2001 8 TOEFL
Section One: Listening Comprehension
Part A
1. (A) He'll help Tina prepare for the meeting.
(B) He's disappointed that he'll have to miss the
meeting.
(C) He often works extra hours.
(D) He's afraid the meeting won't end on time.
2. (A) The man will take the camera to be
repaired.
(B) The woman will take a picture of the man.
(C) The woman will show the man how to use
the camera.
(D) The woman will borrow the man's camera.
3. (A) He'd like to apply for a replacement card.
(B) He needed to see a doctor two weeks ago.
(C) He's pleased that the woman found the card.
(D) He's glad he was finally able to get an
appointment.
4. (A) She doesn't understand the man's question
(B) She doesn't have time to repeat the
explanation now.
(C) She doesn't mind answering questions
(D) Shell return soon.
5. A) The woman doesn't accept the man's
apology.
(B) The woman wasn't bothered by the delay.
(C) The man didn't realize the woman was
waiting.
(D) The man waited a long time for the bus.
6. (A) The coat isn't warm enough to wear in
cold weather.
(B) She bought the coat last winter.
(C) She needs to have the coat cleaned before
next winter.
(D) The coat is the only warm coat she owns.
7. (A) She won't be a candidate next year.
(B) She doesn't believe the news.
(C) The news doesn't upset her.
(D) The news will disappoint Mary.
8. (A) Try to find the woman's roommate.
(B) Buy tickets for the film festival.
(C) Give the woman a ride to the
1
bookstore.
(D) Get a schedule for the woman.
9. (A) He doesn't know many composers of
classical music
(B) Annie might spend a lot of money on
classical music.
(C) He has known Annie's neighbor for many
years.
(D) Annie should try not to get sick.
10. (A) She'll probably be late for her
appointment with the dentist
(B) She won't be riding with her class to the
museum.
(C) She'll meet the man in front of the library.
(D) She forgot that her class was going to the
museum
11. (A) She thinks it will rain today.
(B) Her hobby is collecting coins.
(C) She'll change the money for the man.
(D) She's keeping the money for an emergency.
12. (A) He studies engineering.
(B) He has only recently become interested in
philosophy.
(C) He wasn't at the lecture.
(D) He thinks Professor Warner is a good
teacher.
13. (A) The reports should have been
completed by today.
(B) Only the first part of the report is due next
Friday.
(C) Some students didn't finish their reports on
time.
(D) Some students haven't started their reports
yet.
14. (A) Spend thirty dollars on the painting.
(B) Sell one of his paintings.
(C) Look for a less expensive painting.
(D) Buy the painting without the frame.
15. (A) Exercise less frequently.
(B) Take less medicine each day.
(C) Visit him as soon as possible.
(D) Take a new kind of headache medicine.
16. (A) His job starts next week.
(B) He's eager to start his new job.
(C) His professor was mistaken about the job.
(D) He believes the job interview went well.
17. (A) Janet didn't attend.
(B) Janet's friends did a lot of the work.
(C) The man wasn't invited.
(D) It was canceled at the last minute.
18. (A) He's looking for another roommate.
(B) He's sharing the room with his brothers.
(C) He hasn't met his roommate yet.
(D) He doesn't think the room is too small.
19. (A) The train to Middletown is often late.
(B) The man has missed the train to
Middletown.
(C) The next train to Middletown leaves in
eleven minutes.
(D) Trains don't stop at Middletown in the
evening.
20. (A) Wear his suit.
(B) Prepare for cold weather.
(C) Find out who's going to the party.
(D) Dress informally.
21. (A) She's not sure she'll be seeing Julia.
(B) She'll phone Julia later in the week.
(C) She doesn't know Julia's phone number.
(D) She doesn't think Julia knows about
registration.
22. (A) Most of them were written near the
end of the author's lifetime.
(B) Many of them aren't included in the
library's collection.
(C) They were all highly praised by literary
critics.
(D) Many readers like to collect them.
23. (A) The man is a good student.
(B) The man shouldn't work overtime.
(C) She wishes that she had a job.
(D) She doesn't want to work with the man.
PartB
2
24. (A) She doesn't expect to meet with Kevin
today.
(B) She can't wait any longer for Kevin.
(C) Kevin is often late.
(D) Kevin has probably overslept.
25. (A) The books are all required for the
history course.
(B) Some of the books are for courses other
than history.
