2016 ACPA

Discussion Topics
T-13

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Topics

Nonredundant Load Modifier for

Earth Loads
Live Load Applications
Shear on Boxes
Precast Concrete Pipe

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 3

Consistency?
12 inch RCP (D-Loads)

Standard Depth (ft)

1 2 3 10 15 20 25

AASHTO 1150 650 475 750 1100 1425 1750

Standard Spec

AASHTO LRFD 1700 1050 800 900 1250 1600 1975

(2010)

AASHTO LRFD 1492 1322 880 788 1164 1547 1929

(2016)

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Non Redundancy Factor
 5

12.5.4 Load Modifiers and Load

Factors
For strength limit states, buried
structures shall be considered
nonredundant under earth fill and
redundant under live load and
dynamic load allowance loads.
Commentary?

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Review of Live Load
Application, and
Proposal for an Up-to-
Date Method
 7

What has AASHTO Done for You

Lately?

12 inch RCP D-Loads

AASHTO Fill Height (ft)
Standard 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
STD 1150 650 475 475 500 525 575 650
LRFD 2010 1700 1050 800 725 700 700 750 800
LRFD 2016 1492 1322 880 727 694 705 741 788

Note: This excludes the use of 4.6.2.10.3

 8

24 inch RCP D-Loads

AASHTO Fill Height (ft)
Standard 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
STD 950 575 450 450 475 525 575 650
LRFD 2010 1050 875 725 650 650 675 725 775
LRFD 2016 1202 1203 818 690 665 680 717 764

36 inch RCP D-Loads

AASHTO Fill Height (ft)
Standard 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
STD 775 525 425 450 475 525 600 650
LRFD 2010 850 700 675 650 650 675 725 775
LRFD 2016 1244 1137 789 687 665 687 728 775

Note: This excludes the use of 4.6.2.10.3

 9

48 inch RCP D-Loads

AASHTO Fill Height (ft)
Standard 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
STD 625 500 425 450 475 550 600 650
LRFD 2010 825 650 625 650 650 700 750 800
LRFD 2016 966 935 732 663 655 684 726 774

Note: This excludes the use of 4.6.2.10.3

 10

NCHRP 20-07, Task 316

No visible crack developed at any
locations until after both the service live
load requirement and the ultimate live load
requirement, as defined by AASHTO
(2013) had been exceeded. The buried
test pipes did not reach their service live
load limit requirements until loads of 4.0
and 3.0 times greater than the calculated
0.01-inch crack load limit of the pipe, for
the pipes equivalent to Class IV and V,
respectively
24 inch pipe at 1 foot
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Live Load Distribution Factor

 12

Spread Through Pipe

W + LLDF*H

Elevation View

Dist = 0.06 * Di
 13

0.06 X Di?
Pipe ID (in) Pipe OD (in) Old Distribution Current
1.75 x 0.75 x OD Distribution
0.06 x ID
12 16 21 0.72
24 30 39.375 1.44
36 44 57.75 2.16
48 58 76.125 2.88
60 72 94.5 3.6
72 86 112.875 4.32
 14

Less Than 2 Feet

E = 96 + 1.44S (4.6.2.10.2-1) Espan

E = Distribution width perpendicular to span in inches

S = Clear Span in feet
 15
Less Than 2 Feet

E E

E = 26 + 6.6S (Table 4.6.2.1.3-1)

E = Distribution width perpendicular to span in inches

S = Clear Span in feet
 16

Live Load Distribution (Shallow)

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ACPA Proposal
 18

Interaction Depth for Wheels (Perpendicular)

W ws for a single wheel

sw

W ws for two wheels

Plan View

DTP/2 DTP/2
W + LLDF*H

Elevation View
19
 20

How the Load was Applied

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Coefficient of Distribution

Pipe Size (B-Wall) Old Coefficient Current Coefficient ASCE Coefficient

1.75 x 0.75 0.06

12 1.3125 0.06 1.8823

24 1.3125 0.06 1.1528
36 1.3125 0.06 0.995
48 1.3125 0.06 0.9363
60 1.3125 0.06 0.9081
72 1.3125 0.06 0.8924
84 1.3125 0.06 0.8828
96 1.3125 0.06 0.8765
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Distribution (ft)
 23

Depth and Size

Appropriate
Live Load Moment
P
 OLD 24

CURRENT

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Results

12 inch RCP D-Loads

AASHTO Fill Height (ft)
Standard 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
STD 1150 650 475 475 500 525 575 650
LRFD 2010 1700 1050 800 725 700 700 750 800
LRFD 2016 1492 1322 880 727 694 705 741 788
Proposed 1659 993 783 703 683 702 740 789
(Exist. LLDF)
Proposed 1177 717 584 562 585 630 681 738
(1.75 LLDF)
 26

