Education

When it comes to education, the indicators we chose to judge the levels of education in our respective
countries were Educational Expenditure (As % of GNI, in Dollar value and in form of Growth Rate), Adult
Literacy Rate, and Percentage of Females in Primary Education. Data analyzed was from 1971 till 2014
for Turkey, Iran, China, Pakistan and India. Out of these 5 countries most favorable figures and rates
throughout the past 5 decades are that of China and Iran, with Turkey somewhere in the middle, and
India and Pakistan lying at the bottom.

For a century China had been trying to improve development by means of improving educational levels
in the Country. This objective got a boost after the Establishment of the Peoples Republic of China in
1949. At the time of the rise of the communist party, the state of education in the country was
deplorable; the proof of which can be the 20% literacy rate at that time. Amongst the many reforms
undertaken by the country since then, the Action Plan for Educational Vitalization in the 21st century,
which was undertaken in 1999, showed the most significant effects.

The major change in Irans Educational Levels and the amount of Expenditure done to improve those
levels began after the Iranian revolution in 1979. With its population being second largest in the world,
India has been showing steady and positive growth in terms of educational levels over the decades.
Pakistan, too, has been showing steady growth, albeit at a slower pace. In Turkey major changes came in
the educational sector after the Military reform of 1997 which made increased compulsory schooling
from 5 years to 12 years.

When it comes to enrollment in primary schools, Iran has complete gender equality in 2014 with 50% of
enrollment being of female students. This is a significant improvement from the 35% in 1971, 40% in
1980. Although the secularization of educational institutions caused problems in the attainment of
higher education, the education of females significantly improved. Indias enrollment percentage
comprising of females was at 37% in 1971 and was at 49% of the total number of enrollments in 2014, a
match for Iran. Turkeys percentage of female enrollment as a percentage of total enrollment was higher
than that of the other countries in 1971, a good 40% and it increased up to 48% till 2014. Chinas female
enrollment which was at 40% in 1974 has only risen up to 46% till 2014. While Pakistan which was at
26% of female enrollment out of the total number of enrollments in 1971, the lowest out of all
countries, was now at 44% in 2014, still the lowest, but showing a tremendous amount of growth.

In 1971, Turkey had the highest Literacy Rate of 61.6%, this rose and reached 95% till 2015. India and
Pakistans Literacy Rates were 40% and 25% respectively in 1980. While India managed to reach a
Literacy Rate of 72.2% by 2015, Pakistan was still only stuck on 56.4%, which is near only half its
population, a sad state of affairs. Pakistan showed positive growth initially, but didnt manage to keep it
up over the years. China had a Literacy rate of 65.5% in 1982, a massive improvement from the 20%
from when the communist party came to power in 1949; this further improved to a remarkable figure of
96.3% by 2015.
Chinas expenditure on Education as a percentage of their GNI has remained pretty constant over the
years ranging from 1.5% to 1.8%. Irans started out at a high of 6.6% in 1971, went down immediately
the following year to a 2.4% since then it has shown steady improvements with sudden hikes in certain
years, but with the overall percentage ranging between 3.5% and 6.5%. Pakistans expenditure was 1%
in 1971 and has grown to 1.78% till 2014. Pakistan spends 3.13% on Military on the other hand. Clearly
we see where the countrys priorities of growth lie. Turkey spent around 1.8% of its GNI on Education in
1971, this continued for several years, with a few sever declines in certain years. However, from 1996
onwards it has maintained a steady rate of 2.6%. India has had an almost constant expenditure on
education around 1.7% of its GNI, same as present day Pakistan. It does make some difference however
that their GNI is much higher than that of Pakistan.

China and India both had an educational expenditure of around 1.5 billion dollars in 1970. China showed
steady growth initially, but began growing at a much faster pace after the turn of the century with its
Beijing Economic Model of growth leading to high income for the country. This has led to Chinas
educational expenditure being 184.8 billion dollars in 2014. India with its much modest growth stood at
62.3 billion dollars in 2014. Iran and Turkey had expenditures of 716.9 million dollars and 316.2 million
dollars in 1971, much modest as compared to the other two countries. They showed steady growth,
which accelerated in the nineties, and finally their expenditures in 2014 were 16.2 billion dollars and
20.8 billion dollars respectively. Pakistans expenditure was 101 million dollars in 1971 and showing
haphazard growth and decline it has managed to raise its expenditure to 4.6 million dollars in 2014, a
meagre fraction of its neighbors expenditure.

