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CE 632
Foundation Analysis and
Design
qu
Settlement
Sudden or catastrophic failure
Well defined failure surface
Bulging on the ground surface adjacent to foundation
Common failure mode in dense sand
2
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Setttlement
qu
qu
Setttlement
Common in fairly loose sand or soft clay
Failure surface does not extends beyond the zone right beneath the
foundation
Extensive settlement with a wedge shaped soil zone in elastic
equilibrium beneath the foundation. Vertical shear occurs around the
edges of foundation.
Aft reaching
After hi ffailure
il lload-settlement
d ttl t curve continues
ti att some slope
l
and mostly linearly.
4
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
0
General
Local 2BL
shear
B = *
undation
shear
B+L
pth of fou
Circular
Foundation
5
ative dep
Punching
Rela
shear Long
Rectangular
Foundation
10
5
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
g
Terzaghis g Capacity
Bearing p y Theory
y
B
Assumption
L/B ratio is large plain strain problem
Df B
Shear resistance of soil for Df depth is neglected
General shear failure
Shear strength is governed by Mohr-Coulomb Criterion 6
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
7
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
qu .B = 2.Pp B 2 tan + ( 2.Ppc + B.c.sin ) + 2.Ppq
1
4
Surcharge term
Terzaghis bearing
qu = c.N c + q.N q + 0.5 B.N capacity equation
1 K P e2a
N = tan 2 1 Nq =
2
2 cos 2 cos 45 +
2
N c = ( N q 1) cot 3 in rad.
a= tan
4 2 8
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
9
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
10
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
p
Skemptons g Capacity
Bearing p y Analysis
y for
cohesive Soils
~ For saturated cohesive soil, = 0 N q = 1, and N = 0
Df
For strip footing: N c = 5 1 + 0.2 with limit of N c 7.5
B
Df
For square/circular N c = 6 1 + 0.2 with limit of N c 9.0
footing:
g B
Df B
For rectangular footing: N c = 5 1 + 0.2 1 + 0.2 for D f 2.5
B L
B
N c = 7.5 1 + 0.2 for D f > 2.5
L
qu = c.N c + q
Net ultimate bearing capacity, qnu = qu .D f qu = c.N c
12
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Mx
B ey =
AF=BL FV
B=B-2ey
M y = FHx .d FH
M x = FHy .d FH
13
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
qu = c.N c .sc .dc .ic .gc .bc + q.N q .sq .d q .iq .g q .bq + 0.5 .B.N .s .d .i .g .b
Ground factor Base factor
14
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
15
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
M
Meyerhofs
h f Correction
C i Factors:
F
for 10o
Shape
B
sc = 1 + 0.2 tan 2 45 + B 2
sq = s = 1 + 0.1 tan 45 +
Factors L 2 L 2
for lower value
sq = s = 1
2
o
2
Inclination
Factors ic = iq = 1 i = 1
90
16
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Shape B B
Factors
sc = 0.2ic . for = 0 sc = 0.2 (1 2ic ) . for > 0
L L
sq = 1 + iq . ( B L ) sin
i 0 4i . ( B L )
s = 1 0.4
Notes:
4. Compute qu independently
by using (siB, diB) and (siL,
diL) and use min value for
design.
18
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Notes:
3. Variable ca = base
adhesion, on the order of 0.6
to 1.0 x base cohesion.
19
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
20
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
N t
Note:
2. Compute m = mB when
Hi = HB (H parallel to B) and
m = mL when Hi = HL (H
parallel to L). If you have
both HB and HL use
m = (mB2 + mL2)1/2. Note use
of B and LL, not BB,L
L.