24 inch RCP D-Loads

AASHTO Fill Height (ft)
Standard 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
STD 950 575 450 450 475 525 575 650
LRFD 2010 1050 875 725 650 650 675 725 775
LRFD 2016 1202 1203 818 690 665 680 717 764
Prop. (Exist.) 1101 906 732 670 660 683 723 772
Prop. (1.75) 1036 667 560 547 574 620 672 728

36 inch RCP D-Loads

AASHTO Fill Height (ft)
Standard 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
STD 775 525 425 450 475 525 600 650
LRFD 2010 850 700 675 650 650 675 725 775
LRFD 2016 1244 1137 789 687 665 687 728 775
Prop. (Exist) 920 749 683 642 645 680 724 778
Prop. (1.75) 891 653 563 558 588 636 689 747
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Results
48 inch RCP D-Loads
AASHTO Fill Height (ft)
Standard 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
STD 625 500 425 450 475 550 600 650
LRFD 2010 825 650 625 650 650 700 750 800
LRFD 2016 966 935 732 663 655 684 726 774
Prop. (Exist) 944 667 650 627 644 683 731 787
Prop. (1.75) 877 635 571 571 604 652 706 764
Box Culvert Shear
 29

Equation for Beta

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Crack Spacing Parameter

31
 Crack Spacing Parameter

Add:

sxe = the incorporation of the effect of maximum aggregate size into the
crack spacing parameter. The requirement that sxe equal or exceed
12 inches need not apply to slabs.
 33

Equation for Beta

 34

Calculation of Strain 5.8.3.3

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Moment at the Location Being

Checked for Shear
 36

Earth Load

LRFD 12.10
s 110 pcf

Standard 6.2.1
s = 120 pcf
 37

Top Slab
12X12 @20
 38

Moment at the Location Being

Checked for Shear
Add:

In continuous slabs not containing

prestressing, the value of |Mu| for the
location being analyzed may be utilized
without consideration of the
|Mu|min = |Vu Vp|dv limitation.
 39

Why the Vu x dv requirement?

Tension Face

Compression Face

If Mv = 0, and Nv = 0

Tension in the Entire Element

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 40

Never without Thrust

Lateral Earth
Pressure
 41

Is the Top Slab in Tension?

Depth = 5 ft. t = 12 inches
Size (span x rise) Nu (lbs/ft) Vu (lbs/ft)
12 x 3 400 2674
12 x 6 805 2674
12 x 9 1300 2674
12 x 12 1885 2674

Depth = 20 ft. t = 12 inches

Size (span x rise) Nu (lbs/ft) Vu (lbs/ft)
12 x 3 1300 11481
12 x 6 2380 11481
12 x 9 3550 11481
12 x 12 4810 11481
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Precast Concrete Pipe
 43

Incorporation of Current Precast

Concrete Pipe Options

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The End
Basics under the
AASHTO Standard
Specifications for
Highway Bridges
 Footprint (Has stayed the same)

Spread a = a + 1.75*H Spread b = b + 1.75*H

 48

Passing Wheels (two separate

axles)
 49

Interstate (Tandem Axles)

 50

Spread Through Pipe

 51

Critical Depths for Governing

Loads
(In the Old Days)
 Passing Wheels (two separate
axles)

1.67 + 1.75*H = 4 ft
H = 1.33 ft
53
 54

Divide the Total Load by an

Effective Length to get (lbs/ft)
 55

Live Load has its own bedding

factor (pressure distribution)
 56

Affect of Concentrated Live

Load
Latest AASHTO
 Footprint Has stayed the Same)
Spread is Different

Spread a = a + LLDF*H Spread b = b + LLDF*H

 59

Interaction Depth for Tandem Axles

PRdist < 0
(Perpendicular)

sa

sa

Hintd
lws when H<Hintd

lws lws
lwtwhen
whenH>H
H>Hintd
intd

lwt

Elevation View
Plan View
 60

Interaction Depth (Wheels)

sw = wheel spacing, 6.0 ft

wt = tire patch width, 20 in.
Di = inside diameter or clear span of the culvert (in)
 61

Interaction Depth (Axles)

sa = axle spacing, 4.0 ft

lt = tire patch width, 10 in.
* No Di
 62

Strip Widths
4.6.2.1.3 The width of the
equivalent strip of a deck may be
taken as specified in Table 4.6.2.1.3-
1
C4.6.2.1.3 To get the load per unit
width of the equivalent strip, divide
the total load on one design traffic
lane by the calculated strip width
26 + 6.6 (1) = 32.6 in.
26 + 6.6 (10) = 92 in > 72 in.
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 63

Temporary Fix

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 Footprint (Keep it the Same)

Spread a = a + LLDF*H Spread b = b + LLDF*H

 65

Live Load Distribution Factor

(Keep it the Same?)

1.75 across the board for pipe?

 66

Passing Wheels (two separate

axles)
 67

At Top of Pipe
 68

Box Under Shallow Fill

Distribution Width
 69

Concentrated Load
 70

Crown
Governed
 71

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