TheUltimateRelayTestingTraining Plan Valence

The Ultimate Relay Tester Training Plan

Modern protective relay testing can seem very confusing to everyone, even highly-skilled and experienced
technicians. Some of the first questions you have before you start testing relays include:
OO What do I test inside this magic box with unlimited possibilities?
OO What equipment do I need?
OO How do I test it?
Relay testers need to be a jack-of-all-trades in a number of disciplines to properly test a digital relay, and
these disciplines havent been well defined in the past. Technicians often dont know that relay testing can
actually be quite simple because theyve often been thrown to the wolves and are expected to just figure it
out. Managers dont know what should be tested inside a relay; so they dont know which skills their relay
testers need.
This document, and its corresponding logbook, is designed to list every skill a relay tester should know to
effectively and efficiently test digital relays. The training should be spread out over a relay testers career and
is listed in a logical progression, including:
OO The electrical foundation needed to understand relays
OO Basic relay testing techniques
OO Basic current and voltage element testing
OO Advanced relay testing techniques
OO Specialized techniques for advanced relays
Technicians and managers can use it to find out:

OO What skills a relay tester should have to be effective
OO What skills a technician currently has in their toolkit
OO What path they should take to get maximum benefit
OO Where to get the appropriate training, using the footnotes and last section
We hope you find it useful. Please contact us if you see anything missing or needs correcting.
Dont forget to have fun out there!
Chris Werstiuk
store@relaytraining.com | relaytraining.com |
2017 - Valence Electrical Training Services
1
How to Use The Ultimate Relay Tester Training Plan
The Ultimate Relay Tester Training Plan is organized in a logical progression, starting with the basics of electricity
that every relay tester should know, so that there is a foundation for the topics the follow. This flowchart will
help you visualize the perfect relay testing progression laid out in the following pages. Everyone should learn
the basics before they branch into specific relay testing disciplines.
Introduction to Protective Relays
Protective Relay Principles
Overcurrent Elements
Voltage and Frequency Elements
Advanced Relay Testing Techniques
Transmission and Differential Relays Motor Relays Generator Relays

Distribution Relays
We have added footnotes to each topic that will guide you to a training course/seminar/class/program that
covers that specific topic. If you want training on a specific topic, follow the footnotes to the last few pages
and find a training provider for that topic.
We want this to be the most comprehensive guide possible. If you see a class/course/seminar/program
missing that provides training for a specific program, please send us an email at store@relaytraining.com. We
want to make this a living document and will constantly update it with your suggestions and corrections at
store@relaytraining.com. You can always download the latest version at https://relaytraining.com/ultimate-
relay-testing-training-guide/
You can also download a logbook that includes all of the topics in this document, so that relay testers and
supervisors can keep track of their training progress and plan for the future. The columns are blank so you
add your own headers to track the information you care about.
The Ultimate Relay Tester Training Logbook The Ultimate Relay Tester Training Logbook The Ultimate Relay Tester Training Logbook
1) Electrical Basics 1, 4, 100, 101, 300, B, c, e 1) Electrical Basics 1, 4, 100, 101, 300, B, c, e 1) Electrical Basics 1, 4, 100, 101, 300, B, c, e
a) Rotors, Stators, and Magnetism a) Rotors, Stators, and Magnetism a) Rotors, Stators, and Magnetism
b) Sine Waves & Cycles 1, 100, 300 b) Sine Waves & Cycles 1, 100, 300 b) Sine Waves & Cycles 1, 100, 300
i) What is a Cycle 1, 100 i) What is a Cycle 1, 100 i) What is a Cycle 1, 100
ii) Counting Cycles 1, 100 ii) Counting Cycles 1, 100 ii) Counting Cycles 1, 100
c) Frequency 1, 100 c) Frequency 1, 100 c) Frequency 1, 100
i) What is the System Frequency 1, 100 i) What is the System Frequency 1, 100 i) What is the System Frequency 1, 100
ii) Cycles vs. Seconds 1, 100 ii) Cycles vs. Seconds 1, 100 ii) Cycles vs. Seconds 1, 100
iii) What Reference to Use 1, 100 iii) What Reference to Use 1, 100 iii) What Reference to Use 1, 100
iv) Converting between cycles/seconds and cycles/cycles 1, 100 iv) Converting between cycles/seconds and cycles/cycles 1, 100 iv) Converting between cycles/seconds and cycles/cycles 1, 100
d) Phasors 1, 101, 300 d) Phasors 1, 101, 300 d) Phasors 1, 101, 300
i) What is a Phasor? 1, 101 i) What is a Phasor? 1, 101 i) What is a Phasor? 1, 101
ii) X-Y Drawings B ii) X-Y Drawings B ii) X-Y Drawings B
iii) How to Draw Phasors 1, 101 iii) How to Draw Phasors 1, 101 iii) How to Draw Phasors 1, 101
e) Basic Circuits e) Basic Circuits e) Basic Circuits
i) Ohms Law e i) Ohms Law e i) Ohms Law e
ii) Kirchoffs Law ii) Kirchoffs Law ii) Kirchoffs Law
iii) Measuring Voltage, Current, and Phase Angle iii) Measuring Voltage, Current, and Phase Angle iii) Measuring Voltage, Current, and Phase Angle
iv) Series and Parallel Circuits e iv) Series and Parallel Circuits e iv) Series and Parallel Circuits e
f) Power 1, 4, 300, B, e f) Power 1, 4, 300, B, e f) Power 1, 4, 300, B, e
i) Watt Formulas B, e i) Watt Formulas B, e i) Watt Formulas B, e
g) Reactance 1, 4, 300, c, e g) Reactance 1, 4, 300, c, e g) Reactance 1, 4, 300, c, e
i) Inductors 300, e i) Inductors 300, e i) Inductors 300, e
ii) Reactance 300, B, e ii) Reactance 300, B, e ii) Reactance 300, B, e
iii) Capacitors 300, c, e iii) Capacitors 300, c, e iii) Capacitors 300, c, e
iv) VAR formulas iv) VAR formulas iv) VAR formulas
Store@relaytraining.com | relaytraining.com | 2017 - Valence Electrical Training Services