(Ministry of Education, 2009) (Jingyue, et al., 2010) (Yasin, et al., 2011) (India Brand Equity Foundation,
2016) (Cornell, 2015) (Mihael & Clark, 2012)

Bibliography
Cornell, S. E., 2015. The Islamization of Turkey: Erdoans Education Reforms. The Turkey Analyst , 8(16).

India Brand Equity Foundation, 2016. India Brand Equity Foundation. [Online]
Available at: http://www.ibef.org/industry/education-sector-india.aspx

Jingyue, X., Bin, L., Jing, W. & Xiaoxi, H., 2010. Education as a Long-Term Priority, s.l.: Ministry of
Education of the People's Republic of China.

Mihael, A. & Clark, N., 2012. World Education News and Reviews. [Online]
Available at: http://wenr.wes.org/2012/09/wenr-september-2012-education-in-turkey

Ministry of Education, 2009. Historic Achievements: 60 Years of Educational Reform and Development.
s.l., Ministry of Education, The People's Republic of China.

Yasin, M. S. M., Hua, T. K. & Abdollahi-Guilani, M., 2011. Authenticity of Iranian English Textbooks for
Schools. English Language and Literature Studies , December, 1(2), pp. 25-30.
Appendix A

Adult Literacy Rate

120
100
80
60
40
20
0

China Adult literacy rate, population 15+ years, both sexes (%)
India Adult literacy rate, population 15+ years, both sexes (%)
Iran, Islamic Rep. Adult literacy rate, population 15+ years, both sexes (%)
Pakistan Adult literacy rate, population 15+ years, both sexes (%)
Turkey Adult literacy rate, population 15+ years, both sexes (%)
8 Educational
Percentage Expenditure
of Females as % of
in Primary
6
Education
GNI
60
50
4
40
30
2
20
10
0 0
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
19701972197419761978198019821984198619881990199219941996199820002002200420062008201020122014
China Adjusted savings: education expenditure (% of GNI)
India Adjusted savings:education,
China Primary educationpupils
expenditure (% of GNI)
(% female)
Iran, Islamic
India Rep. Adjusted
Primary savings:
education, education
pupils expenditure (% of GNI)
(% female)
PakistanIran,
Adjusted
Islamicsavings: education
Rep. Primary expenditure
education, pupils(%
(%offemale)
GNI)
Turkey Pakistan
AdjustedPrimary
savings:education,
education pupils
expenditure (% of GNI)
(% female)
Turkey Primary education, pupils (% female)

300
Educational Expenditure
200 (Growth)
100

0
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

-100 China Educational Expenditure Growth (In Percentage %)

India
Iran, Islamic Rep.
-200
Pakistan
Turkey
 Educational Expenditure
(Current US$)
$200,000,000,000
$180,000,000,000
$160,000,000,000
$140,000,000,000
$120,000,000,000
$100,000,000,000
$80,000,000,000
$60,000,000,000
$40,000,000,000
$20,000,000,000
$-

