Exercises 1-1

Solve Problems 1-6.

1. 2m+9 = 5m-6
1. 2m+9 = 5m-6
9 + 6 = 5m - 2m
15 = 3m
m=5

2. 3y-4 = 6y-19
2. 3y - 4 = 6y - 19
3y = 6y - 15
3y - 6y = -15
-3y= -15
y=5

3. 2x+3 < -4
3. 2x+3 < -4
2x < -4 - 3
2x < -7
x < -7/2

4. 5x+2 > 1
4. 5x + 2 > 1
5x > -1
x > -1/5

5. -3x -12
5. x -12 / (-3)
5. x4
(1) of (19+1)
6. -4x 8
6. -4x 8
(-4x)/(-4) 8/(-4) (Dividing by a negative number)
x -2

Solve Problems 7-10 and graph.

7. -4x - 7 > 5
7. -4x > 12
x < -3 or ( -, -3)

8. -2x + 8 < 4
8. -2x + 8 < 4
-2x + 8 - 8 < 4 - 8
-2x < -4
-2x/(-2) > -4/(-2) (Dividing by a negative number)
x > 2 or (2,)

9. 2x+35
9. -1 x 2 or [-1, 2]

10. -4 < 2y - 3 < 9

10. -4 < 2y 3 < 9
-1 < 2y < 12
-(1/2) < y < 6 or (-1/2, 6)

(2) of (19+1)
Solve Problems 11-24.

11. Multiply both sides times 8

2x + 4 = 1
2x = 1 4 = -3
x = -3/2

12. (m/3) 4 = 2/3 Multiply both sides of the equation by

3 to obtain:
m - 12 = 2
m= 14

13. Multiply both sides times -5

y < -15/2

14. (x/-4) < (5/6) Multiply both sides by (-4) which will
result in changing the direction of the inequality as
well.
x > -20/6 and simplified we have x> -(10/3).

15. 2u - 4 = 5u + 1 - 7u
15. -1 - 4 = 5u 2u - 7u
-5 = -4u u = 5/4

(3) of (19+1)
16. - 3 y + 9 + y = 13 - 8 y
16. -3y + 9 + y = 13 - 8y
-2y + 9 = 13 - 8y
6y = 4
y = (4/6) = 2/3

17. 10x + 25(x - 3) = 275

17. 10x + 25(x - 3) = 275
10x + 25x - 75 = 275
35x = 275 + 75 = 350
x = 10

18. -3(4 - x) = 5 - (x + 1)
18. -3(4 -x) = 5 - (x+ 1)
-12 + 3x = 5 x - 1
-12 + 3x = 4 - x
1 2 - 12 + 3x = 12 + 4 - x
3x = 16 - x
4x= 16
x=4

19. 3 - y 4(y - 3)
19. 3 - y 4(y - 3)
3 - y 4y - 12
3 + 12 4y + y
15 5y
3y
y3

(4) of (19+1)
20. x - 2 2(x - 5)
20. x 2 2(x 5)
x 2 2x 10
x 2 + 2 2x 10 + 2
x 2x 8
x8

21. Multiply both sides by 30 :

6x 5x = 36
x = 36

22. (y/4) (y/3) = Multiply both sides by 12 :

3y 4y = 6
-y = 6
y = -6

23. Multiply both sides times 10 2m 30 < 6 5m

2m + 5m < 6 + 30
7m < 36
m < (36/7)

24. (u/2) (u/3) < 2 + (2/3)

(5) of (19+1)
 (u/6) < (8/3)
u < 16

Solve Problems 25-28 and graph.

25. 2 3x - 7 < 14
25. Add 7 to the three sides 2 + 7 3x - 7 + 7 < 14 + 7
9 3x < 21
Devide the three sides by 3 3x<7

26. -4 5x + 6 < 21
26. -4 5x + 6 < 21
-6 - 4 5x < 21 - 6
-10 5x < 15
-2 x < 3 or [-2,3)

27. -4 (9/5)C + 32 68
27. Subtract 32 from the three sides-4-32(9/5)C+32-3268-32
-36 (9/5)C < 36
Multi the three sides by (5/9) -20 C < 20

28. -1 (2/3)t+5 11
28. -1 (2/3)t + 5 11
-5 - 1 (2/3)t 11 - 5
-6 (2/3)t 6
-18 2t 18
-9 t 9 or [-9, 9]

(6) of (19+1)
Solve Problems 29-34 for the indicated variable.
29. 3x - 4y = 12 ; for y
29. - 4y = -3x + 12 y = ()x - 3

30. y = -(2/3)x + 8 ; for x

30. y = -(2/3)x+8
y - 8=-(2/3)x +8 - 8
-(2/3)x = y - 8
-2x = 3y - 24
x = (3y 24) / (-2) = (-3/2)y + 12

