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. Foundation of secondary
Schools history
Book Three
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Immediate causes.
1 Assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand on 28th June
1914:Austria'sPrinceFerdinanda
md heir to throne and his wife
Sophia were shot dead by a
Serbian student while at their
honeymoon at the bridge of
Sarajevo, this was the immediate
cause of World War One. Austria
responded by giving an
ultimatum to Serbia with the
support of Germany. The
conditions given included:
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by expansionism aggression
hatred revenge and domination,
Adolf Hitler the leader of the
Germany national socialist
(Nazi) party, preached a brand of
fascism predicated on anti-
Semitism and racism. Hitler
promised to overturn the
Versailles treaty and secure
additional Lebensraum (living
space).
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o) Environment degradation in
the colonies, this was due to the
over use of the environment
during that period as to create
enough commodity for export in
the metro pole for example land
became exhausted.
p) State intervention in the
colonial economy, the colonial
state became increasingly
involved in organizing,
coordinating and controlling
commodity production in the
colonies whereby it involved in
marketing of export commodities
by creating export marketing
boards for example coffee
marketing board in Kagera and
Lint marketing board in Uganda.
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Passive resistance
Collaborative resistance
Active resistance
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Economic grievances
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Social grievances
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1) Establishment of
infrastructures such as offices
came to be used by the
nationalist leadersduring the
struggle for independence.
2) Preparation of nationalist
leaders these associations
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Weaknesses/problems faced by
religious movements during the
struggle for independence
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I. Establishment of African
independent schools these
schools enrolled African children
only andthey were taught their
culture and evils of colonialism
as a result later on they became
politicalactivists.
II. Provision of reformism
education, by teaching the
Africans that the missionaries
were mereagents of colonialism
and practicing discrimination in
the church and its hierarchy
followingthese missionaries was
not fully evangelical as they
preached thus reforms were
inevitable.
III. The increase of awareness
among the Africans due to
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schools.e.g. Nyerere,
Kenyatta,Obote and Nkurumah
2) It was a national wide that it
covered the whole nation through
opening up manybranches in the
whole state both in the rural and
urban areas.
3) It was political in origin, i.e.
they struggled for political
independence of Africa.
4) It was dominated by both
dialogue and armed struggle,
where dialogue proved a failure.
5) It was motivated by both
internal and external factors,
unlike those before 1945
whichwere motivated by internal
forces.
6) It led to the independence of
some nations i.e. it was
successful in getting
independencefor African nations.
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Internal factors
External factors
Internal factors
There were forces that were internally
motivated, that generated within
African societies that brought about
nationalism in Africa. These included
the following factors.
a) Formation of peasant
cooperative union, especially in
rural areas to defend the interests
and welfare of the farmers, where
some associations were formed
by the colonialists as to speed up
the production and the marketing
of cash crop as well as
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External factors
These were factors that motivated
nationalism but being generated from
outside Africa such forces included:
i. The returning ex-soldiers, who
participated in the war on the
side of their colonial masters
assisting them as porters and
security guards of many camps,
this participation brought
awareness since these soldiers
were exposed to western
democracy, freedom and
liberation message some veterans
like Dedan Kimathi who were
later a leader of Mau Mau in
Kenya.
ii. Formation of UNO in 1945,
which replaced the League of
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3) Colonial restrictions to
political parties, colonial
governments acted as
obstacles to
Africanpolitical parties
since they limited political
activities and slow down
the decolonization
processby banning political
parties. For example the
British colonial government
restricted
governmentworkers from
being members of TANU
in Tanganyika. In Ghana
NkwameNkurumah (CCP)
wasimprisoned all of this
aimed at suppressing
African political parties.
4) Opposition between
African political parties as
each party basing on their
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ethnic, regionalism
orelitism competing against
the other to the extent of
conducting campaign
against the otherinstead of
joining hands in fighting
their common enemy. For
example in Nigeria and
Uganda thecases were
commonly practiced.
5) Some political parties
were created to meet the
interest of a few such as
elite for example
theUganda National
Congress (UNC) was
created to meet the interest
of other non
BagandaagainsttheKabaka
Yekka of Buganda in
Uganda.
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Decolonisation through
Constitutional Means
Decolonization through constitutional
means is the type of liberation which
involve intensive negotiation between
the colonialists and African
nationalists e.g. the political
independence of Tanganyika, Ghana,
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Separation of families
Destruction of properties
Lack of strong military
Lack of military equipments
Lack of funds
Fear and insecurity among the
nationalists
Disunity among the Africans
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Internal factors
I. Promotion of unity and
solidarity among the Africans,
the changes of political party
from multiparty to single party
system aimed at promoting unity
and solidarity among the
Africans since they were
dominated by single ideology for
example in K.A.N.U in Kenya,
C.C.M. in Tanzania and U.P.C.
in Uganda.
II. Avoidance of political
opposition from other parties,
soon after independence most
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External factors
a) The role of USSR, the socialist
bloc played a big role to the
changes of political ideology and
administrative system in most of
the African states. Since many
African countries adopted
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Political strengths
Development of African independent
political system different from those of
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Improvements of University
education in Africa through
collaboration between
Africanuniversities and metro
pole universities following the
quality of education are
beingharmonized.
The increase of literacy rate in
African countries following the
compulsory and free
educationprogram. E.g. in
Nigeria the rate of illiteracy rise.
Expansion of education facilities
due to citizen support. E.g. the
Harambee or self-help effort
inKenya.
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large enrolment in
primaryschools under universal
primary education (UPE). Such
resources are classes,
desks,laboratories, libraries,
books and teachers.
Lacks of experience on
vocational courses, the academic
teachers was having no
experiences inteaching practical
courses like agricultural courses.