China India Iran, Islamic Rep. Pakistan Turkey

Appendix B
Adjusted savings: education expenditure (current US$)
Years China India Iran, Islamic Rep. Pakistan Turkey
1970 $ 1,473,503,383 $ 1,557,078,184 $ 716,922,684 $ 102,033,367 $ 316,214,835
1971 $ 1,379,868,334 $ 1,499,106,961 $ 353,795,486 $ 107,671,145 $ 300,612,506
1972 $ 1,682,400,000 $ 1,735,822,553 $ 413,797,829 $ 112,347,853 $ 377,608,320
1973 $ 2,051,550,000 $ 2,078,438,807 $ 709,653,901 $ 84,489,549 $ 475,754,950
1974 $ 2,276,080,000 $ 2,584,319,894 $ 1,097,398,800 $ 126,610,914 $ 658,513,633
1975 $ 2,578,592,000 $ 2,197,906,328 $ 1,315,823,067 $ 160,082,228 $ 827,484,291
1976 $ 2,577,676,000 $ 2,502,168,000 $ 4,518,485,943 $ 203,518,190 $ 949,314,163
1977 $ 2,929,933,000 $ 3,083,650,000 $ 4,162,111,452 $ 237,154,555 $ 1,084,892,058
1978 $ 2,670,876,000 $ 3,487,975,000 $ 5,016,653,542 $ 307,140,214 $ 2,262,993,164
1979 $ 3,360,283,000 $ 4,052,464,000 $ 6,195,902,038 $ 319,703,043 $ 2,297,975,995
1980 $ 3,224,050,000 $ 4,940,806,000 $ 6,441,729,696 $ 384,018,197 $ 1,257,737,321
1981 $ 3,302,862,000 $ 5,120,128,000 $ 6,847,165,000 $ 395,105,463 $ 1,322,341,506
1982 $ 3,668,832,000 $ 6,211,222,852 $ 6,827,704,000 $ 430,673,373 $ 946,371,337
1983 $ 4,136,904,000 $ 6,974,613,621 $ 6,041,354,000 $ 413,320,172 $ 1,385,710,801
1984 $ 4,409,069,000 $ 5,796,360,000 $ 5,783,645,000 $ 477,260,161 $ 994,278,390
1985 $ 5,241,440,000 $ 6,827,209,000 $ 5,883,424,000 $ 572,424,539 $ 985,230,362
1986 $ 5,378,094,000 $ 7,558,230,000 $ 7,072,692,000 $ 590,206,992 $ 1,012,672,720
1987 $ 4,338,720,000 $ 8,175,303,000 $ 5,649,226,000 $ 744,887,614 $ 874,922,932
1988 $ 4,969,584,000 $ 8,064,495,000 $ 4,392,150,000 $ 765,813,643 $ 1,005,104,421
1989 $ 5,538,112,000 $ 9,827,202,000 $ 4,679,662,000 $ 749,385,546 $ 1,100,022,118
1990 $ 6,429,156,631 $ 11,284,140,000 $ 4,383,470,000 $ 792,970,489 $ 2,828,661,805
1991 $ 6,827,367,488 $ 9,204,888,000 $ 930,415,035 $ 3,159,534,706
1992 $ 6,377,235,000 $ 9,532,182,000 $ 1,031,963,076 $ 3,938,474,320
1993 $ 6,629,295,000 $ 8,970,976,000 $ 2,432,668,106 $ 1,037,258,643 $ 5,677,760,000
1994 $ 10,102,050,000 $ 10,194,288,000 $ 2,850,652,985 $ 1,196,629,092 $ 4,205,058,000
1995 $ 12,244,369,000 $ 11,239,701,000 $ 3,507,194,526 $ 1,466,216,914 $ 3,824,463,000
1996 $ 14,422,936,000 $ 11,486,958,000 $ 3,797,440,000 $ 1,514,568,055 $ 4,754,255,112
1997 $ 19,283,161,317 $ 12,168,603,000 $ 3,180,072,000 $ 1,486,459,217 $ 4,974,541,714
1998 $ 20,203,008,177 $ 16,030,961,785 $ 4,614,048,764 $ 1,433,322,393 $ 7,474,195,384
1999 $ 19,242,142,000 $ 19,875,827,400 $ 4,652,839,600 $ 1,460,776,480 $ 5,934,729,986
2000 $ 21,311,561,000 $ 19,468,420,641 $ 4,390,228,200 $ 1,589,033,700 $ 5,910,534,099
2001 $ 23,503,774,000 $ 19,051,539,576 $ 5,077,000,000 $ 1,436,043,746 $ 5,010,228,900
2002 $ 25,900,584,000 $ 19,010,934,272 $ 5,830,302,800 $ 1,343,331,847 $ 5,810,691,385