31. Ax + By = C ; for y (B 0)
31. Ax + By = C ; for y (B 0) y = -(A/B)x + (C/B)

32. y = mx + b ; for m
32. y = mx + b
y b = mx + b - b
mx = y - b
m = (y b) / x

33. F = (5/9)C + 32 ; for C

33. Subtract 32 from both sides F 32 = (5/9)C
Multi both sides by (9/5) (9/5)F - (9/5)(32) = C

34. C = (5/9)(F - 32) ; for F

34. C = (5/9)(F - 32)
(9/5)C = F - 32
32 + (9/5)C = F
F = (9/5)C + 32

(7) of (19+1)
Solve Problems 35 and 36 and graph.
35. -3 4 - 7x < 18
-3 - 4 -7x < 18 - 4
-7 -7x < 14
-7/-7 x > 14/-7
1 x > -2
-2 < x 1 or (-2, 1]

36. -10 8 - 3u -6
36. -10 8 - 3u -6
-18 -3u -14
18 3u 14
6 u (14/3) or [14/3, 6]

37. What can be said about the signs of the numbers a and b in
each case?
(A) ab > 0 (B) ab < 0 (C) (a/b) > 0 (D) (a/b) < 0
37. (A) a>0&b>0 OR a<0&b<0 (B) a>0&b<0 OR a>0&b<0
(C) b0&a>0&b>0 OR b0&a<0&b<0
(D) b0&a>0&b<0 OR b0&a<0&b<0

38. What can be said about the signs of the numbers a, b, and c
in each case?
(A) abc > 0 (B) (ab/c) < 0
(C) (a/bc) > 0 (D) (a2/b/c) < 0
38. (A) Two must be negative and one positive or all
three must be positive.

(8) of (19+1)
 (B) Two must be positive and one negative or all
three must be negative.
(C) Two must be negative and one positive or all
three must be positive.
(D) a 0 and band c must have opposite signs.

39. If both a and b are positive numbers and b/a is greater than
1, then is a - b positive or negative?
39. negative (b/a > 1b>a0>a-b)

40. If both a and b are negative numbers and b/a is greater than
1, then is a - b positive or negative?
40. If a and b are negative and (b/a) > 1, then multiplying
both sides by the negative number a we obtain b < a and
hence a - b > 0.

In Problems 41-46, discuss the validity of each statement. If

the statement is true, explain why. If not, give a
counterexample.
41. If the intersection of two open intervals is nonempty, then
their intersection is an open interval.
41. True

42. If the intersection of two closed intervals is non empty, then

their intersection is a closed interval.
42. False. Consider the two closed intervals [1,2] and
[2, 3]. Their intersection is [2] which is not an interval.

(9) of (19+1)
43. The union of any two open intervals is an open interval.
43. False

44. The union of any two closed intervals is a closed interval.

44. False. Consider the two closed intervals [-1, 0] and
[1, 2]. Their union is [-1, 0][I, 2] which is not an
interval.

45. If the intersection of two open intervals is nonempty, then

their union is an open interval.
45. True

46. If the intersection of two closed intervals is nonempty, then

their union is a closed interval.
46. True. Let A = [a, b], B = [c, d], where a c b , so
that AB . Then AB = [c, b] if b d and AB =
[c, d] if d b. In either case, the intersection is a closed
interval.

Applications
47. Ticket sales. A rock concert brought in $432,500 on the sale
of 9,500 tickets. If the tickets sold for $35 and $55 each, how
many of each type of ticket were sold?
47. 4,500 $35 tickets and 5,000 $55 tickets

48. Parking meter coins. An all-day parking meter takes only

dimes and quarters. If it contains 100 coins with a total value of
$14.50, how many of each type of coin are in the meter?

(10) of (19+1)
48. Let x = number of quarters in the meter. Then
100 - x = number of dimes in the meter.
Now, 0.25x + 0.10(100 - x) = 14.50 or
0.25x + 10 - 0.10x = 14.50
0.15x = 4.50
x = 4.50/0.15 = 30
Thus, there will be 30 quarters and 70 dimes.

49. IRA. You have $500,000 in an IRA (Individual Retirement

Account) at the time you retire. You have the option of investing
this money in two funds: Fund A pays 5.2 % annually and Fund
B pays 7.7% annually. How should you divide your money
between Fund A and Fund B to produce an annual interest
income of $34,000?
49. $180,000 in Fund A and $320,000 in Fund B

50. IRA. Refer to Problem 49. How should you divide your
money between Fund A and Fund B to produce an annual
interest income of $30,000?
50. Let x be the amount invested in "Fund A" and
(500,000 - x) the amount invested in "Fund B". Then
0.052x + 0.077(500,000 - x) = 30,000. Solving for x :
(0.077)(500,000) - 30,000 = (0.077 - 0.052)x
8,500 = 0.025x
x = 8,500 / 0.025 = $340 000
So, $340,000 should be invested in Fund A and $160,000
in Fund B.