1 Store@relaytraining.com | relaytraining.com |
2017 - Valence Electrical Training Services 1 Store@relaytraining.com | relaytraining.com |
2017 - Valence Electrical Training Services 1
Store@relaytraining.com | relaytraining.com |
2
Table of Contents
1. Electrical Fundamentals7
1) Electrical Basics 1, 4, 100, 101, 300, B, c, e 7
2) The Three-Phase Electrical System 1, 100, 101, 300 8
3) Electric Machines 3, 4, 300, 302, e 8
4) Instrument Transformers 1,200,300, e 9
5) Fault Types 1, 2, 200, 300, 301, 302, B, f 9
6) Sequence Components 300, 302, B, e 10
7) Logic Basics 2, 200, 300, B 10
2. Introduction to Protective Relays11

1) Electrical Equipment Basic Operation b, c, d, e 11
2) What Are Protective Relays? 1, 200, 300, B 11
3) Protective Relay Equipment 1, 200, 300, A, c, d 11
3. Protective Relay Testing Principles12

1) Reasons for Relay Testing 1, 2, 200, 300 12
2) Relay Testing Equipment 1, 200, 300, A 12
3) Basic Relay Test Procedures 1, 2, 200, 300, A, a, b, d, e 12
4) Simulating Faults 2, 200, 300 13
5) Pickup Testing 2, 200, 300, A 13
6) Time Testing 2, 200, 300, A 13
7) Evaluating Results 1, 2, 200, 300, A 13
8) In-Service Metering 200, d 13
3
Table of Contents
4. Basic Protection Elements Overcurrent14
1) Overcurrent Fundamentals 1, 2, 200, 300, A 14
2) Inverse Time Overcurrent (51) Element Testing 1, 2, 200, 300, A 14
3) Instantaneous Time Overcurrent (50) Element Testing 1, 2, 200, 300, A 14
4) Directional Overcurrent (67) Element Testing 2, 200, 300, A 14
5. Basic Protection Elements Voltage and Frequency15

1) Undervoltage (27) Element Testing 4, 300, A 15
2) Overvoltage (59) Element Testing 4, 300, A 15
3) Frequency (81) Element Testing 4, 300, A, b 15
4) Fuse Loss (60) Element Testing 4, B 15
6. Advanced Relay Testing Techniques16

1) Why Should We Change? 2, 200, 300, 301 16
2) Basic Dynamic Testing 2, 200, 300 16
3) Advanced Dynamic Testing 2, 200 16
4) COMTRADE Testing 301 16
5) System Simulations 16
6) Using Description of Operations 200 17
7) Sequence of Event Records 2 17
8) Oscillography Records d 17
9) Digital Relay Logic Intensive 300 17
4
Table of Contents
7. Protection Elements for Transmission and Distribution18
1) Substation Equipment b, c, e, f 18
2) Distance Fundamentals 3, 300, 301, A, B, b, c, e, f 18
3) Line Distance (21) Element Testing 3, 300, 301, A 18
4) Breaker Fail (50BF) Element Testing b 19
5) Switch On To Fault (SOTF) Element Testing 19
6) Synchronizing (25) Element Testing B, e 19
7) Reclosing (79) Element Testing e 19
8) Out-Of-Step (78) Element Testing 19
9) Communication Assisted Trip Schemes 301, c, d 20
10) Introduction to End-to-End Testing 301 20
11) End-to-End Testing Steps 301 20
8. Differential Protection Elements21

1) Differential Fundamentals 3, 300, A, b, e, f 21
2) Restrained Current Differential (87) Element Testing 3, 300, A 21
3) Harmonic Restraint/Blocking 3, 300, A 21
4) Unrestrained Current Differential (87) Element Testing 3, 300, A 21
5) High Impedance Differential (87Z) Element Testing 21
9. Motor Protection Elements22

1) Motor Fundamentals 5, 302 22
2) Overload/Thermal Capacity (49) Protection Element Testing 5, 302 22
3) Restart Block Protection Element Testing 5, 302 22
4) Acceleration Trip Element Testing 5, 302 22
5) Mechanical Jam Protection Element Testing 5, 302 22
6) Current Unbalance (46) Protection Element Testing 5, 302 22
5
Table of Contents
7) Single Phase Protection Element Testing 5, 302 23
8) Phase Reversal Protection Element Testing 5, 302 23
9) Ground Protection Element (50G) Testing with Zero-Sequence Sensor 5, 302 23
10) Motor Differential Protection (87) 5, 302 23
11) Over-Temperature (RTD) Protection Element Testing 5, 302 23
10. Generator Protection Elements24

