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Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Sympathetic and Vagus nerves
Arteries carry from heart
Veins carry to heart
Blood Circulation
Systemic
Pulmonary
Coronary
Electrical Activity of Heart
Electro Cardio Graph
P Contraction of atria
QRS Contraction of ventricles
T Relaxation of ventricles
Cardiac Cycle
Rhythmic contraction events in single beat
72 beats / minute
Approximately 0.8 second for one beat
Contraction of heart Systole
Relaxation of heart Diastole
Special properties of cardiac muscle
- Contractility
- Conductivity
- Rhythmicity
Impulses created and transmitted
Refractory period
4 sound Lub (long) & Dub (short) (2+2)
Measured as pulse in Radial Artery
(Every 1oF increase in temperature 10 pulse increases)
Cardiac Output ml of blood pumped / min
Factors:
Factors:
Blood volume
Cardiac output
Peripheral resistance
Elasticity and diameter of blood vessels
Viscosity of blood
Cardiovascular disorders
Cardiac failure Acute / Chronic
Unable to maintain sufficient circulation of blood
100% 4,7%
14,0%
14,9%
90%
80%
26,0%
61,5% 24,6%
70%
60% external
others
50% 26,9% cancer
CVD
40%
22,5% 55,8%
30%
20% 32,7%
11,4%
10%
4,6%
0%
1-24 yrs 25-64 yrs >65 yrs
PROPORTION OF MORTALITY IN DIFFERENT AGE-GROUPS (WOMEN)
100% 4,8%
8,2%
90% 18,3%
40,0% 24,0%
80%
12,2%
70%
60% external
36,5% others
50%
35,0%
cancer
CVD
40%
64,7%
30%
10%
7,3%
0%
1-24 yrs 25-64 yrs >65 yrs
SEX
- Widespread idea: CVD is often thought to be a disease of
middle-aged men.
- Cardiovascular mortality (fatal cases) are more common
among men. However, CVD affect nearly as many women as
men, albeit at an older age. But high risk observed in women
Smoking
High triglyceride levels
Diabetes mellitus
Depression
Oral contraceptives
Hormone replacement therapy
Polycystic ovary disorder / syndrome (PCOD)
World Trends
2. Breathlessness (dyspnoea)
4. Heart failure
5. Hypertension
6. Palpitation
7. Atrial fibrillation
8. Cardiac arrest