Simplicity - The Study of Ibo Women's Role in Achebe's Things Fall Apart

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ThestudyofIbowomensroleinAchebesThingsFallApart
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Apart

CHAPTERI
INTRODUCTION

Things Fall Apart is one of Chinua
AchebesNovels.HeisgreatnessfromAfrica.
HisnameisatthesamelevelwithAlanPaton
with his novel Cry, the Beloved Country.
Achebes other books are A Grain of
Wheat (December 1994), No Longer at
Ease (September 1994), Arrow of
God (September 1975), Anthills of the
Savannah(January1989),etc.
AccordingtotheBruceKingcomments,
Achebe was the first Nigerian writer to
successfullytransmutetheconventionsofthe
novel, a European art form, into African
literature. Achebe makes Western literary
forms serve African values. For example,
King notes, in an Achebe novel European
character study is subordinated to the
portrayal of communal life European
economy of form is replaced by an aesthetic
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appropriate to the rhythms of traditional

tribal life. Achebe use African English.
He use Igbo words like nno, ndichie, agadi
nwayiandewugwu,untranslatedinthenovel
itself,butbrieflyexplainedbytheglossaryon
thelastpage.
ThingsFallApart,first published in 1958,
was initially written as a response to
colonialist representations of Africa and
Africans in literature. It is his most famous
novel brilliantly portrays the impact of
colonialismonatraditionalNigerianvillageat
theturnofthecentury.Ittoldaboutthelife
ofOkonkwofromUmuofia,dealswiththerise
andfallofOkonkwo.Hewastheleaderofan
Igbo (Ibo) community, from the events
leading up to his banishment from the
community for accidently killing a clansman,
through the seven years of his government
into tribal Igbo society, and describes the
simultaneous disintegration of its protagonist
Okonkwo and his village. Okonkwo was not
born a great man, but he achieved success
by his hard work. Okonkwo was opposed to
his fathers way of life, and always feared
failure. He lived with three wives, two barns
filled with yams and a reputation for being a
hardworker.Butnobodysperfect,humanis
ahumanwhohasalotoffaults.Heflewtoo
high in a higher place. He got nothing in his
final life and he fell apart. The novel was
praised for its intelligent and realistic
treatment of tribal beliefs and of
psychological disintegration coincident with
social unraveling. Things Fall Apart helped
createtheNigerianliteraryrenaissanceofthe
1960s.
Achebetakesthetitleforhisnovelfroma
line a classic Western modernist poem The
Second Coming by William Butler Yeats,
written 1919 and published in 1921. Yeats
poemwasattractedtothespiritualandoccult
world and fashioned for himself an elaborate
mythologytoexplainhumanexperience. The
SecondComingwrittenaftertheWorldWarI
and with communism and fascism rising is a
compelling glimpse of an inhuman world
abouttotheborn.Yeatsbelievedthathistory
in part moved in two thousandyear cycles.
The Christian era, which followed that of the
ancient world, was about to give way to an
ominous period represented by the rough,
pitilessbeastinthepoem.Thisisthereason
pitilessbeastinthepoem.Thisisthereason
why Achebe chose to take the title of his
novel from Yeats poem. And this is the
quotation.
Turningandturninginthewidening
gyre
The falcon cannot hear the
falconer
Thingsfallapartthecentrecannot
hold
Mere anarchy is loosed upon the
world,
The blooddimmed tide is loosed,
andeverywhere
The ceremony of innocence is
drowned
The best lack all conviction, while
theworst
arefullofpassionateintensity.(The
SecondComing,1)
Who is Achebe? Chinua Achebe was born
in eastern Nigeria, 73 years ago. His family
wasIgboandChristian.Hewasraisedinthe
largevillageofOgidi,oneofthefirstcenters
of Anglican missionary work in Eastern
Nigeria, and is a graduate of University
College, Ibadan. In 1966, he worked for the
Nigerian Broadcasting Company as Director
of External Broadcasting. Next, he was
appointed Senior Research Fellow at the
University of Nigeria, Nsukka. He was a
Professor of English at the University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, and also for one
yearattheUniversityofConnecticut,Storrs,
in 1972 until 1976 and again in 1987 to
1988. He got a lot of appreciation for his
works(novels,poemsoressays).
IseethatthegreatAchebeswrittencan
influenceeveryonewhocatchhismind,who
touch his idealism. He is a truly Nigerian.
In Things Fall Apart, I examine how Achebe
wantstotellusabouthisrealculturewithhis
sarcasm. Here, I will focuses only on the
feminismside.Howandwhatthefeminism,it
willbeexplainedinthenextchapter.
Ihavemanyreasonstochoosethepoint
of view. When we see television, woman
alwaysbecomesamaintopic.Film,Novel,in
Indonesia we have sinetron, or telenovela in
Mexico, it talk about womans life, womans
suffer,womansattitude.Womanasasymbol
suffer,womansattitude.Womanasasymbol
of beauty, she is very elegant. Woman as a
symbol of sex, she has a lot of interesting
thing. She knows she is weak. She can use
herweaknesstodrawmanattention.Sheisa
mysterybutsheissuppressed.

CHAPTERII
THEORY

The first matter, we must know what is
the Gender. First discussing about Gender in
1987 was proposed by Ann Oakly to
distinguish between sex as a biological thing
and construction reality of sociocultural from
man and woman. Gender is a desire, habit,
customandtraditionthatclosetooneculture
andasadistinguishingfactortoseparatethe
duty and social role between man and
woman. Based on the reality that man differ
with woman from biological aspect, gender
be constructed in such through custom,
tradition, habit, upbringing pattern,
education, and so on, to distinguish between
maleandfemale.
We cannot realize that the distinction
effect have discriminated them into unstable
position.Womanroleasfemaleinsocialwas
emphasized in domestic sector because of
their reproduction function enable to
menstruation, pregnant, bear, and suckle.
Base on the reproduction function above,
woman is expected and constructed to take
care of the children or manage household.
And how about the man? The man has a
different reproduction function with the
woman, produce sperm and fertilize the
womans ovum. Men are expected in social
way to work outdoor, making a living for
theirfamilies,andbecomeafamilyprotector.
However, the role division tradition
(domesticpublic) makes an injury

understanding especially for woman. The
dutyofthewoman,finally,placedthewoman
at subordinate position. Their status is not
appreciated. We consider that the job like,
takecarechildren,cook,shopping(meanjust
for household need), is a trifling job and
more humble than man who work outside
andgainmoney.Themanjobmorevaluable
therefore it placed man at the superior
position.
The rule continues so that almost people consider it as

agiven3(Godsomnipotence),andweplaytherulerigidly.Wehave
pointofviewthatsuperioristypicalformanandinferioristypical
forwoman.Itisstereotyping.Weconvincedtothebelief,womando
nothaveafirmattitude,sothattheycannotbecomealeader.
Theory that is purposed to tell woman
image must deal with the idea: Woman as a
centerofanalysis.Thetheoryclosetowoman
image is feminist literature critics theory.
Analyzingfeministliteraturecriticsneedan
instrument.Theinstrumentisknowledgeand
understandingaboutfeminism.
Goefe (via Sugihastuti, 2000:37) tell
about feminism as a theory about similarity
betweenmanandwomaninpolitic,economic
and social or activity to struggle for women
basicrights.
From Social side, feminism comes from
unsatisfaction to patriarchal system. The
opinion suggested by Millet (Selden,
1996:139). He uses patriarchal (father
system) to describe the reason of woman
oppression. Patriarchal place woman as an
inferior man. Womans activity is limited by
civillifeandhouseholdaffairs.
Feminism is not math logical. Even
womanisamajority,wehaveratioabout1:3
(1 for man and 3 for woman), the same
logical cannot use in the different group for
different prosecution, include fans of Inul, a
lover of Pete, and F4 mania. The
majority cannot dominate and control even
theirlife.