1) Generator Fundamentals 4, A, B, c, e, f 24
2) Voltage Controlled/Restrained Overcurrent (51V) Element Testing 4, A 24
3) Neutral Over-Voltage (59N) Element Testing 4, A 24
4) Loss of Field (40) Element Testing 4, A 24
5) Directional Power (32) Element Testing 4, A 24
6) Negative Sequence (46) Element Testing 4, A 25
7) Volts/Hz (24) Element Testing 4, A 25
8) Synchronizing (25) Element Testing 25
9) 100% Stator Earth Protection (27TN) Element Testing 4, A 25
10) Breaker Fail (50BF) Element Testing 25
11) Inadvertent Energization (50/27) Element Testing 4, A 26
12) Out-Of-Step (78) Element Testing 26
11. Training Providers27

1) Valence Electrical Training Services 27
2) Other Providers Endorsed by Valence Electrical Training Services 27
3) Other Providers 27
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1. Electrical Fundamentals
If relay testers dont understand the fundamentals of the electrical system, they are always going to struggle. All
protective relays use the same formulas with minor variations, and you will be much better equipped with this
basic knowledge. Use the footnotes to find training for any areas youre missing.
1) Electrical Basics 1, 4, 100, 101, 300, B, c, e

a) Rotors, Stators, and Magnetism
b) Sine Waves & Cycles 1, 100, 300
i) What Is a Cycle? 1, 100
ii) Counting Cycles 1, 100
c) Frequency 1, 100
i) What Is the System Frequency? 1, 100
ii) Cycles vs. Seconds 1, 100
iii) Which Reference to Use? 1, 100
iv) Converting Between Cycles/Seconds and Cycles/Cycles 1, 100
d) Phasors 1, 101, 300
i) What Is a Phasor? 1, 101
ii) X-Y Drawings B
iii) How to Draw Phasors 1, 101
e) Basic Circuits
i) Ohms Law e
ii) Kirchoffs Law
iii) Measuring Voltage, Current, and Phase Angle
iv) Series and Parallel Circuits e
f) Power 1, 4, 300, B, e
i) Watt Formulas B, e
g) Reactance 1, 4, 300, c, e
i) Inductors 300, e
ii) Reactance 300, B, e
iii) Capacitors 300, c, e
iv) VAR formulas
h) Power Triangle 1, 4, 300, B
i) P-Q Diagrams 4
ii) Real vs. Imaginary 4
iii) Polar vs. Rectangular B
iv) Power Factor 1, 300, B
v) Power Factor Correction
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2) The Three-Phase Electrical System 1, 100, 101, 300

a) Three-Phase Connections 1, 300
i) Why
ii) Delta 1, 300
iii) Wye 1, 300
b) Grounding Systems
i) Solid 300
ii) Resistance 300
iii) Impedance 300
iv) Ungrounded
v) Zig-Zag Transformer Grounding
c) Determine System Phase Rotation 1, 100
d) Phasor Diagrams 1, 101, 300
i) In-Phase vs. Out-of-Phase 1, 101
ii) Drawing Multiple Phasors 1, 101
iii) Drawing Multiple Scales 1, 101
iv) Megger/RTS/GE SR vs. Doble/Manta vs. Omicron/SEL 1, 101
v) Phase Rotation 1, 101
vi) Adding and Subtracting Phasors
vii) Multiplying and Dividing Phasors
e) 3 Phase Watts, VARs, and VA
i) Formulas
ii) LL vs. LN
3) Electric Machines 3, 4, 300, 302, e

a) Motors 302
i) Motors vs. Generators 4, 302
ii) DC vs. AC
iii) Synchronous vs. Induction 302
iv) Load 302
b) Transformers 3, 300, B, e
i) Ratio 3, 300
ii) Voltage vs. Current
iii) VA = VA 3, 300, B
iv) Delta vs. Wye 3, 300, B
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4) Instrument Transformers 1,200,300, e

a) Current Transformers 300, B, b, d
i) Ratio 1, 300
ii) Polarity 1, 200, 300, B
iii) Excitation Current 1
iv) Accuracy Class 1, 300
v) Saturation 1
vi) Burden 1, 300
vii) Shorting 1, 200, 300
viii) Phase vs. Neutral vs. Residual Connections 1
b) Voltage Transformers 1, 200, 300, d
i) Ratio 1, 200, 300
ii) Accuracy Class
iii) Burden
iv) Phase vs. Neutral vs. Open-Delta vs. Open-Corner Delta 1, 300
v) Nominal Voltage
5) Fault Types 1, 2, 200, 300, 301, 302, B, f

a) Three-Phase Faults 1, 2, 200, 300, 301, 302
i) Characteristics 1, 2, 200, 300, 301, 302
ii) Fault Voltage 1, 2, 200, 300, 302
iii) Fault Current 1, 2, 200, 300, 302
b) Phase-Phase Faults 1, 2, 200, 300, 301, B
i) Characteristics 1, 2, 200, 300 , 301
ii) Fault Voltage 1, 2, 200, 300, B
iii) Fault Current 1, 2, 200, 300
c) Phase-Ground Faults 1, 2, 200, 300, 301, 302
i) Characteristics 1, 2, 200, 300, 301, 302
ii) Fault Voltage 1, 2, 200, 300, 302
iii) Fault Current 1, 2, 200, 300, 302
d) Phase-Phase-Ground Faults 300
i) Characteristics
ii) Fault Voltage
iii) Fault Current
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6) Sequence Components 300, 302, B, e

a) Positive Sequence 300, 302, B
b) Negative Sequence 300, 302, B
c) Zero Sequence 300, B
d) Relationship to Fault Types 2, 300
7) Logic Basics 2, 200, 300, B

a) OR 2, 200, 300, B
b) AND 2, 200, 300, B
c) NOT 2, 300, B
d) NOR 300
e) XOR 300
f) Comparator 2, 200, 300
g) On-Delay Timer 300
h) Off-Delay Timer 200, 300
i) Latching Relays 200, 300
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2. Introduction to Protective Relays