2003 $ 29,350,809,000 $ 20,959,953,729 $ 6,784,035,300 $ 1,445,491,316 $ 7,663,115,355
2004 $ 34,665,319,000 $ 22,681,034,386 $ 8,325,860,600 $ 1,522,128,000 $ 11,055,902,000
2005 $ 40,319,571,000 $ 25,926,290,800 $ 9,896,563,600 $ 1,911,215,700 $ 13,121,707,500
2006 $ 48,771,056,000 $ 29,006,577,600 $ 12,342,708,900 $ 2,711,499,200 $ 13,840,068,000
2007 $ 63,207,227,000 $ 37,995,188,000 $ 15,161,619,200 $ 2,960,213,500 $ 16,897,240,800
2008 $ 82,107,300,000 $ 37,481,752,000 $ 15,383,837,000 $ 3,503,043,600 $ 19,059,981,600
2009 $ 90,410,931,000 $ 41,806,688,000 $ 16,113,782,400 $ 3,192,434,000 $ 16,004,841,600
2010 $ 107,643,261,000 $ 52,067,400,000 $ 19,229,457,000 $ 2,780,876,400 $ 19,112,438,400
2011 $ 132,854,874,000 $ 56,051,380,000 $ 21,704,376,118 $ 3,238,546,000 $ 20,246,133,600
2012 $ 151,108,399,000 $ 55,759,396,000 $ 18,967,301,164 $ 3,825,076,436 $ 20,636,880,000
2013 $ 168,488,762,000 $ 56,636,580,000 $ 16,206,091,600 $ 4,346,577,125 $ 21,496,384,800
2014 $ 184,835,400,000 $ 62,313,944,000 $ 4,604,745,721 $ 20,835,144,000
Country Name China India Iran, Islamic Rep.
Pakistan Turkey
Primary education, pupils (% female)
1970
1971 37.34965897 35.32915115 26.58922958 42.30572891
1972 37.46060181 35.46786118 27.03046989 42.93664169
1973 37.7865181 35.65296936 28.37376976 43.48826981
1974 40.72982025 37.83134842 35.59975815 28.41423035 43.93371964
1975 43.71677017 37.91358948 36.61883163 28.66610909 44.34104919
1976 45.21171188 38.0916481 37.71825027 29.53297043 44.56700134
1977 45.47198868 38.18497086 38.35071945 28.73600006 44.74428177
1978 45.37065125 37.79893112 38.8885498 31.8707695 44.98582077
1979 44.92887878 38.26586151 31.76420975 45.1110611
1980 44.85731125 38.39865112 32.15615845
1981 44.55733109 38.62989044 32.56330872 45.41016006
1982 43.96350098 38.62345123 40.00033951 33.02021027 46.03245926
1983 43.65776062 38.90856171 40.8488884 32.52743149
1984 43.72663879 39.02511978 42.13063049 32.62633133 46.69849014
1985 43.79779816 39.54761124 42.93386841 32.98183823 47.03746033
1986 44.7729187 40.2487793 43.60749817 33.34350967 47.18936157
1987 45.13536835 40.68218994 43.8828392 33.14334869 47.12683105
1988 45.35546875 40.84877014 44.4767189 33.59191895 47.15270996
1989 45.59413147 40.31467056 45.08124924 33.30091858 47.09241104
1990 45.88130951 40.67750168 45.67118835 33.50624084 47.09725189
1991 46.20001984 41.38851929 46.19520187 47.07006836
1992 46.48611069 41.70143127 46.62279892 47.08002853
1993 46.59838867 42.62675095 46.96249008 47.16662979
1994 46.82221985 42.87984848 47.17116165 47.38228989
1995 47.06758881 42.90639877 47.13977051 47.40454102
1996 47.29827118 43.17113876 47.02423859
1997 47.4991684 43.3839798 47.11563873 47.16735077
1998 47.62997818 43.49250031 47.12569046
1999 43.49726105 47.37916946 46.97140121
2000 43.57727814 47.52637863 39.13312912 46.9678688
2001 47.60192871 43.7686615 47.59513092 39.13312912 47.21179962
2002 47.34352875 44.19226074 47.75733948 39.13298035 47.40866089