(C) He plans to read more than just the books
that are required.
(D) He's worried he may not finish the
required reading.
26. (A) Watch a movie on television.
(B) Go out to dinner with the man.
(C) Go to the tennis court.
(D) Play in the tournament.
27. (A) She wishes she could help the man.
(B) She has a bigger problem than the man
has.
(C) She knows a mechanic who can fix the
man's car.
(D) The man should buy a new car.
28. (A) She's pleased the man's schedule won't
change.
(B) She can't offer the man a flexible
schedule.
(C) Whoever works at the front desk must
have a flexible schedule.
(D) She doesnt need anyone else to work at
the front desk.
29. (A) He wants the woman to repeat her
question.
(B) He agrees with the woman.
(C) He wants to talk about the movie.
(D) He wants to see the movie again.
30. (A) Professor Lane is liked by her
students.
(B) Professor Lane never gives high grades.
(C) The man deserves the grade he received.
(D) The man should phone Professor Lane to
thank her.
31. (A) How different kinds of pepper are
produced.
(B) Why white pepper is superior to dishes.
(C) How the pepper plant is grown.
(D) How various peppers are used in cooking.
32. (A) He read about it in a cookbook.
(B) He grows his own herbs and spices.
(C) He heard about it from a friend.
(D) He studied it in cooking school.
33. (A) It's preserved in liquid.
(B) The skin is removed.
(C) It's dried in the sun.
(D) It's freeze-dried.
34. (A) It's more pure than other types of
pepper.
(B) It helps maintain the color of certain black
pepper.
(C) It has a fruity flavor.
(D) It's easier to grow.
35. (A) He answered all her questions
correctly.
(B) He received a good grade in cooking
PartC
39. (A) As the result of the moisture in the
Earth's atmosphere.
(B) As the result of the Earth's rotation.
(C) As the horizontal movement of air.
(D) As the vertical movement of air.
40. (A) It's the ultimate cause of winds.
(B) It causes vertical movements of air.
(C) It reduces differences in air pressure.
(D) It's used to predict weather patterns.
41. (A) Air pressure.
(B) Temperature.
(C) Humidity.
(D) Wind direction.
42. (A) How winds affect temperature.
(B) Reasons for sudden increases in wind.
(C) The origin of storm systems.
(D) How vertical air movement influences
3
class.
(C) She likes what he has just cooked.
(D) She's impressed with his knowledge
36. (A) A story in prose.
(B) A poem that rhymes.
(C) A translation of a short literary work.
(D) A journal about the process of
writing.
37. (A) The class has been assigned to read
than it is in English.
(B) He was able to read it in French.
(C) He isn't sure it's available in English.
(D) He thinks it's an example of what the
wants.
38. (A) It's pronounced differently in French
it.
(B) To write without using it is difficult both
in English and in French.
(C) Every word in the French author's
professor book contained it.
(D) It's commonly used in English to make
poetry rhyme.
weather.
43. (A) Factors that affect the ability to
remember.
(B) The influence of childhood memories on
adulthood.
(C) A proposal for future psychological
research.
(D) Benefits of a busy lifestyle.
44. (A) The need to exercise the memory.
(B) How the brain differs from other body
tissues.
(C) The unconscious learning of a physical
activity.
(D) How nerves control body movement.
45. (A) Repeat it aloud.
(B) Write it down.
(C) Make a mental picture of it.
(D) practice recalling it.
46. (A) Ask questions about the assigned
reading.
(B) Give an example of active learning.
(C) Explain recent research on recalling
childhood memories.
(D) Make an assignment for the next class
session.
47. (A) How they behave toward ants from other
nests.
(B) What they usually eat.
(C) Why they are becoming extinct.
(D) Why they were brought to California
48. (A) They protect Argentine ants that live in
neighboring nests.
(B) They gather food with Argentine ants from
other nests.
(C) They fight Argentine ants from other nests.
(D) They generally build larger nests than other
ant species do.
49. (A) They attack members of their own nests.
(B) They recruit ants from other species into
their nests.
(C) They form large colonies made of several
nests.
(D) They hide from insects that attack their
nests.
50. (A) They share the same few ancestors.
(B) They can't be distinguished from native
Californian ants.
(C) They are evolving faster than native
Californian ants.
(D) Their future survival is in doubt.

