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'femle' turns out to be not qite I ,l ofi"ste for that oe side of a fdiliar recogDiz-
ble distinction.) Aswerability is, Perhaps, the mosi cenrat cocept
in our thinking'
anl thus a sception to the
le that concepts alone do not make things true (!or
there to be such; thing s being F nd for sch d-such propositions to
be true CHAPTER 5
n. dcor r
Drricular ;ircm(tance\' nol just rlvo tides of nnglc coi ' One need
nor doubt an*oalili$ . ,eDlral:ry Onr mrSIt dobr lhrr the nortl
pt'liciry ol
Lbotrshtoteihe' i rhe ia(eotlhat (enirlirv when rt (ome' to lhinkjngboul dv'
xhili; ro e exlenl
p.y.lorogi"-.
lht il doe' nor, Treee; pi.le of logic i' a vn suhde lorm of LANGUAGE AS
INTERNAL
RE!ERBNcES
simply the mture st.te of an indieidual's laguage slstem. C.11 this mature state S.. Inre.nli\t. Cre r4ar hd onr\ e\?erienle been difie,.r
ole wutd h,e ended
Of cours, lagDage ddelopment requies erposure to lingutic input. A child glow- ut Mrn ,leren( tang!Be _wirb djfrernl S,. Bul wo peopte
hve .imil tn_
ing up in aD EngljshlangMge envnonment wil end up speaking English, a child i guSA rfthev,hde..omerling inlerut. nor ifrq hve ,hijr
experienrial hino, ie,.
a Iapanese lmguase enronment wil en up spealing tapaese, and so o. (Talk of prrhp\ r\ posjbte in \ome ce\ for differenl hr\torie,
't ro tea lo the.me irrnJ
English'lnguee speakers is simply a shorihand way of talkig of a goup ofspealers state Sm. Then these people would shde a taguage,
whose language systems are very similr. Lasuages are more ploperly thought ofs
despite h""i,g dif"*"r;;;;;;
idiol.' A lmsuage a "wy to speak d understmd" (Cbonsl<y, 1993: 49)). wlat
is rorted bout in a ghmnd for one's lnsuase is what one kor* when oe
knows ldguase-i.e. one's lingistic conpetence. (o nore on th, see Snith's 5.1 INrnnNlrsM vs. ExTERNALTsM
nty, 'Wlt I ktrow when I kow Language'). That is, a grmnar for one's lan-
guage is a teory ofs-, the mature state ofone's lagage rystem Thse rr triosvis\
bour rhe nture or rngudse rnd mearins rhr (an
connectionists, sch s Elrnan (1999); Seiderberg (1997)j Seidenberg. McDo enerndr.r ( hom,tn h( been.n.t otthpm
. nd
be tabcte,l
,lt. lr i, GrtuJ ,o,ee.hom.kl.
a14 and Saftan (2002), hle bee critical of various dpects of Choinsl<y's ews. aneneralm as direcied towards rwo distinct targets, which
They are ot persuaded by Chomsky s "poverty of the stimuius" agument fo the .an be caited ta;,
gMge dtcali,a d ."aanr aremaiz respeane\.
innateness of what is described by UG. Ths, they thik that far moe of language
1r.g."g.."*"r.u ll
rnal rnguger e_obiecr, who\e properje( .up(^ene
hd to be leaned and far less is pre programDed tha Chonsky dsumes. Ihey also ,ndrqdul mrnd,bruin. E tnsuge. re nor p*crrotosj.dl
o" ," ir"_rl ,"". .f."
tink that Chonsv's fo.us o linguistic competence is oispla.ed. They thinl that
" objc.r,. bur si,; ;d;
pende,th .t tanguage 6ers. Semtic exrernlisl.
on e orhe hrd denv lhr Lhe
langge acquisition must be stdied i the conterl oflinguiric peformatce (i.e. of ol Drei.nn
ldguage production ad conprehension). This is beetrse facto$ that influence pr- llenrl,
rnepen'lenLly of lropenie\ of rhe eorelion. ; , r""s,,s" ;" r;-i"")
rh. phy\(dt nd/or ,ocrt enronmenr, ot rt.,peke6 ut rh,
formnce e also importnt in acqsition. Ior example, sensitivity to the tunctional
o. prgnatic loles ofxpressions is import nt in acqisitio- Mormver. the statistical It is posible to be a lDgrage tnatist bur a semanric jteist. Io! instace,
propefies ofwords that hve been shoM to atrect performn.e, such s ftequocies e might hold rhat.lngxge. re b,rracl obiecr. and .o nor
ofuse, aiso play a role in acquisition (see Strm et al., t 996). psychorogica, ;
bu al,o hold linsu. er?rcsion. hv rhei, ."t",""," Ltl"c p,;p.,,,;,
Hoiever, it is importdt to note that thse critia of Chonskl are as conrnitted l1ure
DdeDpnded) olrh'dr ph)ricl rdror.o.idt colrert{ or tar&rge
to a intemlist conceptio oflanguage d is Chomsky. lnguages are sti]l propeties ff, a single er"re$ion-q"e wodd have the sme refe,",."-*i,C u,er..
p....,
On rhi,
of the nindAnins of individuals according to this connectionist N. It is just that ditre, r,phnk&scjdt correxl,. ft b t,o pos,ibte ro ac,epr r j;Jl
mod""..,, fie,l
the matuie stte of a competet speaker of a langMge is achi*.d via a rote ditrd rorm ol lJrrgge injrmJi.m nd ler ro be a semnr. qr.n.r.
t ftom te oe ensged by Cholst7. Mltiple costraiDt, are t wo <, and sone wr(h r.g!bly rhe v hetd by lodor rjqS/, tcs0,. t,nCuge,Onrethb ew,
sy(lm,
of the necbanisms ivolved in langudge lerning (e.9. those involved in learring to or menlJ repre\enrrtron\ in lhr minbrjro of indidu\.
segment a stream of speech into wordr, or the ones involved in perceiving pho- cmputational d conceptul role propefies ofrhese representatios
o**,, .11" ,"
emic contrsts) are the same mechanisms that are at work in learning and petforming superene on
the jreral srares of individuats, the referetial or
intensional properties of *s
other r linguistic pe.cptul tdks. Nevertheles, these conectioists wotild not mentat representations depend on the der ph)sical -.-"-
dey that the chases being Mought are chdges to an indidual brair, and that
cont"*
"fl";ds;;,;;.
th dd lesult of this p.ocess wil be a competent adult speker of a ldguage in the
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