PROJECT WORK FOR ADDITIONAL

MATHEMATHICS 2010
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MALAYSIA

PROJECT WORK 4
STATISTICS
NAME :
MUHAMMAD DARWISY AL-HAFIZ BIN MOHD IBRAHIM

CLASS :
5 SCIENCE 1

IC NUMBER :
930225-01-6291

SUBJECT TEACHER :
PUAN JUAHRIAH BTE ALI

SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN

TAMAN DAYA 2
INTRODUCTION
We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out a
project work while we are in Form 5.This year the Curriculum
Development Division, Ministry of Education has prepared four tasks for
us.We are to choose and complete only ONE task based on our area of
interest.This project can be done in groups or individually, and I gladly
choose to do this individually.Upon completion of the Additional
Mathematics Project Work,we are to gain valuable experiences and able to :

• Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving

strategies to solve routine and non-routine problems
• Experience classroom environments which are
challenging, interesting and meaningful and hence
improve their thinking skills
• Experience classroom environments where
knowledge and skills are applied in meaningful ways in
solving real-life problems.
• Experience classroom environments where expressing
ones mathematical thinking,reasoning and
communication are highly encouraged and expected
• Experience classroom environments that stimulates
and enhances effective learning.
• Acquire effective mathematical communication
through oral and writing,and to use the language of
mathematics to express mathematical ideas correctly
and precisely

• Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and

skills through problem-solving in ways that increase
interest and confidence
• Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future
undertakings and in workplace
• Realise that mathematics is an important and
powerful tool in solving real-life problems and hence
develop positive attitude towards mathematics
• Train ourselves not only to be independent learners
but also to collaborate, to cooperate, and to share
knowledge in an engaging and healthy environment
• Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and
effectively
• Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of
mathematics and to become more creative and
innovative
• Realize the importance and the beauty of
mathematics

APPRECIATION
Alhamdullilah,thank you to Allah for giving the will to me to complete this
Additional Mathematics project.Secondly, I would like to thank the principle of
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Taman Daya 2 , Puan Jamiaah Bte Kechut for
giving me the permission to do my this Additional Mathematics Project Work. I
also like to thank my Additional Mathematics teacher, Puan Juahriah Bte Ali for
the guide and giving useful and important information for me to complete this
project work. Besides that, I would like to thank my parents for their support and
encouragement. Lastly, a special thanks to all my friends for their help and
cooperation in searching for information and completing this project work.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF
STATISTICS
By the 18th century, the term "statistics" designated the

systematic collection of demographic and economic data by states. In the early

19th century, the meaning of "statistics" broadened, then including the discipline
concerned with the

collection, summary, and analysis of data. Today statistics is widely employed in

government, business, and all the sciences. Electronic computers have expedited
statistical computation, and have allowed statisticians to develop "computer-
intensive" methods.

The term "mathematical statistics" designates the mathematical theories of probability

and statistical inference, which are used in statistical practice. The relation between

statistics and probability theory developed rather late, however. In the 19th century,

statistics increasingly used probability theory, whose initial results were found in

the17th and 18th centuries, particularly in the analysis of games of chance (gambling).

By 1800, astronomy used probability models and statistical theories, particularly the

method of least squares, which was invented by Legendre and Gauss. Early

probability theory and statistics was systematized and extended by Laplace; following

Laplace, probability and statistics have been in continual development. In the 19th

century, social scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models to advance

the new sciences of experimental psychology and sociology; physical scientists used

statistical reasoning and probability models to advance the new sciences of

thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. The development of statistical reasoning

was closely associated with the development of inductive logic and the scientific

method.
Statistics is not a field of mathematics but an autonomous mathematical science, like

computer science or operations research. Unlike mathematics, statistics had its origins

in public administration and maintains a special concern with demography and

economics. Being concerned with the scientific method and inductive logic, statistical

theory has close association with the philosophy of science; with its emphasis on

learning from data and making best predictions, statistics has great overlap with the

decision science and microeconomics. With its concerns with data, statistics has

overlap with information science and computer science.

STATISTICS TODAY
During the 20th century, the creation of precise instruments for agricultural

research, public health concerns (epidemiology, biostatistics, etc.), industrial

quality control, and economic and social purposes (unemployment

rate,econometry, etc.) necessitated substantial advances in statistical practices.

Today the use of statistics has broadened far beyond its origins. Individuals

and organizations use statistics to understand data and make informed

decisions throughout the natural and social sciences, medicine, business, and

other areas.

Statistics is generally regarded not as a subfield of mathematics but rather as

a distinct, albeit allied, field. Many universities maintain separate

mathematics and statistics departments. Statistics is also taught in

departments as diverse as psychology, education, and public health.

PART 1

The prices of goods sold in shops vary from one shop to

another.Shoppers tend to buy goods which are not only
reasonably priced but also give value for their money.