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

1. Geothermal energy is a potentially (C) Although
inexhaustible energy source ______been tapped (D) Why
by humans for centuries but,until recent
years,only on a small scale. 5. The total mass of all asteroids in the solar
(A) has it system is much less ______ mass of Earth's
(B) has Moon.
(C) that has (A) than that is the
(D) that it has (B) than the
(C) the
2. The importance of the hand, and more (D) is the
generally of the body, in children's acquisition of
arithmetic_____. 6. Like bacteria, protozoans _______by splitting
(A) can hardly be exaggerated in two.
(B) hardly exaggerated can be (A) reproducing
(C) can be exaggerate hardly (B) reproduce
(D) exaggerated can be hardly (C) to reproduce
(D) reproduction
3. ______ is present in the body in greater
amounts than any other mineral. 7. ______main processes involved in virtually
(A) Calcium all manufacturing: extraction,assembly,and
(B) There is calcium alteration.
(C) Calcium, which (A) There are three
(D) It is calcium (B) Three
(C) The three
4. _______ the evidence is inconclusive, it is (D) Three of the
thought that at least some seals have an
echolocation system akin to that of bats, 8. Most documentary filmmakers use neither
porpoises, and shrews. actors _______studio setting.
(A) Rather (A) or else
(B) Despite (B) but not

4
(C) nor (A) won
(D) and (B) winner of
(C) to win
9. Salamanders are sometime confused with (D) who the winner of
lizards, but unlike lizards ________no scales or
claws. 13. Stage producers Klaw and Erlanger were the
(A) that they have first to eliminate arguments among leading
(B) to have performers _______in order of appearance,
(C) they have instead of prominence.
(D) are having (A) of whom list the program
(B) the program listing
10. The province of Alberta lies along three of (C) for them the program listed
the major North American flyways Used by (D) by listing them on the program
birds _______between their winter and summer
homes. 14. During the decades after the United States
(A) the migration Civil War, a host of technical advances made
(B) migrating possible ______and uniformity of railroad
(C) migrate service.
(D) and migrate (A) a new integration
(B) for a new integration
11. Astronomers estimate ______called the (C) that a new integration
Pleiades in the constellation Taurus is 415 light- (D) and a new integration
years away from Earth.
(A) that a loose cluster of stars 15. Forests stabilize _____and retain
(B) a loose cluster of stars is precipitation, thereby helping to prevent erosion
(C) that is a loose cluster of stars and regulate the flow of streams.
(D) there is a loose cluster of stars (A) to the soil
(B) the soil
12. Pearl Sydenstricker Buck, _____ the Nobel (C) where the soil
Prize for Literature in 1938, is Best known for (D) the soil i
her novels about China.
s

16. Modern societies are such complex that they could not exist without
A B C
a well-developed system of law.
D
17. Altitude, climate, temperature, and the length of the growing season both
A B C
determine Where plants will grow.
D
18. The bathyscaphe, a free-moving vessel designed for underwater exploration,
A
consists of a Flotation compartment with a observation capsule attached underneath it.
B C D
19. Water constitutes almost 96 percent of the body weight of a jellyfish, so if
A B
a jellyfish were to dry out in the sun, it would virtually disappeared.
C D
20. The most important parameters affecting a rocket's maximum flight
A
velocity is the relationship between the vehicle's mass and the amount
B C

