CHAPTER

11 REVIEW DURING, BEFORE, AMONG [CH11-2; P208]

There are several words used to say among, during, and between.
BECAUSE [CH11-1; P208] There is some functional overlap between the following words, but there
This phrase gives the nuance that the situation was unavoidable and that are usages unique to each word, as well.
the person feels bad for it happening.
SHORT FORM VERB is generally used to describe long periods of time (such as childhood,

SHORT FORM -ADJ adulthood, or a lifetime; but NOT like while I was studying)

SHORT FORM -ADJ
A: 1. DURING/WHILE:
Yesterday, no matter how many times I called, you didnt pick up. NOUN
B:
Sorry about that. I caught a cold and was sleeping. I want to travel a lot while Im still a student. ( = time period)
: VERB/ADJECTIVE
Tanaka-san, why were you late?
: It got really hot while I was walking.
Im sorry. I was stuck in traffic.
Lets go home while its still bright out.
AMONG, INSIDE OF, DURING, BETWEEN [REVIEW] 2. BEFORE (WITH NEGATIVE VERBS/ADJECTIVES)
There are several words used to say among, during, and between. Note: this can be used to describe short time periods!
There is some functional overlap between the following words, but there Also, this can only be used with , but never
are usages unique to each word, as well.
Before the baby wakes up, I want to do laundry.
1. AMONG: NOUN (same as ) (literally: During the time the baby is not awake, I want to do laundry.)
3. AMONG: NOUN (same as )
Of all the Japanese female singers, which one are you most interested in?
2. INSIDE OF: NOUN Of all the Japanese female singers, which one are you most interested in?

I played Frisbee inside of the park. ( because location) Y Y IM CONCERNED ABOUT
X Y SOMEONE ELSE IS CONCERNED ABOUT [CH11-3; P209]
Theres a TV inside of the classroom. ( because of location + ) There are two ways to describe concern about something.
1. Y Y
can be used to describe both short and long periods of time. * Y has to be a NOUN or PHRASE.
This describes YOUR OWN concern, so the subject is assumed to be I.
1. DURING/WHILE: If you want to use this phrase to talk about someone else, you have to
VERB/ADJECTIVE add that its an impression you have or an observation youve made, and
add .
During the time I was out, a package arrived.
Im worried about my ill grandfather.
Im glad I went to the beach while it was still warm out.
NOUN Im worried about my recent weight gain.
2. X Y
I got fat over the winter. * X has to be someone other than I
2. BETWEEN: X Y * Y has to be a NOUN or PHRASE.
This is used to express someone elses concern.
The new restaurant is between the library and the post office.
Tanaka-san is worried about his ill grandfather.
What in the world happened between Tanaka-san and Yamada-san?
Note that this between can also be a metaphorically. My professors worried about her recent weight gain.

NO MATTER WHAT [CH11-4; P209]
Means no matter what, and can be used in negative and affirmative
sentences. In English, its technically a double-negative, but not in
Japanese.
In the affirmative sense, it has the sense of by all means.

I cant forget about my ex-girlfriend no matter what.

I couldnt find Tanakas wallet no matter where I looked.

I want to date Tanaka no matter what.

I want to eat tonkatsu no matter what.

 INADVERTENTLY, INVOLUNTARILY, ACCIDENTALLY CHAPTER 12 REVIEW
means inadvertently, involuntary, accidentally, basically used
to say you didnt mean to do it. NOT MUCH; NOT ENOUGH [CH12-1; P223]
The sentence must end in a negative form ().
Sometimes we accidentally say things we didnt mean to say. It has the connotation is less than expected.
Etymologically, the phrase comes from older Japanese, and it refers to a
I was talking and accidentally lost track of time. carpenter that cant flatten their work ( means flat, horizontal),
and is used more widely in modern Japanese.
X TO PAY ATTENTION TO, BE CAREFUL OF X [CH11-6; P209]
The phrase means to pay attention to [noun] or be careful of [noun]. I was so worried about tomorrows exam that I couldnt sleep much.
Note that the particle takes is , and that it has to follow a NOUN.
NOUN I heard Smith was selected for the speech contest.
to pay attention to [NOUN], to be careful of [NOUN]
Additionally, this can be used in a physical and non-physical sense. Really?! He can barely read katakana, though!

