MECANISM 1 Free radical substitution alkanes only.

Can use any halogen

MECHANISM 4 Nucleophilic Addition
in carbonyl compounds ( aldehydes and ketones)

Carbonyls with HCN and NaBH4 (H-):

a)
- O H
+ O ..- H +


+ - R C
O
R 1
C C N
H C N 1
R R 1
C C N
2 R 2
R 2
:C N -

b)
O H
-
H
+ O O H
..
O -
R 1
C R 1
C H
+ O H -

R R 1
C H
2
R 2
R 2
:H -
MECHANISM 3 Electrophilic Substitution - Nitration of benzene rings:

a) H2SO4 + HNO3 H2NO3+ + HSO4-

H2NO3+ H2O + NO2+

-
HSO4
NO+2 H NO2
+
NO2
+ H2SO4
MECHANISM 2 Electrophilic addition in alkenes

a) Using Br2

: Br -

b) Using HBr
MECHANISM 5 Nucleophilic substitution