Sei sulla pagina 1di 17

CONTRACEPTION

The deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a


consequence of sexual intercourse. It is the intentional prevention of ovulation, fertilization of an
egg cell, or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterine wall through the use of various drugs,
devices, sexual practices, or surgical procedures. The different methods of contraception can be
classified whether it is a Barrier Method, Hormonal Method, Intrauterine Method, Sterilization and
other methods available.

BARRIER METHODS
Designed to prevent sperm from entering the uterus, barrier methods are removable and
may be an option for women who cannot use hormonal methods of contraception.

MALE CONDOM
This condom is a thin sheath that covers the penis to
collect sperm and prevent it from entering the woman's
body. Male condoms are generally made of latex or
polyurethane, but a natural alternative is lambskin (made
from the intestinal membrane of lambs). Latex or
polyurethane condoms reduce the risk of spreading sexually
transmitted infection (STIs). Male condoms are disposable
after a single use. It is easy to use, affordable and offers the
best protection against STIs.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Safe and fairly effective Can only be used once


Helps prevent STIs, including HIV Planning is required
Available from a variety of locations, Need to put the condom correctly
such as pharmacies, grocery stores, before any sexual contact takes place
and sexual health clinics Spermicides in condoms or latex
No need to see a doctor or health care sensitivity may cause irritation to the
provider skin
Both partners can buy and carry May break if not used correctly
condoms Novelty or joke condoms are not to
meant to protect against STIs
FEMALE CONDOM
These condoms are made of a thin plastic called
polyurethane. The condom is placed into the woman's
vagina. It is open at one end and closed at the other. Both
ends have a flexible ring used to keep the condom in the
vagina. It is one of the few types of contraception that you
can buy over-the-counter at pharmacies and grocery
stores without a prescription. These are generally more
expensive than the male ones but they are less likely to
burst. They can be inserted up to eight hours before sex.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Give women more control and freedom Large, unattractive, and odd-looking
Safe and fairly effective Make rustling noises
Can be used by individual who are Takes practice to use it right
allergic to latex Hard to find
No prescription needed Much expensive than male condom

DIAPHRAGM
A diaphragm is a latex disc a woman places into
her vagina. It should be left in the vagina at least 6 hours
but no more than 24 hours after intercourse. The
diaphragm blocks a man's semen from entering the
cervix. A spermicide placed onto the diaphragm keeps
sperm from getting to the egg. A diaphragm should be
replaced after 1 or 2 years. Women also need to be
measured again for a diaphragm after giving birth, having
pelvic surgery, or gaining or losing more than 15 pounds.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Safe to use, no hormones and no side Does not provide adequate protection
effects from hormones from HIV/STIs
Gives woman a fairly good control Must be fitted by clinician
The penis can remain inside the vagina Increases womans risk for UTI
after ejaculation May slip out of place during sex
CERVICAL CAP
The cervical cap is a thimble-shaped cup made of soft
latex, basically like a diaphragm but smaller. A doctor or
nurse practitioner "fits" a woman for a cervical cap. The
woman puts spermicide in the cap and then places the cap up
into her vagina and onto her cervix. Suction keeps the cap in
place so sperm cannot enter the uterus. The cervical cap must
remain in the vagina at least 6 hours after sex, but it also has
to be taken out within 48 hours after sex. Women should
obtain a new cap yearly.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Small and easy to carry Not the best protection against STIs
Continuously works for 48 hours Must be fitted by clinician
It does not matter how many times a Latex may cause irritation
couple has sex as long as you leave it in Woman should have a new cap each
at least 6 to 8 hours after the last time year

SPERMICIDES
Spermicide is a recurrent "ingredient" in
contraception, it proves very effective when used in
combination with other methods like diaphragm or
cervical cap. The most common spermicidal agent is a
chemical called nonoxynol-9 (N-9). It is available in
several concentrations and forms, including foam, jelly,
cream, suppository, and film. You don't need a
prescription to buy spermicide and it has very few
associated side-effects, but keep in mind that it does not
protect against STIs.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Safe and fairly effective No protection against STIs and HIV