2003 47.19129944 46.82275009 47.89376831 40.62615967 47.52748871
2004 47.99034119 40.75836945 47.75011063
2005 48.19311905 41.82714081 47.85956955
2006 46.78760147 48.24219131 42.44712067 48.0786705
2007 46.63158035 46.93090057 48.35898972 43.63642883 48.27230072
2008 46.46546173 47.59236908 48.44105911 43.84476852 48.39253998
2009 46.3539505 47.88721848 48.43066025 44.09896088 48.57516098
2010 46.23675156 47.78125 48.49235153 43.99662018 48.67974091
2011 46.18944168 47.96006012 48.46139145 44.13689041 48.77149963
2012 46.19910812 48.06707001 48.49116898 44.47322083 48.64080048
2013 46.33464813 49.94894028 49.314991 44.45621109 48.82416916
2014 46.33884048 50.09566116 44.06972885
Adjusted savings: education expenditure (% of GNI)
Country Name China India Iran Pakistan Turkey
1970 1.610277 2.466131 6.5953 1.00601 1.8591363
1971 1.4 2.2 2.6 1 1.8591363
1972 1.5 2.4 2.4 1.2 1.8591363
1973 1.5 2.4 2.6 1.3 1.8591363
1974 1.6 2.561091 2.3 1.4 1.8591363
1975 1.6 2.2 2.5 1.4 1.8591363
1976 1.7 2.4 6.5953 1.5 1.8591363
1977 1.7 2.5 5.2 1.5 1.8591363
1978 1.8 2.5 6.5953 1.6 3.5
1979 1.9 2.6 6.5953 1.5 2.6
1980 1.7 2.6 6.5953 1.5 1.8591363
1981 1.7 2.6 6.5 1.3 1.9
1982 1.8 3.051059 5.2 1.3 1.5
1983 1.8 3.153437 3.8 1.3 2.3
1984 1.7 2.7 3.5 1.4 1.7
1985 1.7 2.9 3.2 1.7 1.5
1986 1.8 3 3.3 1.8 1.3712387
1987 1.6 2.9 4.1 2.1 1.0282591
1988 1.6 2.7 3.5 1.908327 1.1377709
1989 1.6 3.3 3.8 1.8 1.0494792
1990 1.78618 3.5 3.5 1.9 1.9090909
1991 1.78618 3.4 2 2.1437579
1992 1.5 3.3 2.1 2.527174
1993 1.5 3.2 3.8 2 3.2
1994 1.8 3.1 4 2.3 3.3
1995 1.7 3.1 3.6 2.4 2.3
1996 1.7 2.9 3.2 2.4 2.6627173
1997 2.035901 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.6627173
1998 2.003015 3.770376 4.1552 2.325838 2.8104924
1999 1.79 4.29 4.12 2.34 2.41416019
2000 1.79 4.127875 4.01 2.176 2.25467262
2001 1.79 3.890086 4 2.012 2.63
2002 1.79 3.652297 4.52 1.848 2.54876125
2003 1.79 3.414507 4.41 1.684 2.57603625
2004 1.79 3.165068 4.54 1.52 2.86
2005 1.79 3.13 4.51 1.71 2.75
2006 1.79 3.08 4.77 1.94 2.64
2007 1.79 3.08 4.48 1.91 2.64
2008 1.79 3.08 3.86 2.02 2.64
2009 1.79 3.08 4.04 1.85 2.64
2010 1.79 3.08 4.11 1.51 2.64
2011 1.79 3.08 3.6655 1.45 2.64
2012 1.79 3.08 3.2209 1.619059 2.64
2013 1.79 3.08 3.16 1.788119 2.64
2014 1.79 3.08 1.788119 2.64
 Adult literacy rate, population 15+ years (%)
Country
Name China India Iran Pakistan Turkey
1975 61.62768173
1976 36.518
1980 65.69434357
1981 40.7636 25.7252
1982 65.505
1985 75.96823883
1986 52.32
1990 77.785 79.23245239
1991 48.2221 65.531
1996 73.06
1998 42.6993
2000 90.92
2001 61.0146
2002 77
2004 87.36549377
2005 82.441 49.8736 88.22905731
2006 62.7545 82.331 54.1512 88.1193924
2007 88.65589905
2008 82.962 55.5264
2009 54.8926 90.81671906
2010 95.124 55.3752 92.66059875
2011 69.3026 54.738 94.10608673
2012 83.626 56.7643 94.9197464
2013 84.627 55.595 95.25666046
2014 95.4396286
2015 96.357 72.2253 87.173 56.4403 95.68810272