You are required to carry out a survey on four different items based on the
following categories i.e. food, detergent and stationery.The survey should
be done in three different shops.

QUESTION

a) Collect pictures,newspaper cuttings or photos on items that you

have chosen.Design a collage to illustrate the chosen items
Answer:
FOODS
DETERGENTS :
STATIONARY :
(b) Record the items and their prices systematically as in Table 1.Since
items maybe differently packed,be sure to use consistent measurements for
each item selected so that comparison can be done easily and accurately.

Answer:

(b) Record the items and their prices systematically as in Table

1.Since items maybe differently packed,be sure to use consistent
measurements for each item selected so that comparison can be
done easily and accurately.

Answer:

PRICE(RM)
CATEGORY ITEM KOOP KOOP KOOP
SARJANA IUI PUM
FOOD 1.SELF-RAISING FLOUR
(1000 g) 4.00 3.70 3.60
2.SUGAR (1000g) 2.00 1.90 1.80
3.BUTTER (250g) 4.70 4.50 4.30
4.EGGS (GRADE A)
1DOZEN 5.90 5.50 5.00
TOTAL PRICE 16.60 15.60 14.70
DETERGENT 1.SOAP (3 BARS) 3.20 3.00 2.80
2.LIQUID DISHWASHER
(1000ml) 4.29 3.90 3.20
3.CLOTHES DETERGENT
(3KG) 18.90 17.00 16.50
4.TOILET CLEANER
(500ml) 5.50 5.50 5.50
TOTAL PRICE 31.89 29.40 28.00
STATIONERY 1.SHARPENER 1.50 1.30 1.00
2.PENCIL (2B) 1 DOZEN 5.00 4.80 4.50
3.PEN 1.30 1.20 1.00
4.ERASER 1.30 1.20 1.10
TOTAL PRICE 9.10 8.50 7.60
GRAND TOTAL 57.59 53.50 50.30
c) Create at least two suitable graphical representations (the
use of ICT is encouraged) to compare and contrast the price of
the items chosen.

Answer:

1)FOODS
(d) Based on the graphical representation that you have
constructed in Part 1(c), interpret,discuss and draw
conclusions.Comments on your findings.

Answer:

Based on the graphical representation that I have constructed

in Part 1(c), it is shown that there are large and small
differences among the pries of items in each category between
the shops.In the food category, the smallest price difference
are of those sugar, while the highest is the price of
eggs.Besides food, detergent also shows a large price
difference between its items.Among them is the price of liquid
dishwasher and clothes detergent.On the other hand,
stationery items doesn;t have any obvious price difference.The
graph also show that most of the items that are high priced
comes from the KOOP SARJANA, while the lowest price items
come frm the KIOSK PUM.the graph 1(d) will show the
conclusion of the difference among the shops based upon the
shops grand total.
(e) Identify an item that has a large price difference among the
shops. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of that
particular item. Hence, suggest and discuss possible reasons for
the price difference.

Answer:

Liquid Dishwasher

Mean = 18.9+17+16.5
3
= 17.47

Standard Deviation
= √(∑x²)/N – (x̃)²

= √18.9²+17²+16.5²
3
= 0.97

The large price difference of clothes detergent among the shops

maybe because of the standard of the shop.A high standard shop
or supermarket, the items sold intend to be much more
expensive than a regular shop or supermarket.Also, the price
difference of the items may also due to the quality of the item
present.A better quality means a higher price.
PART 2

Every year SMK Indah organises a carnival to raise funds for the
school. This year the school plans to install air conditioners in the
school library. Last year, during the carnival, your class made and
sold butter cakes. Because of the popularity of the butter
cakes,your class has decided to carry out the same project for
this year’s carnival.

QUESTION

(a ) Suggest a shop from Part 1 which you would go to purchase

the ingredients for the butter cakes.State and discuss your
reasons for purchasing from the shop you suggested.

Answer:

The Giant Supermarket.This is because the total price of the

ingredients from this shop is the lowest from the three shops.

(b) Complete Table 2 with the prices of the items found in the
Shop/supermarket that you have chosen

Answer:
(i) Calculate the price index for each of the ingredients in Table
2 for the year 2010 based on the year 2009

Answer :

1.Self-Raising Flour

I=
0.90.9
x 100 = 100

2.Sugar

I=
0.360.35
x 100 = 102.86

3.Butter

I=
4.33.3
x 100 = 130.30

4.Eggs (Grade A)

I=
2.11.25
x 100 = 168
(ii) Calculate the composite index for making a butter cake in
the year 2010 based on the year 2009.Discuss how you
obtained your answers.

Answer:

To calculate the composite index,weightage is needed

(W),

Composite Index

=
1
4
(100)+
1
5
(102.86)+
1
4
(130.30)+
3
10
(168)

1
= 128.54
(iii) In the year 2009,the butter cake was sold at RM15.00
each.Suggest a suitable selling price for the butter cake in
the year 2010.Give reasons for your answer.