If language as a gender, we hope
literature can be opposite thing. Modern
literary, formerly put itself as an activity to
break through all of aspects close to
language. Woman in literary appear as
equivalency relation with marginal value
sentimental, feeling, and spiritual. But the
way cannot avoid literature from gender
structure. Woman always becomes a weak
figure and victim. Things Fall Apart sees
womanasaweakfigure.
Philosopher tells that man/woman as
good/bad, night/day, plurality/unity with
associated woman to worst, night, and
plurality. Woman is a motor, energy, and
civilization.Wehavesomeexampleswillbe
discussed as an examiner for the novel. The
examples can be reality and it happen
surroundsus.
Nawal El Saadawi tells by emotional words (emotive

language)inherwork,howwomeninKafrTahla(Arab)getunfair
treatment. When they are young, they obey to their parents. The
word obey here means absoluteness. Womens life is not
recognized.
Theyareunexpected.Aftertheymarried,
they must surrender to her husband. She
explores the submission and powerlessness
ofwomen.NowordbesidesthewordYes.
It is equal with Achebes culture. Whole
worldisananxietyforwomen.InIndonesia,
Japan, India, China, etcetera, did the same
thing. The white man, who has liberal
conceptionandplacewomenequalwithmen,
cannotavoidit.Someoneasweknowthen,
a white man, treated his mother worst. He
puthermotherintogarbage.Whenshefound
bysomeone,herconditionwasverybadand
afteranhourshewasdied.
The culture compelling woman to obey
the rule that man can do polygamy. Kings
havediditseveralyearsagoasifitisarule
oftheKingdom.NotonlyKingsdoit,wecan
find a man with more than one wives now.
For example, Koestoro Rahardjo from
Pemalang, Center Java, has nine wives. Is it
Godsomnipotence?
China culture places men as heir of family name. They
dominate. They will try to get son. And if the women in China
society have married, they will be thrown by their family and
never get inheritance. Grandchildren from the thrown Chinese
daughtercalledoutergrandchildren.

CHAPTERIII
ANALYSIS

Before beginning this feminist analysis,
we must review the historical and cultural
context in which Things Fall Apart was
written. Things Fall Apart described a
response to colonialist representations of
Africa and Africans. The Igbo society
described by Achebe has definitive and
complex social systems, values and
traditions. Achebe presents customs such as
the abandonment of multiple birth babies,
and the sacrifice of human beings as
conventions and not barbaric, inhumane
rituals. He brilliantly places his characters
within an ancient civilization with a
labyrinthinesystemofgovernanceandlaws.
At the time, position of women in

At the time, position of women in

indigenous Nigerian societies was as sub
ordinate. They can obtain financial
independence and rely on man. Learn about
this literature is learn about feminist. In
addition, as Iyasere (1969) states, reading
Achebe's conventional world as a woman,
one cannot merely ascribe to the view that
"one of Achebe's great achievements is his
ability to keep alive our sympathy for
Okonkwo despite the moral revulsion from
some of his violent, inhuman acts." Instead,
query whether this sympathy may remain
intact for those reading through a feminist
lens.
In Things Fall Apart (1969), women are
viewed mainly as child bearers and help
matesfortheirhusbands.Iwillbefocusedto
Ekwefi, Okonkwos second wife, and Ezinma
(Ekwefis daughter) as two major female
characters, and several name as minor
female character. Criticism based on the
presumption of continuity between the
readers' experience and a woman's
experienceandonaconcernwiththeimages
ofwomenislikelytobecomemostforceful.
Ekwefi, she is Okonkwos second wife. She had ten
children but only one child still life. The most beautiful girl in
Umuofialeftherfirsthusband(AmalinzetheCat)andcametolive
with Okonkwo. Means that she is brave lady. She is also a good
mother and patient woman. We can find that she is a well
knowledge,love,andfierceindependence.

Ekwefi has endured much heartache and
stigmatism. She loves her only living
daughter very much. The relationship
betweenthemotherandthedaughterisvery
special. But unfortunately, Okonkwo
sometimetreatsherworst.Wecanpointhow
cruel Okonkwo treat his wives. When Ekwefi
makeamistake,heveryangryandbeather
withhisheavyhand.
Okonkwo, who had been
walking about aimlessly in his
compound in suppressed anger,
suddenly found an outlet. Who
killed this banana tree? he asked.
A hush fell on the compound
immediately. Who killed this tree?
Or you all deaf and dumb? .
WithoutfurtherargumentOkonkwo
gave her a sound beating and left

herandheronlydaughterweeping.
(Chapter5,page38)