Educational Expenditure Growth (In Percentage %)

Country China India Iran Pakistan Turkey
Name
1971 -6.35459 -3.72308 -50.6508 5.525425 -4.93409
1972 21.92468 15.79044 16.95961 4.343511 25.61298
1973 21.94187 19.73798 71.49773 -24.7965 25.99165
1974 10.94441 24.33947 54.63859 49.85393 38.41446
1975 13.29092 -14.9522 19.90382 26.43636 25.6594
1976 -0.03552 13.84325 243.3962 27.13353 14.72292
1977 13.66568 23.23913 -7.88703 16.52745 14.28167
1978 -8.84174 13.1119 20.53146 29.51057 108.5916
1979 25.81202 16.18386 23.50668 4.090259 1.545866
1980 -4.05421 21.92103 3.967585 20.11715 -45.2676
1981 2.444503 3.629408 6.293889 2.887172 5.13654
1982 11.08039 21.30991 -0.28422 9.002131 -28.4322
1983 12.75807 12.29051 -11.517 -4.02932 46.42358
1984 6.578954 -16.8935 -4.26575 15.46984 -28.2478
1985 18.87861 17.78442 1.725192 19.93973 -0.91001
1986 2.607184 10.70746 20.21388 3.106515 2.785375
1987 -19.3261 8.164253 -20.1262 26.20786 -13.6026
1988 14.54033 -1.3554 -22.2522 2.809287 14.87919
1989 11.44015 21.85762 6.546042 -2.14518 9.443566
1990 16.08932 14.82556 -6.32935 5.816091 157.1459
1991 6.193827 -18.4263 -100 17.33287 11.69715
1992 -6.59306 3.555654 #DIV/0! 10.91427 24.65362
1993 3.952497 -5.88749 #DIV/0! 0.513155 44.16141
1994 52.38498 13.63633 17.18216 15.36458 -25.9381
1995 21.20677 10.25489 23.03127 22.52894 -9.05089
1996 17.7924 2.199854 8.275716 3.29768 24.3117
1997 33.69789 5.934078 -16.2575 -1.8559 4.633462
1998 4.770208 31.74036 45.09259 -3.57472 50.24892
1999 -4.75605 23.984 0.840711 1.915416 -20.5971
2000 10.75462 -2.04976 -5.64411 8.780072 -0.4077
2001 10.2865 -2.14132 15.64319 -9.62786 -15.2322
2002 10.19755 -0.21313 14.83756 -6.45606 15.97657
2003 13.32103 10.2521 16.3582 7.604932 31.87958
2004 18.10686 8.211281 22.72726 5.301774 44.27425
2005 16.31098 14.30824 18.86535 25.56209 18.68509
2006 20.96125 11.88094 24.71712 41.87301 5.474596
2007 29.59987 30.98818 22.83867 9.172575 22.08929
2008 29.90176 -1.35132 1.46566 18.33753 12.79937
2009 10.11315 11.53878 4.744885 -8.86685 -16.0291
2010 19.06001 24.54323 19.33546 -12.8917 19.4166
2011 23.42145 7.651582 12.87046 16.45775 5.931714
2012 13.73945 -0.52092 -12.6107 18.11092 1.92998
2013 11.50192 1.573159 -14.5577 13.63373 4.164897
2014 9.701916 10.0242 -100 5.939584 -3.07606