Its always a good idea to understand the thing youre about to test. Testing a digital relay is much easier once
you get into its head and understand its thought process.
1) Electrical Equipment Basic Operation b, c, d, e

a) Disconnect Switches
b) Fuses
c) Circuit Breakers b
d) Radial Feeds
e) Main-Tie-Main
f) Annunciators
g) SCADA c
2) What Are Protective Relays? 1, 200, 300, B

a) Protect Equipment from Damage 1, 200, 300
b) Be Selective 1, 300
c) Coordinate with Other Protective Devices 1, 200, 300
d) Compensate for Normal System 1, 200, 300
e) IEEE Numbers B
f) NERC/FERC PRC-005 B
3) Protective Relay Equipment 1, 200, 300, A, c, d

a) Relay Construction (Inputs, Processor, Outputs, etc.) 1, 200, 300
b) Power Supply
i) AC
ii) Battery c
iii) Battery Charger c
iv) Ground Hazards and Detection
c) Circuit Breakers
i) Opening Circuit
ii) Closing Circuit
d) Lockout Relays
11
3. Protective Relay Testing Principles

Most relay testers are laser focused on testing the frustrating elements inside the relay to the exclusion of every-
thing else. That is part of relay testing, but it is NOT where the most common problems in digital relays occur. The
topics in this section will give you an overview of what a relay tries to do, how it does it, along with multiple test
procedures you can apply to any relay with any test-set.
1) Reasons for Relay Testing 1, 2, 200, 300

a) Type Testing 1, 2, 200, 300
b) Acceptance Testing 1, 2, 200, 300
c) Commissioning 1, 2, 200, 300
d) Maintenance Testing 1, 2, 200, 300
e) Troubleshooting 1, 2, 200, 300
2) Relay Testing Equipment 1, 200, 300, A

a) Test-Set Construction and Principles A
b) Test Leads 1, 300
c) Communication Supplies 1, 200, 300
3) Basic Relay Test Procedures 1, 2, 200, 300, A, a, b, d, e

a) Review the Relay Application and Drawings 1, 2, 200, 300, a, b, d, e
i) Single Line 1, 2, 200, 300, a, e
ii) Three Line 1, 2, 200, 300, a
iii) DC Schematics 1, 2, 200, 300, a, d
iv) Wiring Diagrams a
v) Logic Diagrams / Functional Drawings b
b) Isolate the Relay from the System
i) Westinghouse/ABB/State FT-Style Shorting Switches 1, 2, 200, 300
ii) GE Shorting Switches 2, 300
iii) No Shorting Switches 2, 200, 300
c) Connecting the Test-set to the Relay 2, 200, 300
i) Three-Phase Systems 2, 200, 300
ii) Two-Element Systems 2, 200, 300
iii) Simulating Three Phase with Two Phase 2, 300
d) Upload Relay Settings 1, 2, 200, 300
i) Straight-Through vs. Null 1, 2, 200, 300
ii) Baud Rate/Speed 1, 2, 200, 300
iii) IP Addressing 1, 2, 200, 300
iv) Communication Troubleshooting 1, 2, 200, 300
v) Upload Errors and What to Do 1, 2, 200
12
e) Relay Self-Test 1, 2, 200, 300

f) Digital I/O Check 1, 2, 200, 300
g) Meter Test 1, 2, 200, 300
4) Simulating Faults 2, 200, 300

a) Three-Phase Faults 2, 200, 300
b) Phase-Ground Faults 2, 200, 300
c) Phase to Phase Faults 2, 200, 300
5) Pickup Testing 2, 200, 300, A

a) Understand the Basic Operation of the Element 2, 200, 300
b) Choose the Appropriate Fault Type 2, 200, 300
c) Ramping Pickup Test 2, 200, 300, A
d) Pulsing Pickup Test 2, 200, 300, A
e) Dynamic Pickup Test 2, 200, 300
6) Time Testing 2, 200, 300, A

a) Connect All Outputs Programmed to Operate 2, 200, 300
b) Create a Timer for Each Output 2, 200, 300
c) Apply Nominal Prefault Voltage 2, 200, 300
d) Choose the Appropriate Fault Type 2, 200, 300
e) Apply Fault at Appropriate Level 2, 200, 300, A
f) Measure Time from Fault Application to Relay Operation for Each Output 2, 200, 300, A
7) Evaluating Results 1, 2, 200, 300, A

a) Relay Specifications 1, 2, 200, 300
b) Calculating Percent Tolerances 1, 2, 200, 300
c) Calculating Absolute Tolerances 1, 2, 200, 300
d) Which Test Values to Apply? 1, 2, 200
8) In-Service Metering 200, d

a) Why In-Service Metering is Important 200
b) What to Look for 200
13
4. Basic Protection Elements Overcurrent