5
of propellant it can carry.
D
21.There were once only eight major lakes or reservoirs in Texas, but
A
today there are over 180, many built to storing water against periodic
B C D
droughts.
22. All harmonized music that is not contrapuntal depends from the relationship
A B
of chords, which are either consonant or dissonant.
C D
23. Expressionist drama often shows the influence of modern psychology by
A B
reflecting the frustrations inner of the dramatist.
C D
24. It is the number, kind, and arrange of teeth that determine whether a mammal
A B C
is classified as a carnivore not the food that the animal actually eats.
D
25. The sea otter is well adapted at its marine existence, with ears and nostrils
A BC
that can be closed under water.
D
26. Petroleum, which currently makes up about four-tenths of the world's energy
A
production, supplies more commercial energy than any another source.
B C D
27. Someone may refuse to recognize the seriousness of an emotionally threatening
A B C
situation and perceive as less threatening.
D
28. Through experiments with marine organisms, marine biologists can increase
A B
our knowledge of human reproductive and development as well as our understanding
C D
of the nervous system.
29. When swollen by melting snow or heavy rain, some rivers routinely overflow
A B C
its banks.
D
30. In 1884 Belva Lockwood, a lawyer who had appeared before the Supreme Court,
A B
became the first woman was nominated for President of the United States.
C D
31. The taller of all animals, a full-grown giraffe may be eighteen feet or more high.
A B C D
32. Physicists have known since the early nineteenth century that all
A B
matter is made up of tiny extremely particles called atoms.
C D
33. Rain is slight acidic even in unpolluted air, because carbon dioxide
A B
in the atmosphere and other natural acid-forming gases dissolve in the

6
 C D
water.
34. In a stock company, a troupe of actors performs in
A
a particular theater, presenting plays from its repertory of prepare
B C D
productions.
35. Established in 1860, the Government Printing Office prints and binds
A B
documents for all department of the United States government.
C D
36. Ethnology, usually considered a branch of cultural anthropology, is
A
often defined as the scientifically study of the origin and functioning
B C
of humans and their culture.
D
37. The one-fluid theory of electricity was proposing by
A B
Benjamin Franklin, a man famous for his wide interests and
C D
great attainments.
38. Probably not speech of so few words has ever been as celebrated as
A B C D
Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.

39. Generally, Abstract Expressionist art is without recognizable images

A
and does not adhere the Limits of conventional form.
B C D

40. Although complete paralysis is rare with neuritis, some degree of

A B C
muscle weakness common.
D

Section Three: Reading Comprehension

Questions 1-9
Glass fibers have a long history. The Egyptians made coarse fibers by 1600 B.C., and
fibers survive as decorations on Egyptian pottery dating back to 1375 B c. During the
Renaissance (fifteenth and sixteenth centuries A.D.), glassmakers from Venice used glass
Line fibers to decorate the surfaces of plain glass vessels. However, glassmakers guarded their
(5) secrets so carefully that no one wrote about glass fiber production until the early
seventeenth century.
The eighteenth century brought the invention of "spun glass" fibers. Rene-Antoine de
Reaumur, a French scientist, tried to make artificial feathers from glass. He made fibers
by rotating a wheel through a pool of molten glass, pulling threads of glass where the hot
(10) thick liquid stuck to the wheel. His fibers were short and fragile, but he predicted that
spun glass fibers as thin as spider silk would be flexible and could be woven into fabric.
By the start of the nineteenth century, glassmakers learned how to make longer, stronger
fibers by pulling them from molten glass with a hot glass tube. Inventors wound the