The coffees hot, so be careful while drinking it. MIGHT BE DUE TO [CH12-2; P228]
*note: this sentence doesnt take X , but its implied. This describes a possible cause of something through the use of .
Usually, this has a negative connotation, blaming the reason for what
It seems like theyve got another girlfriend, so best be careful. happened undesirably.
*note: not physical and X is implied again. Without , in indicates a definite cause of or reason for something.
The structure for this is:
ASK/TELL [CH11-7; P210] S1 S2
To tell someone to ask or tell someone to do something, use this phrase: Possibly because of S1, S2 happened.
S1 has to have short form verbs and -adjs. -adjs need .
PERSON SHORT PRESENT VERB
Possibly because I drank coffee at night, I couldnt sleep well last night.


ask/tell someone to do
Maybe because that games expensive, people arent really buying it.
The person part is optional, and the verb phrase preceding should

be some sort of command or request.
Maybe because shes pretty, Tanakas a little arrogant.
(CF.
The professor told the students to turn in their homework. Her slight arrogance is because of her beauty.
CF.
I asked my room mate to wake me up at 6 AM. Because shes pretty, shes a little arrogant.)
Similarly, because is a noun, the use of nouns requires a (NOUN
My mom warned me to not leave the lights on. ).
*NOTE: this sentence uses passive, so the teller becomes .
Maybe because of my age, Im getting tired easily recently.
VOLITIONAL VERB TRY/ABOUT TO DO [CH11-8, P210] If S2 represents a desirable situation, is used.
This phrase has two uses:
1. VOLITIONAL VERB TRY TO DO
This has the sense that an attempt will be or has been made. Thanks to your teaching, Professor, Ive become able to speak Japanese.
UFO Theres also the fixed expression , which means Its just
I tried to take a picture of the UFO, but I couldnt. your imagination.
If you want to say try doing something or that you have tried
something, use (aka that youve done it already). TRY DOING [CH12-3; P229]
2. VOLITIONAL VERB ABOUT TO DO To formally tell someone of higher status than you to try something, use:
This has the sense that you were trying to do something and it was about FORM VERB
to happen, but perhaps it couldnt happen, for some reason. Try .
Its often shorted more informally to , which is often used by
I was about to eat dinner but I got a phone call. mothers to their children.
UFO
I was about to take a picture of the UFO, but it escaped. Come.

I was about to start my own business, but my friend opposed. Let me borrow it. (Lit. Lend it to me; hand it to me.)

Try eating it. Its good.








NOUN AT THE MINIMUM [CH12-4; P229] TEND TO DO , BE PRONE TO DO [CH12-7; P230]
This grammar is slightly tricky to understand for English speakers, as it This construction takes the verb stem (remove ) or a noun.
doesnt translate very well. Some verbs sound strange with this construction, but the reason as to
means that the preceding noun is the minimum level or why they dont work is unclear. verbs work well, however.
degree of something. Its negative in its implication.

When your stomach hurts, you should eat light foods like soup. Tanaka is prone to getting sick.

Youre going to be in a pickle if you cant even write first year kanji. My mom likes shopping and she tends to spend wastefully.

I can at least write all my hiragana correctly! Itll be cloudy tomorrow, so it might rain.

Im a little tired today, so Ill only take a light jog.
Can I look at your textbook for a bit? Nakamura asked hesitantly.
I cant take off work if I only have something as insignificant as a cold.
/ END REVIEW /
NOTHING IS BETTER THAN [CH12-5; P229]
The phrase is preceded by a present plain form verb.
It often has the connotation that you cant achieve the ideal, but its best
to try it or do it anyway.

Its best to take medicine and sleep when youve caught a cold.

Its best to sleep 8 hours a day.

Its best to buy a Shinkansen ticket sooner than later.



If you want to become proficient in Japanese, the best thing to do is to go
to Japan, but I think you should first study the basics in America first.