Answer:

On 2009,RM 15.00
On 2010, price =

15
x 100 = 128.54%


x 100 = 128.54 x 15


=
1928.1
100


= 19.30

Thus,the suitable price for the butter cake for the year 2010
is RM19.30.The increase in price is also suitable because of
the rise in the price of the ingredients.
(c)
(i) Find out from reliable source how to determine
suitable
Capacity of air conditioner to be installed based on
the
volume/size of a room.

Answer:

For common usage, air conditioner is rated according to

horse power (1HP), which is approximately 700W to 1000W
of electrical power. It is suitable for a room size 1000ft³
which is around 27m³ of volume.

(ii) Work in group to estimate the volume of your school

Library.Explain how you arrive at your answer.Hence,
determine the number of air conditioners with the
appropriate capacity required for your library.

Answer:

By using a measuring tape,the dimension for the library is:

Height = 3.6m
Width = 9.17m
Length = 20.12m

Volume of the room = 3.6 x 9.17 x 20.12

=664.20m³

1 unit of air conditioner is for 27m³

For 664.20m³ =
664.20
27

= 24.6

That means our school library needs 25 unit of air conditioner

(iii) If your class intends to sponsor one air conditioner for
the
School library, how many butter cakes must you sell in
order to buy the air conditioner

Answer:

1 unit of 1HP air conditioner =RM700

Cost for a cake = 0.9 + 0.36 + 4.3 + 2.1
= RM 7.66
Selling price = RM19.30
Profit = 19.30 – 7.66
= RM 11.64

Number of cakes =
700
11.64

to buy 1 unit of = 60.13

air conditioner = 60 cakes
PART 3

As a committee member for the carnival, you are required to prepare

an estimated budget to organize this year’s carnival. The committee
has to take into the consideration the increase in expenditure from
the previous year due to inflation. The price of food, transportation
and tents has increased by 15%. The cost of games, prizes and
decorations remains the same, whereas the cost of miscellaneous
items has increase by 30%.

QUESTION

(a) Complete Table 3 based on the information given above

Answer:
(b) Calculate the composite index for the estimated budget of the
carnival in the year 2010 based on the year 2009. Comment on
your answer.

Answer:

Composite Index

I=
∑�
∑

=
11512+1005+1153+1002+1006+1158+130(4)
12+5+3+2+6+8+4

=
4465
40

=
111.625

The total price for the year 2010 increase by 11.625%.This is

because
some price in the year 2009 increased in the year 2010.
(c) The change in the composite index for the estimate budget for
the carnival from the year 2009 to the year 2010 is the same
as the change from the year 2010 to the year 2011. Determine
the composite index of the budget for the year 2011 based on
the year 2009.

Answer:

Composite index for the year 2009 to the year 2010

= 111.625
Composite index for the year 2010 to the year 2011
= 111.625

I
2011
2009
X 100 =
I
2010
2009
X
I
2011
2009

I
2011
2009
= 111.625 X111.625 X
1
100

I
2011
2009
= 124.60
FURTHER EXPLORATION

Index numbers are being used in many different daily situations,

for example air pollution index, stock market index, gold index
and property index.

Obtain information from the internet or other reliable sources

on the importance of two different types of index number of
your choice. Elaborate the use and the importance of these
index numbers in daily life.
AIR POLLUTION INDEX

Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter,

or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or
other living organisms, or damages the natural environment into
the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is
essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone
depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to
human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
The Air Quality Index (AQI) (also known as the Air Pollution
Index (API) or Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) is a number used by
government agencies to characterize the quality of the air at a given
location. As the AQI increases, an increasingly large percentage of
the population is likely to experience increasingly severe adverse
health effects. To compute the AQI requires an air pollutant
concentration from a monitor or model. The function used to convert
from air pollutant concentration to AQI varies by pollutant, and is
different in different countries. Air quality index values are divided
into ranges, and each range is assigned a descriptor and a color code.
Standardized public health advisories are associated with each AQI
range. An agency might also encourage members of the public to take
public transportation or work from home when AQI levels are high.
Limitations of the AQI
Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI. Many countries
monitor ground-level ozone, particulates, sulphur dioxide, carbon
monoxide and nitrogen dioxide and calculate air quality indices for
these pollutants.
Causes of Poor Air Quality
The AQI can worsen (go up) due to lack of dilution of air emissions
by fresh air. Stagnant air, often caused by
an anticyclone or temperature inversion, or other lack of winds lets air
pollution remain in a local area.
Indices by location
South Korea
The Ministry of Environment of South Korea uses the Comprehensice
Air-quality Index (CAI) to describe the ambient air quality based on
health risk of air pollution. The index aims to help the public easily
understand air quality level and protect the health of people from air
pollution. - The CAI has values of 0 through 500, which are divided into
six
categories. The higher the CAI value, the greater the level of
air pollution. - Of values of the five air pollutants, the highest is the CAI
value.