We told about the relationship between
Ekwefiandheronlylivingchildabove,isvery
special.Theyarenotonlythatofmotherand
child. There is something in it like the
companionship of equals, which is
strengthened by such little conspiracies as
eating eggs in the bedroom. Enzima do not
call her Nne (mother) like all children. She
called her by her name. Despite the
relationship is unique, she doesnt mind
aboutit.
Ekwefi, she said, is it true
thatwhenpeoplearegrownup,fire
does not burn them? Ezinma,
unlike most children, called her
mother by her name. (Chapter 5,
page40)

In our society (Indonesia) the habit of
Ezinma hurt the mothers heart. The mother
has bore the child and however child must
honor their parents. People say even your
mother is a prostitute, but Heaven placed
undermotherssoleoffoot.
EzinmaisEkwefidaughter.Shewasborn
asagirl,butthereismansoultrappedinher
body. She is great girl. She likes to do
whatever the man to do. Nwoyes mother
callsherEzigbo,whichmeansthegoodone.
Like mother, like daughter. They resemble.
She inherited her mother beauty. And she is
very diligent. Okonkwo proud to her, though
he wishes she became a real boy. Because
Ibo people prefer have a son rather than
daughter.

If Ezinma had been a boy I
would have been happier. She has
the right spirit. (Chapter 8, page
66)

Achebe places the characteristic of
Ezinma to tease the circumstances at the
time. The woman, who live under pressure
and place in subordinate, can get up and
stronger than Nwoye, Okonkwos first son,
stronger than Nwoye, Okonkwos first son,

eventhanOkonkwo.
Ojiugo is the youngest Okonkwos wife.
There are a little bit stories about her, only
about the Okonkwos brutal beating. What
happen with Ekwefi, it is happen to Ojiugo.
When Ojiugo go to her friends house,
Okonkwo looking for her to ask his meal.
Okonkwo was very angry when he did not
findhereverywhere.Andaftershereturned,
hebeatherveryheavily.
Okonkwo was provoked to
justifiable anger by his youngest
wife, who went to plait hair at her
friends house and did not return
earlyenoughtocooktheafternoon
meal.(Chapter4,page29)

Inhisangerhehadforgottenthatitwas
the Week of Peace. He did not forgive her
fault.Withhisarrogance,hestilldefendshis
self.Heshouldhearthewisemansayifman
cannot forgive woman with her little bit
mistake, he never enjoy her greatness
virtue.
It proofs that woman role as female in
social was emphasized in domestic sector.
Woman is expected and constructed to take
care of the children or manage household.
Thewomanplaceisonlyinthekitchen.Itis
thewomanrange.
We also point Okonkwos
neighbor, Mgbofo who tortured by his
husband, Uzowulu, even when she is
pregnant.
Last year when my sister was
recovering from an illness, he beat
her again so that if the neighbors
had not gone in to save she would
have been killed. We heard of it,
anddidasyouhavebeentold.The
law of Umuofia is that if a woman
runs away from her husband her
brideprice is returned. But in this
case she ran away to save her
life.(Chapter10,page92)

The harshness did not happen only in

The harshness did not happen only in

Okonkwos life or families, but in all of
Umuofiaculture.AndthetraditionofUmuofia
people is polygamy. Woman is only like a
jewel, used when they are need. A mistake
from a man is only a little accident like
getting grazed, but when a woman make
mistake, it call a big dangerous like getting
crashedbytruck.
Almost men in Umuofia do polygamy. Okoye,
Okonkwosneighborhasthreewives.Okonkwoalsohasthreewives.
Nwakibie, the rich man in Okonkwos village has nine wives. It is
about useless people. Are women useless people or she is only a
jewelry?

So why Ekwefi feel that she has failed,
not because she cannot have a viable child,
butbecauseshecannotprovideherhusband
withmaleprogenywhowould,then,carryon
inhisfathersname.
The ironic thing illustrated by the
occurrence, which the first wife in Umuofia
society, will appreciate better than the
youngest,forinstanceinNwakibiehousehold.
Is Anasi not in? he asked
them. They said she was coming.
Anasi was the first wife and the
others could not drink before her,
andsotheystoodwaiting.(Chapter
3,page20)