Overcurrent protection is the foundation of relay protection. You can test any relay once you understand these
principles and mix them with the information from previous sections.
1) Overcurrent Fundamentals 1, 2, 200, 300, A

a) What Is It For? 1, 2, 200, 300
b) Inverse vs. Instantaneous 1, 2, 200, 300
c) Fault Study 300
d) Relay Coordination 1, 2, 200, 300
e) Time Coordination Curves 1, 2, 200, 300
f) Getting Test Points from TCC Drawings
2) Inverse Time Overcurrent (51) Element Testing 1, 2, 200, 300, A

a) Understand the Application 2, 200, 300
b) Understand the Settings 2, 200, 300
c) Pickup Testing 1, 2, 200, 300
d) Timing Tests 1, 2, 200, 300
e) Reset Tests 2, 200, 300
f) Tips and Tricks to Overcome Common Problems 2, 200, 300
3) Instantaneous Time Overcurrent (50) Element Testing 1, 2, 200, 300, A

b) Understand the Settings 1, 2, 200, 300
c) Pickup Testing 1, 2, 200, 300
d) Timing Tests 1, 2, 200, 300
e) Tips and Tricks to Overcome Common Problems 1, 2, 200, 300
4) Directional Overcurrent (67) Element Testing 2, 200, 300, A

a) Understand the Application 2, 300
b) Understand the Settings 2, 300
c) Pickup Testing 2, 300
d) Dynamic Testing 2, 300
e) Tips and Tricks to Overcome Common Problems 2, 300
14
5. Basic Protection Elements Voltage and Frequency

Voltage protection seems easy once you get the foundations of relay testing down pat in the overcurrent section.
There are a couple of quirks you still need to understand that only occur in these elements before youre ready to
tackle the more complicated relays in the power system.
1) Undervoltage (27) Element Testing 4, 300, A

d) Timing Tests 4, 300
2) Overvoltage (59) Element Testing 4, 300, A

3) Frequency (81) Element Testing 4, 300, A, b

d) Dynamic Testing 4, 300
4) Fuse Loss (60) Element Testing 4, B

a) Understand the Application 4
b) Understand the Settings 4
c) Pickup Testing 4
d) Dynamic Testing 4
e) Tips and Tricks to Overcome Common Problems 4
15
6. Advanced Relay Testing Techniques

You could test any relay with the techniques and skills youve obtained up to this point. However, if you have
read anything written or presented about relay testing in the last 10 years or so, nobody promotes the old
test techniques. These modern test techniques that should be applied to any digital relay to make sure it is
programmed correctly. It turns out that they are faster as well being more effective.
1) Why Should We Change? 2, 200, 300, 301

a) Evaluate Traditional Pickup Tests 200
b) Basic Dynamic Tests 2, 200, 300
c) Advanced Dynamic Tests 2, 200
d) COMTRADE 301
e) System Simulations 301
f) Descriptions of Operation 200
2) Basic Dynamic Testing 2, 200, 300

a) Prepare to Test 2, 200,300
b) Build the Test Plan 2, 200,300
c) Create the Evaluations 2, 200
d) Troubleshoot 2, 200
3) Advanced Dynamic Testing 2, 200

a) Prepare to Test 2, 200
b) Build the Test Plan 2, 200
c) Create the Evaluations 2, 200
d) Troubleshoot 2, 200
4) COMTRADE Testing 301

a) Prepare to Test 301
b) Build the Test Plan 301
c) Create the Evaluations 301
d) Troubleshoot 301
5) System Simulations
a) Prepare to Test
b) Build the Test Plan
c) Create the Evaluations
d) Troubleshoot
16
6) Using Description of Operations 200

a) Prepare to Test 200
b) Build the Test Plan 200
c) Create the Evaluations 200
d) Troubleshoot 200
7) Sequence of Event Records 2

a) What are They? 2
b) Why are They Important? 2
c) How to Use Them to Troubleshoot? 2
d) When to Save and Clear? 2
8) Oscillography Records d
a) What Are They?
b) Why Are They Important?
c) How to Use Them to Troubleshoot?
d) When to Save and Clear?
9) Digital Relay Logic Intensive 300

a) Virtual On-Delay/Off-Delay Relays 300
b) Virtual Latching Relays
c) Communicating Information Between Relays
d) Interpreting Math Logic (SEL) 300
e) Interpreting Gate Logic (GE) 300
f) Interpreting Grid Logic (Beckwith, SIEMENS) 300
17
7. Protection Elements for Transmission and Distribution

Transmission and distribution systems can be complicated, and the relay elements traditionally applied in these
systems are slightly more complex than the simple elements covered in previous sections. This section covers the
most common elements applied in these systems.
1) Substation Equipment b, c, e, f
a) Disconnect Switches
b) Circuit Switchers
c) Circuit Breakers
d) Circuit Breaker Layouts b
e) Ring Bus
f) Breaker and a Half
g) Transmission Lines
h) CTs
i) PTs
j) CCVTs
k) Transformers
l) Reactors
m) Capacitor Banks c
n) Buck/Boost Transformers
o) Wave Traps
2) Distance Fundamentals 3, 300, 301, A, B, b, c, e, f

a) What Is It For? 3, 300, 301
b) Line Impedance 3, 300, 301, B
c) Line Angle 1,2,3,200, 300, B
d) R-X Drawings 3, 300, B
e) Zones of Protection 3, 300, 301
f) K-Factor 3, 300, B
g) Lens Characteristic B
h) Quad Characteristic
3) Line Distance (21) Element Testing 3, 300, 301, A