(11) of (19+1)
51. Car prices. If the price change of cars parallels the change
in the CPI (see Table 2 in Example 10), what would a car sell
for (to the nearest dollar) in 2005 if a comparable model sold
for $10,000 in 1990?
51. $14,943

52. Home values. If the price change in houses parallels the CPI
(see Table 2 in Example 10), what would a house valued at
$200,000 in 2005 be valued at (to the nearest dollar) in 1960?
52. Let x be the price of the house in 1960. Then
29.6 / 195.3 = x / 200,000 (refer to Table 2,
Example 10)
x = 200,00029.6 / 195.3 = $30,312
To the nearest dollar, the house would be valued $30,312
in 1960.

53. Retail and wholesale prices. Retail prices in a department

store are obtained by marking up the wholesale price by 40%.
That is, retail price is obtained by adding 40% of the wholesale
price to the wholesale price.
(A) What is the retail price of a suit if the wholesale
price is $300?
(B) What is the wholesale price of a pair of jeans if the
retail price is $77?
53. (A) $420 (B) $55

54. Retail and sale prices. Sale prices in a department store are
obtained by marking down the retail price by 15%. That is, sale
price is obtained by subtracting 15% of the retail price from the
retail price.
(12) of (19+1)
 (A) What is the sale price of a hat that has a
retail price of $60?
(B) What is the retail price of a dress that has a
sale price of $136?
54. (A) It is 60 - 0.15(60) = $51
(B) Let x be the retail price. Then
136 = x - 0.15x = 0.85x
So x = 136 / 0.85 = $160.

55. Equipment rental. A golf course charges $52 for a round of

golf using a set of their clubs, and $44 if you have your own
clubs. If you buy a set of clubs for $270, how many rounds must
you play to recover the cost of the clubs?
55. 34 rounds

56. Equipment rental. The local supermarket rents carpet

cleaners for $20 a day. These cleaners use shampoo in a special
cartridge that sells [or $16 and is available only from the
supermarket. A home carpet cleaner can be purchased for $300.
Shampoo for the home cleaner is readily available for $9 a
bottle. Past experience has shown that it takes two shampoo
cartridges to clean the 10-foot-by-12- foot carpet in your living
room with the rented cleaner. Cleaning the same area with the
home cleaner will consume three bottles of shampo0. If you buy
the home cleaner, how many times must you clean the living-
room carpet to make buying cheaper than renting?
56. Let x be the number of times you must clean the living
room carpet to make buying cheaper than renting. Then
(20 + 2(16)x = 300 + 3(9)x Solving for x

(13) of (19+1)
52x = 300 + 27x
25x = 300
x =300 / 25 = 12

57. Sales commissions. One employee of a computer store is

paid a base salary of $2,000 a month plus an 8 % commission
on all sales over $7,000 during the month. How much must the
employee sell in one month to earn a total of $4,000 for the
month?
57. $32,000

58. Sales commissions. A second employee of the computer

store in Problem 57 is paid a base salary of $3,000 a month plus
a 5% commission on all sales during the month.
(A) How much must this employee sell in one month to
earn a total of $4,000 for the month?
(B) Determine the sales level at which both employees
receive the same monthly income.
(C) If employees can select either of these payment
methods, how would you advise an employee to make
this selection?
58. Let x be the amount of the second employee's sales
during the month. Then
(A) 3,000 + 0.05x = 4,000 or
x = (4,000 - 3,000) / 0.05 = $20,000
(B) In view of Problem 57 we have:
2,000 + 0.08(x - 7,000) = 3,000 + 0.05x Solving
for x :

(14) of (19+1)
2,000 - (0.08)7,000 - 3,000 = 0.05x - 0.08x
-1,560 = -0.03x
x = 1,560 / 0.03 = $52 000
(C) An employee who chooses (A) will earn more than he
or she would with the other option until $52,000 in sales
is achieved, after which the other option would earn
more.

59. Break-even analysis. A publisher for a promising new novel

figures fixed costs (overhead, advances, promotion, copy
editing, typesetting) at $55,000, and variable costs (printing,
paper, binding, shipping) at $1.60 for each book produced. If
the book is sold to distributors for $11 each,
how many must be produced and sold for the publisher to break
even?
59. 5,851 books

60. Break-even analysis. The publisher of a new book figures

fixed costs at $92,000 and variable costs at $2.10 for each book
produced. If the book is sold to distributors for $15 each, how
many must be sold for the publisher to break even?
60. Let x = number of books produced. Then
Costs: C = 2.10 x + 92,000
Revenue: R = 15x
To find the break-even point, set R = C:
I 5x = 2.10x + 92,000
12.9x = 92,000
x= 92,000 / 12.9 7 132

(15) of (19+1)
Thus, 7,132 books will have to be sold for the publisher to
break even.