The first wife wore the anklet of her
husbands titles, which the first wife alone
could wear. It seems the first wife is special
one. Though wives do not admitted, but the
firstwifestillappreciates,theyarepaidsome
respectfromamaninIbosociety.
The other critics refer to the differ case.
Achebe shows that Ibo nonetheless assign
important roles to women. For example,
women painted the houses of the Egwugwu.
The Ibo society always consults about a
miserable harvest, to ask about their future,
when they quarrel with neighbors, and when
misfortune comes to them. They consult to
the priestess. The priestess is a woman that
has full power of God. And they believe to
them.Itmeantheybelievetowomensword.
ManyyearsagowhenOkonkwo
was still a boy his father, Unoka,
had gone to consult Agbala. The
priestess in those days was a

womancalledChika.Shewasfullof
power of her god, and she was
greatly feared. (Chapter 3, page
17)

The importance of womans role appears
when Okonkwo is exiled to his motherland,
Mbanta. When Okonkwo get a problem,
withoutrealizingit,Okonkwoshootsayoung
member of his community and kills him.
Thoughthiswasanaccident,Okonkwohasto
abide with the law that deems he should be
banishedfromhisvillageforsevenyears.So
he go to his motherland and he feel save
over there. A man belongs to his fatherland
when things are good and life is sweet. But
when there is sorrow and bitterness he finds
refugeinhismotherland.Whenthebadtime
cometohim,mothercanmakehimcomfort.
ThuscomesthesayingMotherissupreme.
Thisisnothisclan.Weareonly
his mothers kinsmen. He does not
belong here. He is an exile,
condemned for seven years to live
inastrangelandAchildbelongs
to its father and his family and not
toitsmotherandherfamily.Aman
belongstohisfatherlandandnotto
hismotherland.AndyetsayNneka
Mother is Supreme (Chapter 14,
page133)

ThingsFallApartteasesmenarbitrariness
in Ibo culture. The strong and arrogant men
lost in gentleness of women. Nwoye,
Okonkwos first son, get too much from his
motherwayoflife.Forinstance,hepreferred
hear his mother story than masculine stories
ofviolenceandbloodshedfromhisfather.His
mother,thefirstwifeofOkonkwo,iskindand
graceful woman. Nwoye become a weak and
lazyboy.Hisgestureslikeagirl.Butactually
his characteristics are inherited of his
grandfather,Unoka.
Nwoye is old enough to
impregnate a woman. At his age I
wasalreadyfendingformyself.No,
my friend, he is not too young. A

chickthatwillgrowintoacockcan
bespottedtheverydayithatches.
I have done my best to make
Nwoye grow into a man, but there
is much of his mother in him.
(Chapter8,page66)

Theothercharacteristicthatprovesthe
weakness of men in Umuofia is Unoka,
Okonkwosfather.HewasAgbala.Hedidnot
inherit everything, even his name to his
childrenexceptdebt.
Unoka,forthatwashisfathers
name, had died ten years ago. In
his day he was lazy and
improvident and was quite
incapable of thinking about
tomorrow.(Chapter1,page4)

Okonkwo is a strong man in his physical
but weak in his psychological. He treats
everyone with his heavy hand, but actually
hismentalissuffered.Hebearsillwilltohis
father.Hisphysicalandhispsychologicalare
unequal. He dominates his wives and his
children as a big mountain protect shelter in
ricefield.Everyoneisafraidtohim.Yetheis
weakasmist.
Okonkwo ruled his household
with a heavy hand. His wives,
especially the youngest, lived in
perpetual fear of his fiery temper,
and so did his little children.
PerhapsdowninhisheartOkonkwo
wasnotacruelman.Buthiswhole
lifewasdominatedbyfear,thefear
of failure and of weakness.
(Chapter2,page13)

Okonkwos ruled in his household
contradicted The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, Everyone has the right to
life, liberty, and security of
person. (3rd article). He should not beat his
wives and protect his families. However, he

wives and protect his families. However, he

needsmotherwhenhesuffers.