18
4) Breaker Fail (50BF) Element Testing b

a) Understand the Application
b) Understand the Settings
c) Pickup Testing
d) Timing Tests
e) Tips and Tricks to Overcome Common Problems
5) Switch On To Fault (SOTF) Element Testing

c) Pickup Testing
d) Timing Tests
6) Synchronizing (25) Element Testing B, e

a) Understand the Application e
c) LL/DB, LL/LL, DB/DL
d) Pickup Testing B
e) Timing Tests
f) Tips and Tricks to Overcome Common Problems
7) Reclosing (79) Element Testing e

a) Understand the Application e
c) Pickup Testing
d) Timing Tests
8) Out-Of-Step (78) Element Testing

c) Pickup Testing
d) Timing Tests
19
9) Communication Assisted Trip Schemes 301, c, d

a) Direct Transfer Trip (DTT) Scheme 301
b) Direct Under-Reaching Transfer Trip (DUTT) 301
c) Permissive Over-Reaching Transfer Trip (POTT) 301
d) Directional Comparison Unblocking (DCUB) 301, d
e) Permissive Under-Reaching Transfer Trip (PUTT) 301
f) Directional Comparison Blocking (DCB) 301
g) Pilot Wire Protection 301
h) Phase/Charge Comparison Protection 301
i) Line Differential 301
10) Introduction to End-to-End Testing 301

a) How to Protect Transmission Lines? 301
b) What Are Impedance Relays? 301
c) What Is End-to-End Testing? 301
d) Why Do We Perform End-to-End Testing? 301
e) How Does It Work? 301
f) Where Should I Perform End-to-End Testing? 301
g) When Should I Perform End-to-End Testing? 301
11) End-to-End Testing Steps 301

a) Set up the GPS Antenna 301
b) Isolate the Equipment Under Test 301
c) Relay Input and Output Connections 301
d) Connect Test Equipment to Replace CTs/PTs 301
e) Apply a Meter Test 301
f) Apply the Test Plan 301
g) Evaluate the Results 301
h) Return the Protection System to Service 301
i) Prepare the Report 301
20
8. Differential Protection Elements

Differential protection is unique among all of the elements because were actually testing when the relay blocks,
not when it trips. Theres also lots of moving parts in its characteristic. You will be able to test every differential
relay once you finish this section.
1) Differential Fundamentals 3, 300, A, b, e, f

a) Single Phase 3, 300
b) Operate and Restraint Currents 3, 300
c) Tap and Per Unit 3, 300
d) Phase Angle Compensation 3, 300
e) Zero-Sequence Elimination
2) Restrained Current Differential (87) Element Testing 3, 300, A

3) Harmonic Restraint/Blocking 3, 300, A

a) Understand the Application Inrush vs. Over-Excitation
4) Unrestrained Current Differential (87) Element Testing 3, 300, A

5) High Impedance Differential (87Z) Element Testing

c) Pickup Testing
d) Timing Tests
21
9. Motor Protection Elements

Motors have special operating characteristics that can make motor relay testing a pain if you dont understand
them. This section will prepare you to test any motor relay such as a Multilin SR469 or SEL-749.
1) Motor Fundamentals 5, 302

a) Synchronous vs. Inductance 5, 302
b) Thermal Memory 5, 302
c) Starting Current 5, 302
2) Overload/Thermal Capacity (49) Protection Element Testing 5, 302

3) Restart Block Protection Element Testing 5, 302

c) Which Tests to Perform 5, 302
d) Tips and Tricks to Overcome Common Problems 5, 302
4) Acceleration Trip Element Testing 5, 302

5) Mechanical Jam Protection Element Testing 5, 302

a) Understand the Application5, 302
6) Current Unbalance (46) Protection Element Testing 5, 302

a) Understand the Application5, 302
22
7) Single Phase Protection Element Testing 5, 302

8) Phase Reversal Protection Element Testing 5, 302

9) Ground Protection Element (50G) Testing with Zero-Sequence Sensor 5, 302

10) Motor Differential Protection (87) 5, 302

11) Over-Temperature (RTD) Protection Element Testing 5, 302

23
10. Generator Protection Elements

Generator protection is often the most complicated protection because were looking for faults in the rotor,
stator, field, and the power system. This section will help you test relays such as the Beckwith Electric M-3425 or
SEL-300G.
1) Generator Fundamentals 4, A, B, c, e, f
a) Rotor vs. Stator 4
b) Speed/Frequency while isolated 4
c) Field/Voltage while isolated 4
d) Parallel Operation 4
e) Parallel with the Grid Operation 4
f) P-Q Drawings 4, B
g) R-X Drawings 4, B
2) Voltage Controlled/Restrained Overcurrent (51V) Element Testing 4, A

c) Pickup Testing 4
d) Timing Tests 4
3) Neutral Over-Voltage (59N) Element Testing 4, A

c) Pickup Testing 4
d) Timing Tests 4
4) Loss of Field (40) Element Testing 4, A

c) Pickup Testing 4
d) Timing Tests 4
5) Directional Power (32) Element Testing 4, A

c) Pickup Testing 4
d) Timing Tests 4
24
6) Negative Sequence (46) Element Testing 4, A