AS ONE WISHES [CH12-6; P229]
This phrase is usually inserted between the subject and the predicate:
SUBJECT VERB

I havent been able to draw like I want to today.
(The emphasis here is on the act; to draw is the fixed phrase .)
There is also the variation , which takes a noun, not a verb.

I havent been able to draw this picture like I want.
(The emphasis here is on the actual drawing, not the act of drawing.)
The phrase is often used with not really and used with a
negative verb.

Im a little troubled that I cant really write to my satisfaction.
There are some fixed expressions that use this structure too:

Life doesnt go as you want it to.

Do as youd like.

CHAPTER 11 REVIEW QUESTIONS Number above the parentheses indicates how many hiragana the particle contains.
1 1 1
1.
In town, I suddenly met my friend from America whos doing study abroad at a Japanese university. [CH11 1; P199]
1 1
2.
While I was talking, I lost track of the time. [CH11 1; P199]
1 1
3.
When the exchange student doesnt come home when its late, the host mother gets worried and anxious.
1
4.
The father usually comes home at 11 at the latest. [CH11 1; P199]
1 1
5.
When you come home late at night, you should keep in mind to try to call home.
1 1 1
6.
The person in charge of international students, at the time, spoke with Ogawa on the phone.
1 1 1
7.
In Japan, its best to not put your feet on the chair. [CH11 2; P201]
1 1
8.
My host mother complains about that, too. (Note: passive voice is being used.)

11-NUMBER are questions taken from Watanabes review sheets; 11-LETTER are random examples.


11-1.
Please drink coffee while it is still hot. [CH11-2; P208]

11-2.
My car broke down. [CH11-1; P208]

11-3.
Please pay attention to the cultural differences. [CH11-5; P209]

11-4.
I am concerned about the grade. [CH11-3; P209]

11-5.
I was asked by my friend to submit the kanji homework. [CH11-7; P200]

11-6.
You have to put up with it. [CH11 3; P201 VOCAB]


11-1 GRAMMAR [CH11-1; P208]


11-1-A. A:
A: Why didnt you come yesterday?

B:
B: I was sick.
11-1-B.
Teacher: Why was your exam grade bad?


Student: I had to go to my part time job and didnt have time to study.
A:
A: Why were you late?
11-1-C:
B:
B: There was a lot of traffic this morning.
11-1-D.
C:
C: I wasnt feeling well earlier.
11-1-E.
D:
D: The train was late.
11-1-F.
E:
E: There was an accident on the road.

11-2 GRAMMAR [CH11-2; P208]


11-2-A.
I want to experience various things while Im alive. ( to live, to exist)

11-2-B.
I want to get good grades while Im at university.

11-2-C.
While I was in elementary school, I was never absent.

11-2-D.
I want to take a nap before class. (Lit. While I dont have class, I want to take a nap.)

11-2-E.
Of all American foods, which do you like most?


11-3 GRAMMAR [CH11-3; P209]


11-3-A.
Im worried about my sick dog.

11-3-B.
Im worried that I dont have money.

11-3-C.
Im worried about my friend whos studying abroad in Japan.

11-3-D.
My sister is worried about her boyfriend.

11-3-E.
My dad is worried about work.

11-4 GRAMMAR [CH11-4; P209]


11-4-A.
I cant forget about my ex-girlfriend no matter what.

11-4-B.
I want to eat ramen no matter what!

11-4-C.
I want to get a good grade no matter what.

11-4-D.
I couldnt sleep no matter what I tried.

11-4-E.
Recently, I havent been able to study no matter how hard I try.

(11-5 NOT TESTED)
11-6 GRAMMAR [CH11-6; P209]


11-6-A.
Take care!

11-6-B.
Be careful of strange people.

11-6-C.
Please be careful to not spend too much.

11-6-D.
Foreign countries are sometimes dangerous, so be careful.

11-6-E.
Be careful about not being late.


11-7 GRAMMAR [CH11-7; P210]


11-7-A.
I told my friend to eat.

11-7-B.
The student asked his friend to lend him money.

11-7-C.
I was told to exercise more by my boyfriend. (Passive voice is used here.)

11-7-D.
I was advised not to go out late at night. (Passive voice is used here.)

