Pressure vessel

Design
Supported by PV Elite Pressure vessel design software

Prepared by: Eng. Mahmoud Elsayed

E-mail: Onemahmoud_1988@yahoo.com
Contents:
Introduction
Internal pressure calculation procedure
External pressure calculation procedures
Min. Design metal temperature
Wind load calculation
Earthquake load calculation
Nozzle calculation
Reinforcement calculation
Saddle Support Calculation
Lifting lugs
Hydro test pressure calculation
 Introduction
Definition :
Pressure vessels are containers for fluids that are under pressure.
function :
*pressure vessels convert crude oil or petrochemical feedstock's into useful
products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, or jet fuel.
*some pressure vessel used to storage raw materials
*others used in the separation process .

Pressure vessel types according to its application :

Horizontal Drum on Saddle Supports

Vertical Drum on Leg Supports
Tall Vertical Tower
Vertical Reactor
Spherical Pressurized Storage Vessel
The main components of the pressure vessels :

*Shell
*head
*nozzle
*support
The shell :
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells are
welded together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis.
Most pressure vessel shells are either cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape.

Head :
*All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads .
*Heads are typically curved rather than flat. Curved configurations are stronger and
allow the heads to be thinner, lighter, and less expensive than are heads with a flat
shape.
*The shape of the curve is usually semi-elliptical or hemispherical.
*The semi-elliptical shape is more common.
Nozzle :
*A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell and/or heads of a pressure
vessel.
*Nozzles may be used for the following applications:

Attaching piping systems that are used for flow into or out of the vessel.
Attaching instrument connections, such as level gauges, thermo wells,or pressure gauges.
Providing access to the vessel interior at man ways.
Providing for direct attachment of other equipment items, such as a heat exchanger.
Internal pressure calculation
procedure
Divided to two calculation :
Head
Shell

First the Head :

At the beginning we calculate the corroded factor ( calculation based on the worst condition )
And it equal

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Then the procedure done as the following :
1- Required Thickness due to Internal Pressure

2- [MAWP]
3- [MAPNC]
4- Actual stress at given pressure and thickness, corroded
5- Straight Flange Required Thickness
6- Straight Flange Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
 Second : the shell calculation :
The procedure is the same as the head procedures Except the equations which
is :
1- The thickness 2- The Pressure
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Sample of the calculation :
According to ASME VII Div.1 (UG-27) ,
after calculate the thickness we add the
Corrosion allowance , then find the
reasonable commercial thickness.

We use the commercial ( nominal)

thickness minus the corrosion
allowance and use it to find the
MAWP s thickness .

We use the nominal thickness in

pressure equation to get the MWPNC
to use it in the hydro test pressure
calculation

Also we calculate the actual stress at

the worst condition of the operation
 External pressure calculation
The External pressure calculation divided into two types of calculation due to the
vessel s part :
1-The head
2-The shell
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First : the head :
Compute Pa.
Assume a thickness Find Factor B
and calculate Factor from applicable
A. material chart

Then we make the Requirement check

The tables of the materials
according to the ASME VII Div.1
Note :
Ro=0.9*Do found in ASME II part D (UG-33a) due to the internal pressure
subpart 3

P = 1.67 * External Design pressure for this head.

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An Example for the calculation :
Second : the Shell hemi-heads.. L = LT-T + 0.333 The tables of the materials
2:1 Semi-elliptical heads. L = LT-T + 0.166 found in ASME II part D
Assume a thickness (t) subpart 3
( we can use the thickness
requirement for the internal
pressure)

Assume a thickness
Calculate L/D, and Do/t ratios and calculate Factor
A.

If the allowable external pressure is less

than the design external pressure, Find Factor B
then a decision must be made on how to proceed. Either from applicable
material chart

If Factor A falls to the If Factor A falls to the

left of the material line, Right of the material line,
(b) Select to use stiffening rings to
reduce the L dimension.
(a) select a new
thickness
Compute Pa. Compute Pa.