c) Pickup Testing 4
d) Timing Tests 4
7) Volts/Hz (24) Element Testing 4, A

c) Pickup Testing 4
d) Timing Tests 4
8) Synchronizing (25) Element Testing

c) Pickup Testing
d) Timing Tests
9) 100% Stator Earth Protection (27TN) Element Testing 4, A

c) Pickup Testing 4
d) Timing Tests 4
10) Breaker Fail (50BF) Element Testing

c) Pickup Testing
d) Timing Tests
25
11) Inadvertent Energization (50/27) Element Testing 4, A

c) Pickup Testing 4
d) Timing Tests 4
12) Out-Of-Step (78) Element Testing

c) Pickup Testing
d) Timing Tests
26
11. Training Providers

This section will help you find the training you need for yourself, or your team. Use the footnotes from the
previous sections to find the course that best meets your needs.
1) Valence Electrical Training Services

We have produced all of this training material and, of course, highly encourage all relay testers to take these
classes.
a) Hands-On Classes with Instructor
1. Introduction to Modern Relay Protection Testing, Valence Electrical Training Services
2. Protective Relay Testing Fundamentals, Valence Electrical Training Services
3. Advanced Protective Relay Testing, Valence Electrical Training Services
4. Generator Protective Relay Testing, Valence Electrical Training Services
5. Motor Protective Relay Testing, Valence Electrical Training Services
b) Online Training Course with Exercises and Quizzes
101. Online Course 1-1: The Three-Phase Power System, Valence Electrical Training Services
102. Online Course 1-2: Phasor Drawings for Relay Testers, Valence Electrical Training Services
c) Online Seminar with Step-by-Step Instruction
200. How to Test Protective Relays Online Seminar, Valence Electrical Training Services
d) Reference Books
300. The Relay Testing Handbook, Valence Electrical Training Services
301. The Relay Testing Handbook: End-to-End Testing, Valence Electrical Training Services
302. The Relay Testing Handbook: Testing Motor Protection Relays (2017 release), Valence Electrical
Training Services
2) Other Providers Endorsed by Valence Electrical Training Services

We have personal experience with (or have heard glowing reviews from trusted sources about) these vendors
and we expect them to be effective training courses for relay testers. We have no official relationship with
these providers, financial or otherwise, and do not receive any compensation or have any control over quality.
A. Hands-On Relay School
B. RELAYS 101 Three-Day Protective Relay Technician Training, Relay Training Center
3) Other Providers
We do not have any personal experience with these providers and their listing here is for information only.
We have no relationship with these providers.
a. Electrical Print Reading ANSI, AVO Training Institute
b. Relay Philosophies I, Power Grid Engineering
c. Relay Philosophies II, Power Grid Engineering
d. Relay Commissioning I, Power Grid Engineering
e. Relay & Protection, Tennessee Valley Public Power Association (TVPPA)
f. Protection & Control Seminar, Beckwith Electric Co. Inc.
27

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The Ultimate Relay Tester Training Plan

The Ultimate Relay Tester Training Plan

Technicians and managers can use it to find out:

Dont forget to have fun out there!

Introduction to Protective Relays

Protective Relay Principles

Voltage and Frequency Elements

Advanced Relay Testing Techniques

Transmission and Differential Relays Motor Relays Generator Relays

Store@relaytraining.com | relaytraining.com | 2017 - Valence Electrical Training Services