11-7-E.
My friend was told by her father to go study at the library. (Passive voice is used here.)

11-8 GRAMMAR [CH11-8; P210]


11-8-A.
She tried to help.

11-8-B.
He tried to talk with his son.

11-8-C.
I was about to leave when I got a phone call.

11-8-D.
I was about to go to the beach, but it started raining.

11-8-E.
I was about to study abroad in Japan, but my mom caught a serious illness.


CHAPTER 12 REVIEW QUESTIONS

1 1
1.
Susan suddenly started feeling ill during class.
1 1
2.
The professor suggested to have a doctor look at her.
1
3.
Susan planned to not go to her afternoon classes.
1 1 1 1
4.
When her throat hurts, [she should] take as many pills as she needs to a day.
1 1 1
5.
(cf. ; verb used in example is and takes a direct object particle)
When your stomach starts to hurt, its best to eat porridge.
1
6.
The doctor thought Jason would recover from his cold in a couple of days.
2 1 1
7.
He was told by the doctor that he can eat whatever as long as he has an appetite.

12-NUMBER are questions taken from Watanabes review sheets; 12-LETTER are random examples.


12-1.
Ive hardly eaten today. [CH12-1; P228]

12-2.
Doctor: Well then, please come back after a week.

Tanaka: I understand. Thank you very much.


Doctor: Take care of yourself. [CH12 1; P219 VOCAB]

12-3.
Jennifer: But at that time, Im going to go eat with Tanaka

Lola: What? Really? But I heard he has a girlfriend.

Jennifer: Is that true? Then, I wonder if its better to not go.


Lola: Theres nothing better than being careful! [CH12-5; P229]

12-4.
Perhaps because of the warm weather, I am very sleepy. [CH12-2; P228]

12-5.
Try practicing kanji every day! [CH12-3; P229]

12-1 GRAMMAR [CH12-1; P223]


12-1-A.
My mom hasnt been eating much recently.

12-1-B.
I couldnt study enough.

12-1-C.
When youre nervous, you can hardly sleep.

12-1-D.
When youre tired, you can hardly exercise.

12-1-E.
If your head hurts, you can hardly read a lot.



12-2 GRAMMAR [CH12-2; P228]


12-2-A.
Maybe because of the food I ate, Im not feeling well.

12-2-B.
Maybe because I studied too much that my head hurts.

12-2-C.
Maybe because shes sick, she didnt come to school.

12-2-D.
Maybe because he has no friends, hes sad.

12-2-E.
Maybe its because of the teacher that the students dont get good grades.

12-3 GRAMMAR [CH12-3; P229]


12-3-A.
Come.

12-3-B.
Try to eat your vegetables.

12-3-C.
Try to look to your right.

12-3-D.
Try to learn a foreign language.

12-3-E.
Try to study more.

12-4 GRAMMAR [CH12-4; P229]


12-4-A.
You should at least sleep 8 hours.

12-4-B.
At least eat your vegetables.

12-4-C.
I can write sometimes kanji at least.

12-4-D.
My head hurts today, so Im going to study for 30 minutes.

12-4-E.
You should at least be able to read katakana.


12-5 GRAMMAR [CH12-5; P229]


12-5-A.
Theres nothing better than reading an hour every day.

12-5-B.
Theres nothing better than eating 3 times a day.

12-5-C.
Its best to take medicine when youve caught a cold.

12-5-D.
Its best to drink a lot of water every day.

12-5-E.
If you dont live with your parents, its best to call them often.

12-6 GRAMMAR [CH12-6; P229]


12-6-A.
I cant really write this essay like I want to.

12-6-B.
I cant talk with my parents like I want to.

12-6-C.
He told me that he cant really have fun with his friends like he wants to.

12-6-D.
Do as you want.

12-6-E.
Life is something that doesnt go like you want it to.

12-7 GRAMMAR [CH12-7; P230]


12-7-A.
My brother tends to drive fast.

12-7-B.
She tends to get mad quickly.

12-7-C.
She tends to be late.

12-7-D.
When my sister was a child, she was prone to nosebleeds ( - ).

12-7-E.
He prone to laziness. ( to be lazy, to be idle, to slacken)