7
 cooling end of the thread around a yarn reel, then turned the reel rapidly to pull more fiber
(15) from the molten glass. Wandering tradespeople began to spin glass fibers at fairs, making
decorations and ornaments as novelties for collectors, but this material was of little
practical use; the fibers were brittle, ragged, and no longer than ten feet, the circumference
of the largest reels. By the mid-1870's, however, the best glass fibers were finer than silk
and could be woven into fabrics or assembled into imitation ostrich feathers to decorate
(20) hats. Cloth of white spun glass resembled silver; fibers drawn from yellow-orange glass
looked golden.
Glass fibers were little more than a novelty until the 1930's, when their thermal and
electrical insulating properties were appreciated and methods for producing continuous
filaments were developed. In the modern manufacturing process, liquid glass is fed
(25) directly from a glass-melting furnace into a bushing, a receptacle pierced with hundreds
of fine nozzles, from which the liquid issues in fine streams. As they solidify, the streams
of glass are gathered into a single strand and wound onto a reel.

1. Which of the following aspects of glass (A) glass fibers

fiber does the passage mainly discuss? (B) decorations
(A) The major developments in its (C) ornaments
production (D) novelties for collectors
(B) Its relationship with pottery making
(C) Important inventors in its long history 6. The word "brittle" in line 17 is closest in
(D) The variety of its uses in modern meaning to
industry (A) easily broken
(B) roughly made
2. The word "coarse" in line 1 is closest in (C) hairy
meaning to (D) shiny
(A) decorative
(B) natural 7. The production of glass fibers was
(C) crude improved in the nineteenth century by
(D) weak which of the following
(A) Adding silver to the molten glass
3. Why was there nothing written about the (B) Increasing the circumference of the
making of Renaissance glass fibers until glass tubes
the seventeenth century? (C) Putting silk thread in the center of the
(A) Glassmakers were unhappy with the fibers
quality of the fibers they could make. (D) Using yam reels
(B) Glassmakers did not want to reveal
the methods they used. 8. The word "appreciated" in line 23 is
(C) Few people were interested in the closest in meaning to
Renaissance style of glass fibers. (A) experienced
(D) Production methods had been well (B) recognized
known for a long time. (C) explored
(D) increased
4. According to the passage, using a hot
glass tube rather than a wheel to pull 9. Which of the following terms is defined in
fibers from molten glass made the fibers the passage?
(A) quicker to cool (A) invention (line 7)
(B) harder to bend (B) circumference (line 17)
(C) shorter and more easily broken (C) manufacturing process (line 24)
(D) longer and more durable (D) bushing (line25)
5. The phrase "this material" in line 16 refers
to

8
Questions 10-19
The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting
birds involve plovers, small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields, their
nests merely scrapes in the sand or earth. Plovers also have an effective repertoire of tricks
Line for distracting potential nest predators from their exposed and defenseless eggs or chicks.
(5) The ever-watchful plover can detect a possible threat at a considerable distance. When
she does, the nesting bird moves inconspicuously off the nest to a spot well away from
eggs or chicks. At this point she may use one of several ploys. One technique involves
first moving quietly toward an approaching animal and then setting off noisily through
the grass or brush in a low, crouching run away from the nest, while emitting rodent like
(10) squeaks. The effect mimics a scurrying mouse or vole, and the behavior rivets the
attention of the type of predators that would also be interested in eggs and chicks.
Another deception begins with quiet movement to an exposed and visible location well
away from the nest. Once there, the bird pretends to incubate a brood. When the predator
approaches, the parent flees, leaving the false nest to be searched. The direction in which
(15) the plover "escapes" is such that if the predator chooses to follow, it will be led still further
away from the true nest.
The plover's most famous stratagem is the broken-wing display, actually a continuum
of injury-mimicking behaviors spanning the range from slight disability to near-complete
helplessness. One or both wings are held in an abnormal position, suggesting injury. The
(20) bird appears to be attempting escape along an irregular route that indicates panic. In the
most extreme version of the display, the bird flaps one wing in an apparent attempt to
take to the air, flops over helplessly, struggles back to its feet, runs away a short distance,
seemingly attempts once more to take off, flops over again as the "useless" wing fails to
provide any lift, and so on. Few predators fail to pursue such obviously vulnerable prey.
Needless to say, each short run between "flight attempts" is directed away from the nest.

10. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The nest-building techniques of 13. The word "emitting" in line 9 is closest
plovers in meaning to
(B) How predators search for plovers (A) bringing
(C) The strategies used by plovers to (B) attracting
deceive predators (C) producing
(D) Why plovers are vulnerable to (D) minimizing
predators
14. In the deception technique described
11. The word "merely" in fine 3 is closest in in paragraph 2. the plover tries to
meaning to (A) stay close to her nest
(A) often (B) attract the predator's attention
(B) only (C) warn other plovers of danger
(C) usually (D) frighten the approaching predator
(D) at first
15. The word "spanning" in line 18 is closest
12. Which of the following is mentioned in in meaning to
the passage about plovers? (A) covering
(A) Their eggs and chicks are difficult to (B) selecting
find. (C) developing
(B) They are generally defenseless when (D) explaining
away From their nests.
(C) They are slow to react in dangerous 16. According to paragraph 4, which of the
situations. following aspects of the plover's
(D) Their nests are on the surface of the behavior gives the appearance that it is
ground. frightened?

9
(A) Abnormal body position (C) pretending to search for prey
(B) Irregular escape route (D) pretending to sit on her eggs
(C) Unnatural wing movement
(D) Unusual amount of time away from 19. Which of the following best describes
the nest the organization of the passage?
(A) A description of the sequence of
17. The word "pursue" in line 24 is closest in steps involved in plovers nest
meaning to building
(A) catch (B) A generalization about plover
(B) notice behavior followed by specific
(C) defend examples
(D) chase (C) A comparison and contrast of the
nesting behavior of plovers and
18. According to the passage, a female other ground nesting birds
plover utilizes all of the following (D) A cause-and-efleet analysis of the
deception techniques EXCEPT relationship between a prey and a
(A) appearing to be injured predator
(B) sounding like another animal

Questions 20-28
The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted
todaysummed up, not altogether accurately, as "research and development." Yet
historically this widespread faith in the economic virtues of science is a relatively recent
Line phenomenon, dating back in the United States about 150 years, and in the Western world
(5) as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale, intensive
research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently
misunderstood. Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology
evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became
increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way
(10) to a technology based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific
methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed unevenly. Until late in the
nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about
using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870, but even then much of what passed
for the application of science was "engineering science" rather than basic science.
(15) Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific
knowledge and of public awareness-if not understanding-of it had created a belief that the
advance of science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic
benefits. The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the
assumption that the application of science to industrial purposes was a linear process, starting
(20) with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied science or technology, and through
them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New
areas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of
attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely, scientists who mainly
do basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways.
(25) In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and
the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even
be multidirectional.

20. What is the author's main purpose in the nineteenth-century American

passage? industries
(A) To show how technology influenced (C) To correct misunderstandings about
basic science the connections between science,
(B) To describe the scientific base of technology, and industry

10
(D) To argue that basic science has no
practical application 25. The word "it" in line 16 refers to
(A) understanding
21. The word "altogether" in line 2 is closest (B) public awareness
in meaning to (C) scientific knowledge
(A) completely (D) expansion
(B) realistically
(C) individually 26. The word "assumption" in line 19 is
(D) understandably closest in meaning to
(A) regulation
22. The word "intensive" in line 5 is closest
(B) belief
in meaning to
(C) contract
(A) decreased
(B) concentrated (D) confusion
(C) creative
(D) advanced 27. Why does the author mention
"consultants" in line 24 ?
23. The "list" mentioned in line 13 refers to (A) To show how new areas of science
(A) types of scientific knowledge have given rise to new professions
(B) changes brought by technology (B) To distinguish between scientists
(C) industries that used scientific who work in industry and those who
techniques do not
(D) applications of engineering science (C) To explain the ways in which
scientists find financial support for
24. The understanding of research and their work
development in the late nineteenth (D) To show how scientists who work in
century is based on which of the basic research contribute to applied
following? science
(A) Engineering science is not very
important. 28. Which of the following statements does
(B) Fundamental science naturally leads the passage support?
to economic benefits. (A) The development of science and of
(C) The relationship between research industry is now interdependent.
and development should be (B) Basic scientific research cannot
criticized. generate practical applications.
(D) Industrial needs should determine (C) Industries should spend less money
what areas fundamental science on research and development.
focuses on. (D) Science and technology are
becoming more separate.