2) The Three-Phase Electrical System 1, 100, 101, 300  8

3) Electric Machines 3, 4, 300, 302, e  8

4) Instrument Transformers 1,200,300, e  9

5) Fault Types 1, 2, 200, 300, 301, 302, B, f  9

6) Sequence Components 300, 302, B, e  10

7) Logic Basics 2, 200, 300, B  10

2. Introduction to Protective Relays11

2) What Are Protective Relays? 1, 200, 300, B  11

3) Protective Relay Equipment 1, 200, 300, A, c, d  11

3. Protective Relay Testing Principles12

2) Relay Testing Equipment 1, 200, 300, A  12

3) Basic Relay Test Procedures 1, 2, 200, 300, A, a, b, d, e  12

4) Simulating Faults 2, 200, 300  13

5) Pickup Testing 2, 200, 300, A  13

6) Time Testing 2, 200, 300, A  13

7) Evaluating Results 1, 2, 200, 300, A  13

8) In-Service Metering 200, d  13

2) Inverse Time Overcurrent (51) Element Testing 1, 2, 200, 300, A  14

3) Instantaneous Time Overcurrent (50) Element Testing 1, 2, 200, 300, A  14

4) Directional Overcurrent (67) Element Testing 2, 200, 300, A  14

5. Basic Protection Elements Voltage and Frequency15

2) Overvoltage (59) Element Testing 4, 300, A  15

3) Frequency (81) Element Testing 4, 300, A, b  15

4) Fuse Loss (60) Element Testing 4, B  15

6. Advanced Relay Testing Techniques16

2) Basic Dynamic Testing 2, 200, 300  16

3) Advanced Dynamic Testing 2, 200  16

4) COMTRADE Testing 301  16

6) Using Description of Operations 200  17

7) Sequence of Event Records 2  17

9) Digital Relay Logic Intensive 300  17

2) Distance Fundamentals 3, 300, 301, A, B, b, c, e, f  18

3) Line Distance (21) Element Testing 3, 300, 301, A  18

4) Breaker Fail (50BF) Element Testing b  19

5) Switch On To Fault (SOTF) Element Testing 19

6) Synchronizing (25) Element Testing B, e  19

7) Reclosing (79) Element Testing e  19

8) Out-Of-Step (78) Element Testing 19

9) Communication Assisted Trip Schemes 301, c, d  20

10) Introduction to End-to-End Testing 301  20

11) End-to-End Testing Steps 301  20

8. Differential Protection Elements21

2) Restrained Current Differential (87) Element Testing 3, 300, A  21

3) Harmonic Restraint/Blocking 3, 300, A  21

4) Unrestrained Current Differential (87) Element Testing 3, 300, A  21

5) High Impedance Differential (87Z) Element Testing 21

9. Motor Protection Elements22

2) Overload/Thermal Capacity (49) Protection Element Testing 5, 302  22

3) Restart Block Protection Element Testing 5, 302  22

4) Acceleration Trip Element Testing 5, 302  22

5) Mechanical Jam Protection Element Testing 5, 302  22

6) Current Unbalance (46) Protection Element Testing 5, 302  22

8) Phase Reversal Protection Element Testing 5, 302  23

9) Ground Protection Element (50G) Testing with Zero-Sequence Sensor 5, 302  23

2) The Three-Phase Electrical System 1, 100, 101, 300 8

3) Electric Machines 3, 4, 300, 302, e 8

4) Instrument Transformers 1,200,300, e 9

5) Fault Types 1, 2, 200, 300, 301, 302, B, f 9

6) Sequence Components 300, 302, B, e 10

7) Logic Basics 2, 200, 300, B 10

2. Introduction to Protective Relays11

2) What Are Protective Relays? 1, 200, 300, B 11

3) Protective Relay Equipment 1, 200, 300, A, c, d 11

3. Protective Relay Testing Principles12

2) Relay Testing Equipment 1, 200, 300, A 12

3) Basic Relay Test Procedures 1, 2, 200, 300, A, a, b, d, e 12

4) Simulating Faults 2, 200, 300 13

5) Pickup Testing 2, 200, 300, A 13

6) Time Testing 2, 200, 300, A 13

7) Evaluating Results 1, 2, 200, 300, A 13

8) In-Service Metering 200, d 13

2) Inverse Time Overcurrent (51) Element Testing 1, 2, 200, 300, A 14

3) Instantaneous Time Overcurrent (50) Element Testing 1, 2, 200, 300, A 14

4) Directional Overcurrent (67) Element Testing 2, 200, 300, A 14

5. Basic Protection Elements Voltage and Frequency15

2) Overvoltage (59) Element Testing 4, 300, A 15

3) Frequency (81) Element Testing 4, 300, A, b 15

4) Fuse Loss (60) Element Testing 4, B 15

6. Advanced Relay Testing Techniques16

2) Basic Dynamic Testing 2, 200, 300 16

3) Advanced Dynamic Testing 2, 200 16

4) COMTRADE Testing 301 16

6) Using Description of Operations 200 17

7) Sequence of Event Records 2 17

9) Digital Relay Logic Intensive 300 17

2) Distance Fundamentals 3, 300, 301, A, B, b, c, e, f 18

3) Line Distance (21) Element Testing 3, 300, 301, A 18

4) Breaker Fail (50BF) Element Testing b 19

5) Switch On To Fault (SOTF) Element Testing 19

6) Synchronizing (25) Element Testing B, e 19

7) Reclosing (79) Element Testing e 19

8) Out-Of-Step (78) Element Testing 19

9) Communication Assisted Trip Schemes 301, c, d 20

10) Introduction to End-to-End Testing 301 20

11) End-to-End Testing Steps 301 20

8. Differential Protection Elements21

2) Restrained Current Differential (87) Element Testing 3, 300, A 21

3) Harmonic Restraint/Blocking 3, 300, A 21

4) Unrestrained Current Differential (87) Element Testing 3, 300, A 21

5) High Impedance Differential (87Z) Element Testing 21

9. Motor Protection Elements22

2) Overload/Thermal Capacity (49) Protection Element Testing 5, 302 22

3) Restart Block Protection Element Testing 5, 302 22

4) Acceleration Trip Element Testing 5, 302 22

5) Mechanical Jam Protection Element Testing 5, 302 22

6) Current Unbalance (46) Protection Element Testing 5, 302 22

8) Phase Reversal Protection Element Testing 5, 302 23

9) Ground Protection Element (50G) Testing with Zero-Sequence Sensor 5, 302 23

10) Motor Differential Protection (87) 5, 302 23

11) Over-Temperature (RTD) Protection Element Testing 5, 302 23

10. Generator Protection Elements24

2) Voltage Controlled/Restrained Overcurrent (51V) Element Testing 4, A 24

3) Neutral Over-Voltage (59N) Element Testing 4, A 24

4) Loss of Field (40) Element Testing 4, A 24

5) Directional Power (32) Element Testing 4, A 24

6) Negative Sequence (46) Element Testing 4, A 25

7) Volts/Hz (24) Element Testing 4, A 25

8) Synchronizing (25) Element Testing 25

9) 100% Stator Earth Protection (27TN) Element Testing 4, A 25

10) Breaker Fail (50BF) Element Testing 25

11) Inadvertent Energization (50/27) Element Testing 4, A 26

12) Out-Of-Step (78) Element Testing 26

11. Training Providers27

2) Other Providers Endorsed by Valence Electrical Training Services 27