Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
?
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 2
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 3
Current waveform
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 4
Fundamental only
Fundamental + fifth harmonic
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 5
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 6
H1 + H5 + H7
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 7
H1 H13
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 8
H1 H25
Harmonics representation
Frequency domain
Time domain 25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 9
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
2
Ck
k =2
THD = ( expressed in %)
C1
THD(U): meaningful
THD(I): ??? what is the reference ???
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 13
Harmonics dimensionless numbers
KF (K-Factor)
Extra heat brought by harmonics
100% H1
Peak 100%
RMS 100%
THD 0%
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 15
Example of distortion
100% H1 +33% H3
Rectifiers
Inverters
Cycloconverters
...
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 20
Where do the harmonics come from?
H (or I)
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 21
Where do the harmonics come from?
Load
Accu
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 22
Where do the harmonics come from?
Computers
Printers
Faxing machines
...
Small but ...
etc, ...
Blown fuses
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 28
Problems created by harmonics
Motor problems
Capacitor problems
Decrease of impedance with frequency
Resonance problems
ZC # 1/f & =
AC DC DC
Long ago
M G M
DC
Recently M
Capacitors + reactors
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 34
Variable speed motors
AC
From now on M
Depend on
UPS
Special power supply connection
Special transformer
Power
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 40
Sensitivity
Typical industrial circuit topology
Network
Transfo
U
M
Drive Loads Capacitors
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 45
Harmonics coming from the net
RESONANCE
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 46
Series resonance
250 MVA
800 kVA
6%
M
450 kVA 250 kW 250 kvar
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 48
Example of series resonance
700
600
Impedance [m ]
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Frequency [Harmonics]
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 49
SscT
n0 =
QC
Harmonics generated in the factory
RESONANCE
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 50
Parallel resonance
400
Impedance [m]
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Frequency [Harmonics]
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 53
SscT
n0 =
QC
Avoiding resonance
Transformer: imposed
Voltage wise
Limitation of THD(U)
Limitation of individual Un
Limitation of THD(I)
Limitation of individual In
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 70
How to prevent harmonics
Reactor banks
Filters