Problems in using English
language in secondary and higher
education as medium of
instructionthis is due to the use of
Kiswahili language as a medium
of communication in primary
schools asa result student failed
to communicate in English when
they are in higher education.
Gender gap, most of African
literacy were men this inherited
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prioritize provision of
goodsanitation following this
many people loose lives due to
water transmitted epidemics
includingcholera typhoid and
dysentery.
High water charges, water firms
charge high tariffs for provision
of water as a result poor
facedlimitations from accessing
clean and safe water.
Corruption and embezzlement of
some water companies workers
whereby they engaging
incorruption and embezzling
funds meant for water provision.
For example this has been a
bigchallenge for the city council
of Nairobi since independence.
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Establishment of water
infrastructures for example water
pipes
Establishment of water treatment
plants to treat clean water and
supply it to the areas with
noclean and safe water
Building of dams for water
preservation in rural areas for
human being and their animals
Protection of water resources
through reforestation to preserve
water resources.
Provision of education to the
mass advising them to boil
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Promotion of sanitation so as to
avoid unnecessary suffering and
to increase their lifeexpectance.
Promotion of standards of living
through establishment of modern
housing for Africans.
To enhance development in the
country through promotion of
better planning in urban centers.
Eradication of racial
discrimination in residential
neighborhoods.
Provision of enough
accommodation spaces for the
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The Regular
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Firefighting Unit
Anti-Stock Theft Police
Traffic Police
Native Intelligence Services
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AbubakarTawafaBalewa while in
Uganda Idd Amin overthrew the
government of MilitonObote in 1971.
Neo-colonialism resulted to
ideological differences among the
political leaders and political disunity
which hampered unity between
African countries. For example in
Democratic Republic of Congo,
several political readers were unhappy
because Patrice Lumumba the prime
minister adopted socialism and in
Kenya the president Jomo Kenyatta
adopted capitalism while his vice
president supported socialism.
Economic problems
Poverty is experienced in African
countries due to the failure of
governments to allocate resources
equitably and to provide development
infrastructures such as schools, roads,
electricity as well as economic
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Corruption
Diseases
refugees
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New topic
Africa In
International Affairs
This topic is largely concern with the
relationship and cooperation between
African nations among themselves and
cooperation between African and the
outside world. We shall concentrate
much on regional integration between
African nations and also relationship
with international organizations by
examining the objectives,
achievements, impacts and challenges.
In our sub topics will include the
following:
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Continental Cooperation
Continental cooperation was facilitated
by the social, political and economic
exploitation imposed on Africans.
Through these the African people
realized the need for cooperation and
the consciousness that they share a
common destiny. So they decided to
cooperate with the view to overcome
their terrible situation. Hence they
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To preserve political
independence and freedom
To preserve African culture from
destruction
To protect African dignity
Unifying Africans in the struggle
against political oppression
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President J.K.
NyerereofTanzania in the 1970s.
Dependency on former colonial
masters, several times African
countries ask support fromtheir
former colonial masters
especially in the face of political
threat from neighboringAfrican
states rather than seeking the
continental body support hence
existence of Britainand French
military bases in different
African countries up to date.
Persuading national interests at
the expense of the continental
interests and therebyundermined
the continental spirit promoted
by the organization.
Ideological differences
Violation of human rights by the
leaders for example member
countries have continuedto
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infrastructural development in
thecontinent.
Promotion of communication in
the continent by developing
postal, telecommunications,radio
and television networks in
Africa.
Promotion of social and cultural
heritage in the continent through
All Africa Games thatwere held
every four years, peoples from
across the continent interacted
throughparticipation in different
sports such as soccer, athletics
and other sporting activities
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THE STRUCTURE
ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN
UNITY
Objectives of OAU
vi) To forge unity and solidarity, the
primary aim of OAU was to
promote African unity and
solidarity as the only way
forward to achieve complete
economic as well as political
freedom from other countries of
the world, because unity and
solidarity would make Africa as
super power among other
countries.
vii) To coordinate and intensify the
cooperation and the efforts of
Africa states to achieve a better
living of people and also to help
the speeding up of the
decolonization in the rest of
Africa
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Principles of OAU
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of subversive activitiesagainst
any member state
Achievement of OAU
i) It achieved to unite the diverse
countries of Africa; this has been
attained despite discrepancies in
political ideology, levels of
economic development,
language, colonial experiences
and vast geographical
differences.
ii) It has been achieved in providing
a forum for discussing common
problems of African states and
offering solutions like
discrimination or apartheid,
diseases and civil wars among
others. That to a big extent has
been dealt with.
iii) The regular meeting of ministers
and heads of state have helped to
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Achievements of COMESA
Member states have become more
cooperative in the field of trade,
industry and agriculture. The
organization has also established the
bank known as the trade and
development bank situated in
Bujumbura Burundi which finances
trade and development projects
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Achievement of ECOWAS
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To promote environmental
protection and utilization of
resources
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Sudan, DemocraticRepublic of
Congo.
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International Governmental
Organizations (IGOs)
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International Non-Governmental
Organizations (INGOs)
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To demonstrate African
sovereignty by participating in
the global affairs
To receive more international
attention by participating in the
General Assembly of United
Nations
To put African continent in a
strategic situation in the struggle
between the Easternand the
Western bloc during the cold war
by participating in the Non-
AlignmentMovement for the aim
of being able to receive support
from both sides.
To give African continent forum
through which they could discuss
their continentalaffairs by
participating in the Organization
of African Unity
To enhance Africas
development in collaboration
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References
Settles, Joshua Dwayne, "The Impact
of Colonialism on African Economic
Development" (1996).University of
Tennessee Honors Thesis
Projects
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