61. Break-even analysis. The publisher in Problem 59 finds that

rising prices for paper increase the variable costs to $2.10 per
book.
(A) Discuss possible strategies the company
might use to deal with this increase in costs.
(B) If the company continues to sell the books for
$11, how many books must they sell now to make
a profit?
(C) If the company wants to start making a profit
at the same production level as before the cost
increase, how much should they sell the book for
now?
61. (B) 6,180 books (C) At least $11.50

62. Break-even analysis. The publisher in Problem 60 finds that

rising prices for paper increase the variable costs to $2.70 per
book.
(A) Discuss possible strategies the company
might use to deal with this increase in costs.
(B) If the company continues to sell the books for
$15, how many books must they sell now to make
a profit?
(C) If the company wants to start making a profit
at the same production level as before the cost
increase, how much should they sell the book for
now?
62. Let x = number of books produced.

(16) of (19+1)
 Costs: C(x) = 92,000 + 2.70x
Revenue: R(x) = l5x
(A) The obvious strategy is to raise the price of
the book.
(B) To find the break-even point, set R(x) =
C(x):
15x = 92,000 + 2.70x
12.30 = 92,000
x = 7,480
The company must sell more than 7,480 books to make a
profit.
(C) From Problem 60, the production level at
the break-even point is:
7,132 books. At this production level, the costs are
C(7,132) = 92,000 + 2.70(7,132) = $111,256.40
If p is the new price of the book, then we need
7,132p = 111,256.40 and p $15.60
The company should sell the book for at least $15.60.

63. Wildlife management. A naturalist estimated the total

number of rainbow trout in a certain lake using the capture-
mark-recapture technique. He netted, marked, and released 200
rainbow trout. A week later, allowing for thorough mixing, he
again netted 200 trout, and found 8 marked ones among them.
Assuming that the proportion of marked fish in the second
sample was the same as the proportion of all marked fish in the
total population, estimate the number of rainbow trout in the
lake.
63. 5,000
(17) of (19+1)
64. Temperature conversion. If the temperature for a 24-hour
period at an Antarctic station ranged between -49F and 14F
(that is, -49 F 14), what was the range in degrees Celsius?
[Note: F = (9/5)C + 32.]
64. -49 F 14
-49 (9/5)C + 32 14
-32 - 49 (9/5)C 14 - 32
-81 (9/5)C -18
(-81)(5/9) C (-18) (5/9)
-45 C -10

65. Psychology. The IQ (intelligence quotient) is found by

dividing the mental age (MA), as indicated on standard tests, by
the chronological age (CA) and multiplying by 100. For
example, if a child has a mental age of 12 and a chronological
age of 8, the calculated IQ is 150. If a 9-year-old girl has an IQ
of 140, compute her mental age.
65. 12.6 yr

66. Psychology. Refer to Problem 65. If the IQ of a group of 12-

year-old children varies between 80 and 140, what is the range
of their mental ages?
66. Note that IQ = (MA/CA)100 (see problem 65).
Thus
80 < IQ < 140
80 < (MA/12)100 < 140 OR
(80)(12)/100 < MA < (140)(12)/100 OR
9.6 < MA < 16.8

(18) of (19+1)
67. Anthropology. In their study of genetic groupings,
anthropologists use a ratio called the cephalic index. This is the
ratio of the breadth B of the head to its length L (looking down
from above) expressed as a percentage. A study of the Gurung
community of Nepal published in the Kathmandu University
Medical Journal in 2005 found that the average head length of
males was 18 cm, and their head breadths varied between 12
and 18 cm. Find the range of the cephalic index for males.
Round endpoints to one decimal place.

67. 66.7% to 100%

68. Anthropology. Refer to Problem 67. The same study found

that the average head length of females was 17.4 cm, and their
head breadths varied between 15 and 20 cm. Find the range of
the cephalic index for females. Round endpoints to one decimal
place.
68. Note that C = (B/L) . 100 (see problem 67). Thus
(15/17.4)100 < C < (20/17.4)100 or
86.2 < C< 114.9

(19) of (19+1)
Home Work (16 exercises)
Solve Exercise Number :
5 ; 9 ; 15 ; 19 ; 25 ; 29 ;
35 ; 39 ; 45 ; 49 ; 55 ;
58 ; 59 ; 60 ; 61 ; 62 .

(20) of (19+1)