Malaysia
The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air Pollution
Index. Four of the index's pollutant components (i.e., carbon
monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported
in PM10 particulate matter is reported in g/m³.
Unlike the American AQI, the index number can exceed 500. Above
500, a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area. Usually,
this means that non-essential government services are suspended, and
all ports in the affected area closed. There may also be a prohibition
on private sector commercial and industrial activities in the reporting
area excluding the food sector.
STOCK MARKET INDEX

A comparison of tree major U.S. stock indices: the NASDAQ

Composite, Dow Jones Industrial Average, andS&P 500. All three
have the same height at March 2007. Notice the large dot com spike
on the NASDAQ, a result of the large number of tech. companies on
that index.

A stock market index is a method of measuring a section of the stock

market. Many indices are cited by news or financial services firms and are
used as benchmarks, to measure the performance of portfolios such as
mutual funds.
Types of indices

Stock market indices may be classed in many ways. A 'world' or 'global'

stock market index includes (typically large) companies without regard
for where they are domiciled or traded. Two examples are MSCI World
and S&P Global 100.

A national index represents the performance of the stock market of a given

nation²and by proxy, reflects investor sentiment on the state of its
economy. The most regularly quoted market indices are national indices
composed of the stocks of large companies listed on a nation's largest
stock
exchanges, such as the American S&P 500, the Japanese Nikkei 225, and
the British FTSE 100.

The concept may be extended well beyond an exchange. The Dow Jones
Total Stock Market Index, as its name implies, represents the stocks of
nearly every publicly traded company in the United States, including all
U.S. stocks traded on the New York Stock Exchange (but not ADRs) and
most traded on the NASDAQ and American Stock Exchange. Russell
Investment Group added to the family of indices by launching the Russell
Global Index.
More specialised indices exist tracking the performance of specific sectors
of
the market. The Morgan Stanley Biotech Index, for example, consists of
36
American firms in the biotechnology industry. Other indices may track
companies of a certain size, a certain type of management, or even more
specialized criteria one index published by Linux Weekly News tracks
stocks
of companies that sell products and services based on the Linux operating
environment.

Index versions

Some indices, such as the S&P 500, have multiple versions.[1] These
versions
can differ based on how the index components are weighted and on how
dividends are accounted for. For example, there are three versions of the
S&P
500 index: price return, which only considers the price of the components,
total return, which accounts for dividend reinvestment, and net total
return,
which accounts for dividend reinvestment after the deduction of a
withholding tax. As another example, the Wilshire 4500 and Wilshire
5000
indices have five versions each: full capitalization total return, full
capitalization price, float-adjusted total return, float-adjusted price, and
equal
weight. The difference between the full capitalization, float-adjusted, and
equal weight versions is in how index components are weighted.
USES AND IMPORTANCE OF AIR POLLUTION
INDEX AND STOCK MARKET INDEX

As everyone can see,the air pollution index is use by the government to

measure the quality of air index and to detect any pollutants in our
country’s
air.This is to ensure the air is clean and safe for us ti inhale.Besides that,an
early warning can be given to us if the air pollution is too high for us to
get
out of our homes.This warning is given based upon readings and
unterpretations of the air index.

As for the stock market index, it is mainly for the business entrepreneurs.
This type of index is used to determine the outcome of a stock market and
also the conclusion of a stock market. The stock market index is important
because a country’s economical state sometimes depend on it.

CONCLUSION

After doing research,answering questions,drawing graphs and some

problem
solving, I saw that the usage of statistics is important in daily life.It is not
just
widely used in markets but also in interpreting the condition of the
surrounding like the air or the water.Especially in conducting an air-
pollution
survey.In conclusion,statistics is a daily life nessecities.Without it,surveys
can’t
be conducted,the stock market can’t be interpret and many more.So,we
should be thankful of the people who contribute in the idea of statistics.
REFLECTION

Adter spending countless hours,days and night to finish this project and
also sacrificing my time video games and mangas in this mid year holiday,
there are several things that I can say...

Additional Mathematics...
From the day I born...
From the day I was able to holding pencil...
From the day I start learning...
And...
From the day I heard your name...

I always thought that you will be my greatest obstacle and rival in

excelling
in my life...
But after countless of hours...
Countless of days...
Countless of nights...

After sacrificing my precious time just for you...

Sacrificing my Computer Games...
Sacrificing my Video Games...
Sacrificing my Facebook...
Sacrificing my Internet...
Sacrifing my Anime...
Sacrificing my Manga...
I realized something really important in you...

I really love you...

You are my real friend...
You my partner...
You are my soulmate...
I LOVE U ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS...