'nE- t>tJ(;
Thff'l M.~ "TV\&- 70TfrL 6\l err:,f L8"iST. 1:, uJ whK.h OtJ E:i lS )vllfT~
Wt- wtLL t>~tJe- A.
II t-.ttw --r-crrt A lh~ J
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Tt-ME;- I i"llc brA L d- K t- P~. lhus
A ::. 5 [ ~ (~~ ) 1. - 1M Jh (.{-)] ch-
~c- ?robL~ lS ?O -hNci. Th~ UJv-IIE- w"'tc.hhc.no.., M~Kc-s Th .~
M \ ""' M u 11. To -oo Th' 5 w c- ,..., u~T """l'r>'l Mt i;-Eo- Th- 1 j...('f-E;o rf\1..1 d. Th 1s
Mtfrt\)S ThttT tf i<X) de-&.~'"~ b~ lh JrCTlJPrL P~ <rf- The- BALL ThEN
-fC X-+ E) 1s "'2. .aid ordEt" 11'-1 1 1, .. yov c:ftN uo of+ 'fh~ '?ffiK. at Thf;-
htLL \I'J ftNY ~IH:c.nol-1 fTtJd t-.)Ol C..~(tlJ<af: yt>ur S.LO'P~.
S1J?1:>os.~ 1\tlt:-tJ -F. C:t) 1':> ThE.- NIJ(:no IV w htc...~ J-11\)( 111 1~t~
Tht- tiJi~onvd. Mt-<1 '1Y'1 hti)::. 1\C.t) -tl\_l't) whtc.~ 1~ &LIG,kHY
dt\tt-rbJT -f-roM Thf: c...ON~Cl "PfiTn. Th.f:;N Ol.)'f' C.ONdtliON bf<OMc)
: ~ l~ r i .. ~ 1. - ac11 -t 1
rt-> d t
E XPfl Nl)INC:J
: 5 L~ -hl.- ~Jh t M~~- M~lt
HuJ~ VJc 'f"f:'( v rr f:
): [ ~i;t- M(J~] dT =
lfJ k\C.~ c. fo'J b E: \ NT; C::d t\'1; 1) by 'P ft\U"S
-t
=- 'M'h
T
Vtttt)Jo - ~o ~li LtJ.~LtJ - 5
W\atl(t)Jt
c:
\Nf; 1"'\le:.kT SE.E how C.l~~ we- clhJ ~~ Th1~ fh'JSwt-r by
TA a<.\ to1 10 A TriA'- f!/ I...H\1 ""
aca NOT -;ne-- c..of ~t-c.T ONE-. leTS
-i1r~T T'f'{ A LINHW'LY d t-c.re-1\-~ a""(:) -f IJiLd I
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( I- ~fb)
b-ro..
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At-.1 oT\\t;1" (, Vt-~ ~~ (, kT \:,~ Pr Q\l f'l d r fiTlC. .fv !It c.no t-1
L
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\1\/c'LL 'P roc.~d by
v~ ~ v[ o<.
::
Now , t"E:- d. "TO 7 'c. I<. The- ri... w h l c.."' '"" lloiFC e-s n IN' f11 ::c-e-5
Th 1s fv ~ c:no tJ. lh" s To -f 1~ d C Ml !') 1 d dtt-r~llf\TE: C witT 0(.
~ SE;-T : q v fl L ~ 0 . Vol h OJ I cl o ~ 1h AT 1 f, rJ d
0(. = - .l._b
bl.-t (\U.b"t-Q.t.
3C b~-a..")
\'lou-) LE--T M~ (.OMPftre- Th:-~ TWO t"E;-~Ut.T~ WI""" ThE' A-c.TOfU.
VALVE' .fo~ c/l.nE.o for d I -ft t-rttSf flt'nOS ot 't>Jo...
~ .c7Y""~ c C~~td
"- Z..if ~0 - t.INtAf'
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Thf- vtrr,tmo~'> 1\"L. 'i>fiiVC.I PL.f; h~ds MftlJY ttPPl.l c-ffioa\1 '~
IN PY\~~\C.S.. lr I~ vf:;;ry POW~\.. w\o\tlV l'hE;- 'i>robL~ IN\IOLV6-S
1\.lo l,o5~E-S. H.fn.Jf ~robl.~S. hAv~ H\1\IIMOM praiJC..IPC..e-S 11-S Thnr
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1
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a. -t-_h_ - c
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Th t- ;> r o cl v c.T ot ~o Mf\"fTl C.E- 5 I~ <:, pJ e-N 1\-S
a.. ~ =c
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MLl L 1) PLY _.,
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= } 1'3
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~t cOMbll'l~ lYftN~forMAI10I'I c~ bc e-x?rtssE:-d AS.
( ~ ~ ~~) - 1 = T
0 0 I 0
0 0 0 I
Tht- V to>\ T 1-1\f\TJ I]!- hf6 1\\i; "J>r1) Pffi",Y '1"h f1 T
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I I
a.. ( b c) :: (ab)C
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l'nt- lY.tc.~ ~~ Tht- fo\.t.ovJJtJo 'Pr'OPf1"1H$
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AfPLI cA-TION of 11 ATRJ ~ Tt1 EoRY To
50LOir-ii'O ThE- POLY hfvMIC.. HOI.E<.\JC.E:
x.Jyl,.:tiJ x~.,yz.,-'l.z,
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f\JOvv tlLL -hrST ordE-r Wl"\S -= O. /t-Nd ALL WE:- rt-TftiN 15 ThE
!CC('o~ Old-f ~ &E-i:o,.lo Otd.1 Tt-rM. 1-f we: f'e-de-hJJt our IJft;,AbL5
froM "fh' t:-q\.hl\l)rt\JM ,~, t. t, ~ .. -:. ~;- ~." ThC'1J O~t.y '"'j)..e- QtJftdfftTIC..
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I~ 7
I Cfh\.1 S I ~ P L I .f y v 'De--h f\J I ,J (D
~"c..h ThAT ~y
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The et.Jcrf:ly o~ Tht- ~ yST"t1-1 c~ MOw b- wr rrc-tJ A~
E ~ i ~ ~~
1..
+ t ~ 7 c,j ~, ~-1
1h~ S y5TE:f-\ h ftS bE-EN rt-dtJ c.~d lo IT ~f-T o-f 'PA-mc.t..-~ lhJd
INT~c..o NN HT tt-l (c. S'P ' ' tJ 10~. C~J r t-prt-s.bl~ Tht; 11\.l TE:-r lk.T 1 JJ b tct"Ct-.S
b~TW ~~ P /t-rn c.. L E;~ . W tTh Th t- 'TOl"lh. E IV H by W~ CI\")J .S 0 1. \J E- fo f
1h~ ~qvtnlOrJ of t-'\OT\OtJ by ~ fl)ldl~~ Th~ MOno).) v..H"c..h
t'\\NIMI=tt"S """'E- Ac.noN. To trc.c.o'"'pt..l~~ Tht~ wE: wRITe- The-
LA~ftn-llA-t-t J L ,-h>r Tht- sysle"r1,
i . L.
L -= K. c - 'P E; :: 1.. 'i:...~c: - 1:_ ~ c.,J ~~j
Now wG- wf\""NT 1"0 f"'"\IN\f""\\"t-t- Th\~ -fVI\lC.1lO~ J.t.
t. I
Thl~ cotJd J'T) o rJ I~ A ~E-T o-f 6--q \)1m 0,., s o+ """"'l1 0 tJ Wktc.h
~ftl?~ Tht {Tc...c.f;-1.8" f'fn 0 tJ ot ThE- , 1b 7> FrfJlC. Lt I~ DtJ(:" TO ~'"The
o+ \f ' froJ>J~
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l "1t> N
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d l~bYT"1fll
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f..q u tYi1 \) loJ s .
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s y .vt bo L C,'j ST'IhJd!) .fo r It tJOt" M.A L M A-Tr 1)( C .
1-
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ThE: Pft'rftMe-r-e-r A IS rt-+e-r1:) TO As Tnt &1~e:-.tJ ufrt.o~ oR.
t-t~b') -frc-qv~c.1 E;) of- 1ht )o-\CfJlO .....t. Now wt-
r-Jt-E.d Thf 'b u:
W~tC.k Tt-U.S v~ ~E- ~IT-of dtS11Jrbfh)L~ o+ ThE- z1h. t"\oc:l--.fhiJS
1,1.) f- ~ e-t-c:l 1'D ~ 0 L v t Tl\IS ~ ffrt' \ )( I \) ~70 ( E-q u ffJio N
g_ u. ~ = A u,
-z: j cij u~ :: A u,
Th t- P(l) b l 61 I> TDof L I ~ e-ITR. &q u ftn 0 N S fo f"
S o L V E: It ~ E:T
f\1 otJKNOw!'iS ( lht- (.{~ '~). I'T 1\.J'fl\l~ oJJ Thrfl Tht-rE- fr('~ #JOT
f\.l lf\lo~ bVl Vfti"lf'lbL(;S .SIN(.t- Tnt fo lLDWJtJb f:-qu(fJlON
t-\11~1 ~OLd
Z.J. C C'j - A~,j ) {.{J ~ 0
OR DE-.ftr->1tJco ;n~ Nt-...U M.mYJ.X 6. -:: a - ~! ., tT Po~~ow.s
ThA-T A_,
= Q:) ~IN c. c A a; ;:. 0
Tht OrJ 1.)' So LvTIO tJ 'TO !1 l) ::0 oi"ht-r lhfhJ Thf:- 7T1v1A l. CA~
of -
I) :: 0 ~~ 1-f A I ~ .S I IV C:H) L. A- R. Whl c.h 11"\PLI~~ ThAT
iT~ 'DCi-ffMII\Ja I~ 0. Th 1.) ~ we- cfrN ONLY' &E-T A Ulb dhlOJ-1
If 'DE=-T ~-A I =o
To ~STfthl.\Sh w>n1<.h >-. 'c:, sftrl&f-)1 Th1.S e-qvfhrry re-~u,ft-5
Wort\Jv <:. OI)T 'fh t- 1) e-'1'1 MIN ..WJ . f_ I~ (i)IIJttJ by Th~ dytJt\"MICI'~
-Q V fr"nO NS 1\"Nd lhtr8fotc Kl'low r-1. Th v .s w e ""' I)~,. w ott..K o u I
lhc- c! ~to-\\ )'J~T" of ( C, - ).., c.~ '3 -
cl.l C.n-A, Cq
C 1"\ I
1\1 ~o ~ T Th t-r e-- trr e- N 1:> 1fft-r &VT U lh.. u c- s +o r 1\ . i::11> v.> ev t-r
~ e-r E- t'\ flY bE- LE-S S 1-f S e- \J t-r It L t'rr E- E:- q V fH.. Of' d t- (:, t-Nff 1\T(; .
To fn.>~ 'Tht- ~' ~ we:- """u.sT so L\l~ ft 'POLY NO""' JQ.l. of
u~r~t- N. we- v-lth'VI l'nE- ro-oTh o+ Tht- 'POL.\' rJt)~I~L so~
'bt-l IT -qu-ht'\. 10 ~o.
WE;- s;A#\LL -hrsT t.oNsade-r The- cASE- wht-rt- I'LL 'ThE- n:roTS
u_ \. uq
frf'- 'PITTe<e-NT , v c- sh 41-l.L t>e-.voT~ The- t-tron A-~ "' w~E-rE-
n... c,o~::> -+ro""" 1 To N. ""E-Ct+ore- ThE- $l)Lu'11ot-~~ u's wlL.L.. c,o
lPil'r fr i>(rfi\C."L.A-f A(JI..\ ,,.l) ~( -ftC.~ X"'' Tht-re- ~A ii(ll.}.
Th \s s frl ~ ~ r -IK.h f.r~ \,)b\) c.f 1h (:-( E- 's IT (,~ 1\i .,..C.Tt-1\ ~ nc.. M 0110 ,..,
or ?1\iTH"~ oi \.1\\>t""rmotJ. Thf t-<j>vftnoJ\.1~ w\--.1c.h A-rt- lne,v strns-hEJ
ft-rc- .. u.i (1.) =- .Act\, {'l.l u,
o,. L. c,i u/"' 1 .:. A'""' U.;(lt'
Now wt 1LL Loot'.. ffr s-o,.,~ of r>ro?~1l~ of Th1S Sot.IJ1Jo,J,
ThE= Pro?e-rry of- ORlhoe:,~A-liTY 1~ VfrR.Y u~tfuL IT~ you
WILL Lfrre-1 "5 t;t.
(u.
wE;
+
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a.('IJ u(/..)e' w
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OR
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<1f-
b-t?J w-orl<c-6 0~ T. mc a ('l\ frrf: ~ ,VuM bcr~ (A)~ I c.~ d.e-?6\Jd s
ON ~ 1\1\t- sys~ \~ S'M-17~1). ""f'kfff I) IT Tt:-LLS V.S ~ow f-1\\JC.h
-' IS Pr-5Ct.>l.
ot ~~ IJOfM/tL t-"\t>oc - .,~t a (II.) ClhVrJ6r be c.oMpvT6-c:L
1fhtitcl o+ l)~t. !he IIVTE-1~111->(::) n,, /1.)(:) IS Gtvau ~:CD) The
C/tN b~
111
Q.( S -h>oNd. ThE- ll\l11)(tL C.DNdi"TlONS C.lttJ be-
~pf'~5>E:-d It 5> ~, coJ = z:: a (ttJ u. , (~~.,
IT -hrsT l ooi<..S Lli(.G- Tnttve:.~ frr~ ex> t!V & +ro~ bf\d n wor~~. ~u7
If Wt" rE:-d\ t..l A ~tfo1tl M 'Ptbb 1.. E-M ti\J "'-:-N O~L.I N\::J w(T~ <foo (l{:f
~~~& w-t- tv.lr"f U.~J SOMf--Wn(;f"~. ""t-ltt- wc-wAIVTe--d 1'0 f(.f.)Ow
h_~ M\.)C..h ~1\C.h J.IIOdc ftDo~d TO 61\l(;-r It C.01'1?o'&1Tt" 51G.I\l f\L.
'We- Wt-1'E:- 1\I.>O~<P SltJt-~ O'f' c.O:Stl\lE;-~ o+ "Dt.f+cn-NT -frE-qvetJc.tt-.S.
IN or'"De-r 1\> "D-'l~Mt1VE- how ""'l.)c...h of O.VEo t-10tn- ~~ PRt-.H,..J'I
~ M tty t--1\Jl. n Pl. Y 17rJ1t b'j AtJOJne-f" MODE; J I f..
( IJ) ( It I fJ. .(~) 1 1 U\.}
L. .I i ~ 1' (.Q ) :: ~ Q ~ t \..t I
/\low 1h ~ '
f"l C9l-IT Stt> ~ =0 u N L ~.s n...-:. S So Of'HY Q <.SJ
~ o -r \) ' v ~s f'nJ d w f- h rr v E
A C~J (OJ
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Thv~ w c h t'\"v E:. f'r c, e-.u e-r A- c.' C;-1\Tl oN of A
~ )(, _...,.
l l. I 1..
K.. E:- :. I
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L
rz.. Jh -+ 1: /~,X3
Now I fh.)cl "3 1)0 /'lOt J)Sf{"r 1\<T so ThE- 'YDIE-NTlBl 6\) ~(:> y
~;-<.OM e-s
P. ~ = I
'i. K C.X - ,Xl..) ' + t ' ( Kz. - X3 )t. ~
Rco~tJ 11\lw uf\ v-1 tl b LE:~
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we hfr\/f
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B r"& 3 ,b
=
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'foi c..o,.)IJGIVle-Nc.c- t>\c.~ lht ~6>rt1Ve:, c.oNs.T"fttV"J K-;::. ~s. Nil(.).) 10
flJJd ~t A'~ we- t-'\\l~T 60LvE PE:-7 (~-AI) ::.o. J,f,
To for"
(~ -_::-~) (~J
""Thr) <D 11J t> 0.:> "lrd'" H: ~C? v A'Tl o,J
(t) "(1)
U, -= - "'-l
TI\1~ 15 fl l L WE- I< f\JOw A bo1JT
_1: - (I)
c;TJ u. . ().) E; k lhJt 0 1\) I.'( -~TA-bl.l~h lht-lf t't-Lffnv~ .SI=tf.- 1VOJ1h~1f
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/tb~L\)* JJor,...tllt.leE: ~ <:.~1
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(E-f\)Tti' Utr bo rJ ~~ 1 (e-M lh JJS S Tim O.rJ 1tfR.y.
Of
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u. :
f=-ot TI\1~ c.ASt- 1he-rt- 1~ t-)0 f~TOIINC.. fofc.E- S\) Th1~ I~ Tht- 'Ct-ro
-frtqv~c.t t101.)t- WhE-t'IM 1\t.L. "j"k~ 1\-TO""S t-'10\IE- TO~f'ihH' IN ft 1TfuJSL.I}-11DtJ.
\ (3)
'3.rsl :s,o L 111) 0 tJ 1\ -=.j WE;
( dl.)l ,jll) -
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