Questions 29-39
The economic depression in the late-nineteenth-century United States contributed
significantly to a growing movement in literature toward realism and naturalism. After the
1870' s, a number of important authors began to reject the romanticism that had prevailed
Line immediately following the Civil War of 1861-1865 and turned instead to realism.
(5) Determined to portray life as it was, with fidelity to real life and accurate representation
without idealization, they studied local dialects, wrote stories which focused on life in
specific regions of the country, and emphasized the "true" relationships between people. In
doing so, they reflected broader trends in the society, such as industrialization,
evolutionary theory which emphasized the effect of the environment on humans, and the
(10) influence of science.
Realists such as Joel Chandler Harris and Ellen Glasgow depicted life in the South;

11
 Hamlin Garland described life on the Great Plains; and Sarah One Jewett wrote about
everyday life in rural New England. Another realist, Bret Harte, achieved fame with stories
that portrayed local life in the California mining camps.
(15) Samuel Clemens, who adopted the pen name Mark Twain, became the country's most
outstanding realist author, observing life around him with a humorous and skeptical eye. In
his stories and novels, Twain drew on his own experiences and used dialect and common
speech instead of literary language, touching off a major change in American prose style.
Other writers became impatient even with realism. Pushing evolutionary theory to its
(20) limits, they wrote of a world in which a cruel and merciless environment determined
human fate. These writers, called naturalists, often focused on economic hardship,
studying people struggling with poverty, and other aspects of urban and industrial life.
Naturalists brought to their writing a passion for direct and honest experience.
Theodore Dreiser, the foremost naturalist writer, in novels such as Sister Carrie, grimly
(25) portrayed a dark world in which human beings were tossed about by forces beyond their
understanding or control. Dreiser thought that writers should tell the truth about human
affairs, not fabricate romance, and Sister Carrie, he said, was "not intended as a piece of
literary craftsmanship, but was a picture of conditions."

29. Which aspect of late-nineteenth-century (D) an economic depression

United States literature does the passage
mainly discuss? 33. Realist writers took an interest in all of
(A) The influence of science on the following EXCEPT
literature (A) human relationships
(B) The importance of dialects for realist (B) characteristics of different regions
writers (C) the idealization of life
(C) The emergence of realism and (D) social and historical theories
naturalism
(D) The effects of industrialization on 34. The word "depicted" in line 11 is closest
romanticism in meaning to
(A) emphasized
30. The word "prevailed" in line 3 is closest (B) described
in meaning to (C) criticized
(A) dominated (D) classified
(B) transformed
(C) entered 35. Why does the author mention mining
(D) generalized camps in line 14 ?
(A) To contrast the themes of realist and
31. The word "they" in line 8 refers to naturalist writers
(A) authors (B) To illustrate how Bret Harte differed
(B) dialects from other authors
(C) stories (C) As an example of a topic taken up
(D) relationships by realist writers
(D) As an example of how setting can
32. According to the passage, a highly influence literary style
significant factor in the development of
realist and naturalist literature was 36. Which of the following wrote about life
(A) the Civil War in rural New England?
(B) a recognition that romanticism was (A) Ellen Glasgow
unpopular (B) Sarah Orne Jewett
(C) an increased interest in the study of (C) Hamlin Garland
common speech (D) Mark Twain

12

37. Mark Twain is considered an important
literary figure because he
(A) was the first realist writer in the
United States
(B) rejected romanticism as a literary
approach
(C) wrote humorous stories and novels
(D) influenced American prose style
through his use of common speech
38. The word "foremost" in line 24 is closest
in meaning to
(A) most difficult
(B) interesting
(C) most focused
(D) leading
39. Which of the following statements
about Theodore Dreiser is supported by
the passage?
(A) He mainly wrote about historical
subjects such as the Civil War.
(B) His novels often contained elements
of humor.
(C) He viewed himself more as a social
commentator than as a literary artist.
(D) He believed writers should
emphasize the positive aspects of
life.

Questions 40-50
In 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents-
New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930, it had ten giant metropolises. The newer
ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy.
Line The population of Los Angeles (114,000 in 1900) rose spectacularly in the early
(5) decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930.
A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles. The
agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and
the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile
aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River. The city had a superb
(10) natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections. The climate made it possible to shoot
motion pictures year-round; hence Hollywood. Hollywood not only supplied jobs; it
disseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens all across the
nation. The most important single industry powering the growth of Los Angeles, however,
was directly linked to the automobile. The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines
(15) led to the opening of the Southern California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North
America's greatest refining center.
Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive
spatial organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles. Los
Angeles was a decentralized metropolis, sprawling across the desert landscape over an
(20) area of 400 square miles. It was a city without a real center. The downtown business
district did not grow apace with the city as a whole, and the rapid transit system designed
to link the center with outlying areas withered away from disuse. Approximately 800,000
cars were registered in Los Angeles County in 1930, one per 2.7 residents. Some visitors
from the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los
(25) Angeles as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city. But the freedom and mobility
of a city built on wheels attracted floods of migrants to the city.

40. What is the passage mainly about?
(A) The growth of cities in the United
States in the early 1900's
(B) The development of the Southern
California oil fields
(C) Factors contributing to the growth of
Los Angeles
(D) Industry and city planning in Los
Angeles
41. The author characterizes the growth of
new large cities in the United States after
1900 as resulting primarily from
(A) new economic conditions

13
(B) images of cities shown in movies (C) automobile manufacturing
(C) new agricultural techniques (D) the motion picture industry
(D) a large migrant population
47. According to the passage, the Southern
42. The word "meteoric" in line 6 is closest California oil fields were initially
in meaning to exploited due to
(A) rapid (A) the fuel requirements of Los
(B) famous Angeles' rail system
(C) controversial (B) an increase in the use of gasoline
(D) methodical engines in North America
(C) a desire to put unproductive desert
43. The word "it" in line 8 refers to land to good use
(A) aqueduct (D) innovative planning on the part of
(B) vision the city founders
(C) water
(D) agricultural potential 48. The phrase "apace with" in line 21 is
closest in meaning to
44. According to the passage, the most (A) anew with
important factor in the development of (B) apart from
agriculture around Los Angeles was the (C) as fast as
(A) influx of "new residents to (D) at the middle of
agricultural areas near the city
(B) construction of an aqueduct 49. It can be inferred from the passage that
(C) expansion of transportation facilities the spatial organization of Los Angeles
(D) development of new connections to contributed to the relative decline there
the city's natural harbor of
(A) public transportation
45. According to the passage, the initial (B) industrial areas
success of Hollywood' s motion picture (C) suburban neighborhoods
industry was due largely to the (D) oil fields
(A) availability of many skilled workers
(B) beauty of the countryside 50. The visitors from the east coast
(C) region's reputation for luxurious mentioned in the passage thought that
lifestyles Los Angeles
(D) region's climate and good weather (A) was not accurately portrayed by
Hollywood images
46. It can be inferred from the passage that in (B) lacked good suburban areas in which
1930 the greatest number of people in to live
the Los Angeles area were employed in (C) had an excessively large population
(A) farming (D) was not really a single city
(B) oil refining

14