Example for calculation

Minimum Design Metal Temperature
Min. Design Metal Temperature :
MDMT is the lowest temperature which the vessel s material bear with it .
Can get it as the following steps :
1- From the USC-66 Table @ the ASME VII Div.1 we use the thickness
and the material type (Curve A, B, C, D )

2-then know that the vessel need an Impact test or not by the UCS-66M
we enter the figure with thickness and MDMT .
3- we also use the UCS-66.1 to know the reduction in MDMT without
impact test

This factor can get by this

equation :
(Tr * E ) / ( Tg C )

Corroded Corroded
thickness thickness

Joint eff.
Governor
But not
thickness
less than 1

An Example for
The MDMT
calculation
The Nozzle calculation :
First : The calculation of the nozzle required thickness :
According to the ASME VII Div.1 (UG-45)

Ta = minimum neck thickness using UG 27 (internal pressure) and UG 28 (External pressure) plus
Corrosion allowance
Tb1 = for vessels under internal pressure plus corrosion allowance
Tb2 = for vessels under external pressure plus corrosion allowance
Tb3 = thickness given in UG 45 plus corrosion allowance
Tr16b = thickness given due to ASME ( UG-16-b) the min. thickness for head and shell (1.5mm +C.A.)
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Example for NA1 nozzle ( inlet nozzle ) :
The Calculation of nozzle reinforcement :
1- F : correction factor that substitute the variation in internal pressure stresses
on different planes with respect to the axis of the a vessel ,and can get it
from this curve .
2- Fr1 : Sn / Sv
3- Fr2 : Sn / Sv
4- Fr3: (Sn or Sv the lesser ) / Sv
5- Fr4: Sp / Sv
6- Sn : the allowable stress for the nozzle material .
7- Sv : the allowable stress for the vessel material .
8- Sp : the allowable stress for the pad material .
Any allowable stress can get from
ASME II part D Subpart 1
The Diminutions :
The thickness :
1- tn: the nozzle diameter ( can get from schedule by get (t min*0.875)-corrosion
allowance .
2- trn :the nozzle required thickness due to the internal pressure .
3- t : the shell total thickness (tr + the thickness required for the reinforcement area )
4- tr :the shell required thickness due to the internal pressure .
5- te :the pad thickness .
The area :
A : the required area .
A1 : the reinforcement area in the shell .
A2 : the reinforcement area in the nozzle .
A3 : the reinforcement area in the inside
wall thickness of the nozzle .
A4 : the reinforcement area in the welding
A5 : the reinforcement area in the pad .
For the using a hub for the nozzle an additional area will add to the reinforcement calculation ( A6 ) :

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So the result of the reinforcement of the nozzle NA1 :
The Hydro test Calculation

According to ASME VII Div.1 ( UG -99)

The Wind Calculation :
According to UBC code we use this equation :

For
Example for the wind calculation :

The parameters

The pressure of the

wind equation

The combined
height

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The force of the wind acting

upon the certain section
Saddle supports calculations procedures :
The saddle design depend on two main forces :
1- the horizontal force ( Fh)
2- the total load force acting on the saddle (Q)
Fh
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the total force per saddle calculated from three forces :
A- the weight of the vessel
B- the tangential forces
C- the longitudinal forces

Longitudinal force
Seismic FL=Cw*Wo Wind FL = Af*Cf*qz*G0
Q
Cf = 0.8
G = 0.85
q = 0.00256KzV2I
Kz = from Table 3-23
I = 1.15
V = basic wind speed
Transverse forces Ft per saddle.
Seismic Ft = ( Ch*W0)0.5 Wind Ft = (Af cf Gdqz)*0.5

Af= De*(L + 2H)

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So the Total saddle reaction forces (Q ) equal :
Q =greater of Q1 or Q2

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Second the horizontal force :

For :

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Then we design the saddle according to the stresses from the these two main forces
Example for calculation :

Longitudinal Tangential Longitudinal Tangential

wind force wind force seismic force seismic force
Then The types of stress which acting on the saddle :
The stresses :

1 the Longitudinal stress :

Tension stress Compression stress

Max. value of Max. value of

these stresses these stresses

Stress at the
@ mid span (Top)
saddle top area
Stress at the saddle @ Saddle (bottom)
bottom area

Stress at the mid span

(top or bottom )
 * 2 the Tangential stress :

A > (R/2) A =< (R/2)

Max. value of Max. value of

these stresses these stresses

Shell

Shell Head additional stress

@ head
Equation with (K2 factor )

Equation with (K3 factor )

3 the Circumferential stress :

Max. value of Stresses at

these stresses Length >= (8R) bottom of shell
at saddle
horn Length < (8R)
Lifting Lugs :

The design bases at the empty weight of the vessel .

Making the different combined stress :

1
+

2
+
Check the results :

1- >

2- >

3- >

4- >