21
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Suitability of Methods
22
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
IS:6403-1981 Recommendations
Net Ultimate Bearing capacity: qnu = c.Nc .sc .dc .ic + q. ( N q 1) .sq .d q .iq + 0.5 .B.N .s .d .i
B B B
Shape For rectangle, sc = 1 + 0.2 sq = 1 + 0.2 s = 1 0.4
Factors L L L
For square and circle, 1 3 sq = 1.2
sc = 1.3 12
s = 0.8 for square, s = 0.6 for circle
Df
Depth d c = 1 + 0.2 tan 45 +
Factors L 2
Df
d q = d = 1 + 0.1 tan 45 + for 10o
L 2
d q = d = 1 for < 10o
Inclination
Factors The same as Meyerhof (1963) 23
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Bearing Capacity
Correlations with
S
SPT-value
a ue
Peck, Hansen, and
Thornburn (1974)
&
IS:6403-1981
Recommendation
24
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Dw
Water Table Corrections:
Df
Dw
Rw = 0.5 1 +
D f [ Rw 1
B
Dw D f
Rw = 0.5 1 +
[ Rw 1 B
Df
Limit of influence 25
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
B (cm)
Schmertmann (1975):
qc kg
N N q in
0.8 cm 2
26
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Normally consolidated
qc < 20 qc/18 to qc/15
clays
27
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
B
Another approximate method for c- soil: For effective depth 4 + B
tan 45
2 2
Find average c and and use them for ultimate bearing capacity calculation
g Capacity
Bearing p y of Stratified Cohesive Soil
IS:6403-1981 Recommendation:
29
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
g Capacity
Bearing y of Footing
g on Layered
y Soil:
Stronger Soil Underlying Weaker Soil
30
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Bearing Capacity of
Footing
F ti on Layered
L d Soil:
S il
Stronger Soil Underlying
Weaker
ea e So
Soil
31
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
32
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
y Loaded Foundations
Eccentrically
Q
M M
e=
Q
Q 6M Q 6e
qmax = + qmax = 1 +
B BL B 2 L BL B
Q 6M Q 6e
qmin = qmin = 1
BL B 2 L BL B
e 1
For > There will be separation
e B 6
of foundation from the soil beneath
and stresses will be redistributed.
B = B 2e
Use for sc , sq , s , and B, L for d c , d q , d to obtain qu
L = L
The effective area method for two way eccentricity becomes
Qu = qu . A a little more complex than what is suggested above.
It is discussed in the subsequent slides 34
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
C
Case II: eL 1 e 1
and B
L 6 B 6
3 3e
B1 = B B
B1 2 B
eB
3 3eL
L1 = L
L eL L1
2 L
L = max ( B1 , L1 )
1
A = L1 B1
2
B A
B =
L
35
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Determination of Effective Dimensions for Eccentrically Loaded
foundations (Highter and Anders,
Anders 1985)
eL e 1
Case II: < 0.5 and 0 < B <
L B 6
L2 eB
eL L1
1
A = ( L1 + L2 ) B A
2 B =
L = max ( B1 , L1 ) L
36
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Determination of Effective Dimensions for Eccentrically Loaded
foundations (Highter and Anders,
Anders 1985)
B1
eB
eL
B2
1
A = L ( B1 + B2 )
A
2
B =
L = L L
37
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Determination of Effective Dimensions for Eccentrically Loaded
foundations (Highter and Anders,
Anders 1985)
eL 1 eB 1
Case IV: < and <
L 6 B 6
B1
eB
eL
B2
1
A = L2 B + ( B1 + B2 )( L + L2 )
2
A
L = L B =
L 38
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Determination of Effective Dimensions for Eccentrically Loaded
foundations (Highter and Anders,
Anders 1985)
eR
A
L =
B
39
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
40
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Bearing Capacity of
Footings
F ti on Slopes
Sl
Meyerhofs (1957)
Solution
qu = cN cq + 0.5
0 5 BN q
Granular Soil
c = 0
qu = 0.5 BN q
41
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Bearing Capacity of
Footings
F ti on Slopes
Sl
Meyerhofs (1957)
Solution
Cohesive Soil
= 0
qu = cN cq
H
Ns =
c 42
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Bearing Capacity of
Footings on Slopes
Graham et al. (1988),
Based on method of
characteristics
1000
For
Df
100 =0
B
10
0 10 20 30 40
43
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Bearing Capacity of
Footings on Slopes
Graham et al. (1988),
Based on method of
characteristics
1000
For
Df
100
=0
B
10
0 10 20 30 40
44
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
For
Df
= 0.5
B
45
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
For
Df
= 1.0
B
46
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
B
g' Compute the reduced factor Nc as:
qu Labd e
f' N c = N c .
a' c' Labde
e'
45/2
Compute the reduced factor Nq as:
Aaef g
b'
N q = N q .
d' Aaefg 47
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant