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1. Aqueous Solution- one or more drug dissolve in water. Ex. Ampicillin/ cloxacillin.
2. Aerosol Spray or Foam- a liquid powder, or foam deposited in a thin layer of the skin by air pressure.
3. Aqueous Suspension- one or more drugs finely divide in a liquid. Ex. Water.
4. Capsule- a gelatinous container to hold a drug in powder or liquid or oil form.
5. Cream- a non-greasy, semisolid preparation used on the skin.
6. Extract- a concentrated form of the drug made from vegetables or animals.
7. Elixir- a sweetened or aromatic solution of alcohol used as a vehicle for medical agents. Ex. Cough
medication.
8. Fluid with extract- a concentrated form of a drug made from vegetables sources: the most concentrated of
all fluid preparation.
9. Syrup- an aqueous solution of sugar often to disguise unpleasant testing drugs.
10. Pill- one or more drug with cohesive material in oval, round, or flattened shape.
11. Tablets- a powdered drug compressed into hard small disc; some are readily broken along a scored line;
others are enteric coated to prevent them from dissolving in the stomach.
12. Lozenges(troches)- a flat, round or oral preparation that dissolves and releases a drug when held in the
mouth.
13. Powder- finely ground drug(s) either for internal or external use. Ex. Paper tab
14. Liniment- oily liquid used for the skin.
15. Ointment- a semisolid preparation of one or more drugs used for application to skin mucous
membrane.
16. Paste- like ointment but thicker and stiffer that penetrates the skin less than an ointment. Ex. Nitrol paste
17. Spirit- a concentrated alcohol solution of volatile substance. Ex. Spirit of ammonia.
18. Suppository- one or more several drugs mixed with a firm base such as gelatin and shaped for insertion
into the body; the base dissolves gradually at body temperature, releasing the drug.
19. Tincture- an alcoholic or water and alcohol solution prepared from drugs.
20. Gel or jelly- a clear transparent semisolid that liquefies when applied to the skin.
21. Spansule- beads or tiny particles, variably coated of the active ingredients of a substance that permit
gradual release in a gastrointestinal tract.
Oral medications are NOT given to clients who are vomiting, lack gag reflex or are comatose.
Enteric coated and time-release capsules must be swallowed whole to be effective.
Administer irritating drugs with food to decrease GI discomfort.
Administer drug with an empty stomach if food interferes with drug absorption.
Drugs administered sublingually or bucally remain in place until they are fully absorbed and food
should be withheld while medication is in place.
3. Transdermal
Placed on the skin and absorbed through the skin having systemic effect.
Provides more consistent blood levels and avoids GI absorption problems.
4. Topical
Apply topical medications with gloved hand, tongue blade or cotton-tipped applicator to clean, dry skin
Do not contaminate medication in container.
Observe sterile technique when skin is broken.
Take precaution to avoid medication stain, and use firm strokes if medication is to be rubbed in.
5. Instillations
6. Suppositories
Rectal medications administered as suppositories or enemas can be given rectally for both local and
system absorption.
Numerous, small capillaries in the rectal area promote absorption
Suppositories should be lubricated before insertion
Suppositories tend to soften at room temperature, it needs to be refrigerated
Always provide privacy and explain procedure
Use gloves for insertion and instruct client to breath through mouth to relax sphincter.
Instruct client to lie on his left side, apply a small amount of water to the tip of unwrapped suppository
and gently insert it beyond the anal sphincter
Have client remain on his side for 20 min. after insertion
Vagina generally inserted with an applicator, wear gloves
Check proper placement of tube. Pour drug into syringe without plunger or bulb then release clamp to
allow medication to flow in properly.
Flush tubing with 50 ml of water (refer to agency policy). Clamp tube then remove syringe.
8. Nose drops and sprays
Have the client blow his/her nose. Administer prescribed number of drops.
Have client keep head tilted backward for 5 minutes after instillation.
9. Aerosols (inhalations)
Hand held nebulizers, position in semi or high-Fowlers then teach client to correct usage of
equipment.
10. Parenteral
A. Intradermal
Sites include the inner lower arm, upper chest and back beneath the scapulae
Indicated for allergy, tuberculin testing and vaccination
Use left arm for tuberculin test, use right arm for all other test
Use needle gauge 25 27; needle length 3/8, 5/8, or
Needle at 10-15 degree angle, bevel up
Inject a small amount of drug slowly over 3-5 seconds to form a wheal or bleb
Do not massage the site of injection, to prevent irritation of the site and absorption into subcutaneous
B. Subcutaneous
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
1. Ventrogluteal site
Uses gluteus medius; area contains no large nerves, or blood vessels and less fat. It is farther from
rectal area, so less contaminated.
Position client prone or side-lying. When prone position, curl toes inward. When side-lying, flex the
knee and hip. These ensures relaxation of gluteus muscles and minimize discomfort during injection.
To locate the site, place the heel of the hand over the greater trochanter, point the index finger
towards anterior superior iliac spine, then abduct the middle (third) finger. The triangle formed by the
index finger, the third finger and the crest of the ileum is the site.
2. Dorsogluteal site
3. Vastus lateralis
4. Rectus Femoris
Not used often for IM injection because it is relatively small muscle and very close to the radial nerve
and radial artery
Approximately 5 cm (2 inches) or 2-3 fingerbreadths below the acromion process
Z-tract techniques used for parenteral iron preparations, to seal the drug deep into the muscle and
prevent permanent staining of the skin
Retract the skin laterally, inject medication slowly, hold retraction of the the skin until the needle is
withdrawn
Do not massage the site of injection to prevent leakage into subcutaneous area.