CHAPTERIV
CONCLUSION

When we read Things Fall Apart at a
glance,wefindhowsufferthewomen,weak
anduseless.Whenwestudyitthen,weknow
they exist. Even they are under pressure.
There is, moreover, no week or even day of
peace for the women of Umuofia. They
cannot find sanctuary within the confines of
their own homes, or the arms of their own
husbands. The men cannot appreciate them
as a person. The young girl, who should get
pure love from their father, does not get
anything except harshness. The young girl
should get warmth from her families and
protected by her father so that she is going
tofeelsaveasalittlegirl.
Onemustacknowledgeaswellthatmale
and female roles are societal constructs, and
thus,theentirefemaleidentityisbasedmore
upon societal constraints rather than
physiological realties. Women are taught to
mother pregnant, bear, suckle and cooking
for husband, while men are conditioned to
dominate and control. The unanimity of the
patriarchy is the main priority of the
community,ratherthanthephysicalsafetyof
itswomen.
The harshness of a man in Umuofia is
unequalwithhisweaknessphysical.Itshows
in Things Fall Apart. His bad temper and his
badtreattothewomanintheirsocietyshows
thattheywanthidethefactsandanxiety.
Andthewomenrole,whichwasdiscussed
before as a victim and as a weakness,
finally places her at the supreme. We
consider that she is not a subordinate
anymore.
In Things Fall Apart, Ezinma is the
embodient of all the women, represent:
intelligence, vitality, and fortitude. She is as
braveasboy.
Achebesnovelteachesushowstrongthe
men, they will fail someday and he will
surrender to the women affectation. He
reminds us to spirit of Kartini in Indonesia.
However, never discriminate justice for men
andwomenbecauseourCreatureisnotmen
orwomen.Andwomenstillappreciatewitha
big honor. Not only in Okonkwos story, but
big honor. Not only in Okonkwos story, but

the reality in our life. Thats why there is a
Mothers day, not Fathers day? And why all
of foundation in whole the world held Miss
Universe and Miss World election, not Mr.
Universe? Every year beauty foundation of
USA held Miss USA and of course not Mr.
USA. Another example, every 21 April, in
Indonesia celebrate Kartinis day. It proof
how means so much the women to mens
life.

Ladygoinintoaperiod
Comeandbecome
Openyoureyes,Lady
you are not snow in the Christmas
Eve
Weakup,Lady
andopenyourmouth
Whenyouarelyinginbed,
youareitnow
(LADY,owncollection)

Now, men are equal with women. Women are not
slave. They have own income, and they work outside (in office).
Mencannotdictatethemanymore.ItishappentoIgbowomennow,
since white men came to the Igbo. The colonial ideas of the
appropriate social role for women differed greatly from the
traditional role of women in indigenous Nigerian societies. The
patriarchalEuropeanassumptionthatwomenbelongedinthehome,
engaged in child rearing an exclusively female responsibility and
otherdomesticchores.

FOOTNOTES:

1 making a living : looking for some
money for families life (Ind:mencari
nafkah).
2 injury understanding : belief in the
community that make woman injury as
seen in Konseling Berwawasan Gender
page:21
3given:Godswill,somethinggivenby
GodtothecreatureasseeninKonseling
BerwawasanGenderpage:24(Ind:kodrat).
4 Pete : Name of food from Indonesia,
somethinglikebeanwithpungentodor.
5F4:singerfromTaiwan.
6 emotive language : she (Nawal) give name to her works
emotive language. Nawal El Saadawi (72 years old) is a
writer from Kafr Tahl (Arab). All of her works tell about
powerlessness of women. Her works among others
Perempuan di Titik Nol and Memoar Seorang Dokter
Perempuan.
7 reading as a woman (means not read as man) taken

from On Decontruction:Theory and Critism after
StructuralismbyJonathanCuller(1982).
8takenfromKahlilGibranWordsworth,SandandFoam.

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Gibran, Kahlil. Sand and Foam. Jakarta:
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Hayati, Elli Nur. Konseling Berwawasan
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Simplicity - The Study of Ibo Women's Role in Achebe's Things Fall Apart

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6/17/2017 Simplicity:ThestudyofIbowomensroleinAchebesThingsFallApart

appropriate to the rhythms of traditional

The rule continues so that almost people consider it as

Nawal El Saadawi tells by emotional words (emotive

At the time, position of women in

At the time, position of women in

gave her a sound beating and left

stronger than Nwoye, Okonkwos first son,

The harshness did not happen only in

The harshness did not happen only in

priestess in those days was a

my friend, he is not too young. A

wives and protect his families. However, he

wives and protect his families. However, he

big honor. Not only in Okonkwos story, but

7 reading as a woman (means not read as man) taken

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