No need to see a doctor May cause skin irritation, which could
make it easier to get an STIs/HIV, if
Available at pharmacy section of many
exposed
stores or sexual health clinics
May act as a lubricant
CONTRACEPTIVE FOAM
Contraceptive foam is placed into the woman's
vagina using an applicator and has two effects. It kills or
destroys sperm and blocks the man's fluids from entering
the cervical canal. Foam stops sperm from getting to the
egg. Foam is most is effective when used in combination
with condoms. Complete information about this
contraceptive is available through a family planning
association or clinic, a clinician or the package insert
accompanying the foam.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Safe and has no hormones May not be protective against HIV/STIs


Available over the counter Can be irritating to the vagina
It is effective immediately It is messy
Mans penis can remain inside the Taste of foam is unpleasant
vagina after ejaculation

CONTRACEPTIVE SPONGES
Contraceptive sponges are soft, disposable,
spermicide-filled foam sponges. One is inserted into the
vagina before intercourse. The sponge blocks sperm from
entering the uterus, and the spermicide also kills the sperm
cells. The sponge should be left in place for at least 6 hours
after intercourse and then removed within 30 hours after
intercourse. The sponge is more effective with women who
have never given birth than with women who have.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Easy to use Does not provide constant protection


Relatively inexpensive Difficult to place correctly
Available without prescription Difficult to remove

One size fits all women Need properly washing of hands


before inserting
Non-latex
CONTRACEPTIVE SUPPOSITORIES
Contraceptive suppositories are barrier
methods of birth control that are inserted deep into
the vagina before sexual intercourse. The suppository
melts, releasing spermicide. The spermicide prevents
sperm from moving toward the egg and also protects
the cervix. Suppositories provide no protection
against sexually transmitted infections. In fact, you
should not use this method over and over in a single
day because it can increase your risk of HIV or STIs.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Inexpensive Do not protect from STIs/HIV


Available without prescription May irritate the penis or vagina
Can be used by any woman who wants Cannot safely be used multiple times in
to use them one day
Remain effective after 1 hour of use It can be messy

THE SHIELD
The shield is a soft silicone cup with a loop to aid in
its removal. It fits snugly over the cervix and is used with
spermicidal jelly or cream. The shield and the spermicide
work together. The shield keeps sperm from moving past
the cervix; the spermicide prevents sperm from moving
toward the egg. Users can increase the effectiveness of the
shield by making sure the cervix is covered and by using
spermicide. For protection against STIs, couples should
also use condoms.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Can be easily carried in a pocket or a It does need a prescription


purse Difficult to insert properly
Immediately effective and reversible May be pushed out of place during
Has no effect on natural hormones intercourse

Cannot usually felt by either partner It can cause pain and discomfort
HORMONAL METHODS
Hormonal methods of birth control use hormones to regulate or stop ovulation and prevent
pregnancy. Ovulation is the biological process in which the ovary releases an egg, making it available
for fertilization. Hormones can be introduced into the body through various methods, including
pills, injections, skin patches, transdermal gels, vaginal rings, intrauterine systems, and implantable
rods. Depending on the types of hormones that are used, these pills can prevent ovulation; thicken
cervical mucus, which helps block sperm from reaching the egg; or thin the lining of the uterus.
Health care providers prescribe, monitor, and administer hormonal contraceptives.

COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS (COCs)


Combined oral contraceptive pills (COCs)
contain different combinations of the synthetic
estrogens and progestin and are given to interfere with
ovulation. They work by stopping the release of an egg
and by inhibiting the movement of sperm. A woman
takes one pill daily, preferably at the same time each
day. Many types of oral contraceptives are available,
and a health care provider helps to determine which
type best meets a woman's needs.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Decrease a womans risk for cancer of Do not protect from HIV and other STIs
the ovaries and cancer of the lining of Must remember to take the pill at the
the uterus same time, every day
Significantly decrease a womans Can cause nausea
menstrual cramps and pain Missed periods or very light periods
Reduce menstrual blood loss and Can cause headaches and depressions
anemia Quite expensive and requires a
Reduce PMS symptoms prescription
Can reduce prevalence of acne
Suppress endometriosis
PROGESTIN-ONLY PILLS (POPs)
Progestin-only pills contain just one hormone, a
progestin. They work by making cervical mucus thicker
so sperm cannot get to the egg, and by making the lining
of the uterus thinner. Sometimes they stop ovulation. A
woman takes one pill daily, preferably at the same time
each day. POPs make it difficult for sperm to swim into
the uterus or to enter the fallopian tube. POPs alter the
normal cyclical changes in the uterine lining and may
result in unscheduled or breakthrough bleeding.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Cause light menstrual flow and less Cause menstrual irregularity


anemia Cause gain of weight and feeling
Reduce pain, headaches, menstrual bloated
cramps, and mood swings Remember to take the pill every day
Reduce risk of certain cancers Increased symptoms of depression

CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH
The contraceptive patch is a lightweight, thin,
flexible, beige-colored patch. It has three layers: the outer,
protective, polyester layer; the medicated, adhesive layer;
and a protective liner which is removed prior to applying
the patch. The patch can be applied to the skin of the
buttock, abdomen, upper torso, or the outside of the
upper arm. Each patch lasts seven days. Women replace
the patch each week for three weeks.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Highly effective to prevent pregnancy No protection against STIs/HIV


Easy to use Must remember to change the patch
once a week
Rapidly reversible
Quite expensive
Can be easily verified if the patch is still
in place
Must be stored carefully
INJECTABLE CONTRACEPTIVES
This method involves injection of a progestin, given
in the arm or buttocks once every 3 months. This method
of birth control can cause a temporary loss of bone density,
particularly in adolescents. However, this bone loss is
generally regained after discontinuing use of DMPA. Most
patients using injectable birth control should eat a diet rich
in calcium and vitamin D or take vitamin supplements
while using this medication. The type of shot most used is
called Depo-Provera.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Nothing needs to be taken daily or at Do not protect from STIs/HIV


the time of sexual intercourse Can lead to irregular periods
Extremely effective Some women gain weight
Reduce menstrual cramps Has to return every three months for
Lead to improvement in PMS her injection

VAGINAL RING
The ring is thin, flexible, and approximately 2 inches
in diameter. It delivers a combination of a synthetic estrogen
(ethinyl estradiol) and a progestin. The ring is inserted into
the vagina, where it continually releases hormones for 3
weeks. The woman removes it for the fourth week and
reinserts a new ring 7 days later. The ring contains the same
hormones as the contraceptive pill (progesterone and
estrogen), therefore providing the same kind of effective
protection and side effects.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Must be inserted only once each month Hand must be properly washed prior
Does not require fitting to inserting the ring

Nothing to do at the time of intercourse


It could slip out
May caused spotting, nausea, vomiting,
Helps prevent menstrual cramps and
and breast tenderness
premenstrual symptoms
CONTRACEPTIVE FILM
The film is a little two inch by two inch thin sheet
with a chemical that kills sperm, a chemical called
nonoxynol-9. It is placed on or near the cervix, it dissolves
in seconds. This method is most effective when used in
combination with condoms. Complete information about
film is available through your clinic, your clinician, or the
package insert accompanying vaginal contraceptive film.
Vaginal contraceptive film can be found at many
pharmacies, drug stores, and family planning clinics.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

It is simple to use Can cause irritation


It is not messy, there is no discharge Must be inserted no longer than 1 hour
No prescription needed before intercourse

Reduce the risk of getting some Must use a new film each intercourse
sexually transmitted diseases Not as effective as other contraceptives

CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS
The contraceptive implant is a single implant
inserted into the upper arm. After a woman is given a local
anesthetic, insertion takes only a few minutes. Usually it
does not hurt. Implants give off very small amounts of a
hormone much like the progesterone a woman's body
produces during the last two weeks of each monthly cycle.
A woman can get implants from a doctor, nurse
practitioner, health department, or family planning clinic.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Effective for a long period of time Can cause irregular periods


Nothing to do on a daily basis or at the May cause losing of hair or darkening
time of intercourse of skin
Reduce cramping and headache Do not protect against STIs/HIV
Improve depression and PMS Need a clinician in removing
INTRAUTERINE METHODS
An IUD is a small, T-shaped device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. A
health care provider inserts the device. An IUD can remain and function effectively for many years
at a time. After the recommended length of time, or when the woman no longer needs or desires
contraception, a health care provider removes or replaces the device.

COPPER IUD
A copper IUD releases a small amount of copper into
the uterus, causing an inflammatory reaction that generally
prevents sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg. If
fertilization of the egg does occur, the physical presence of
the device prevents the fertilized egg from implanting into
the lining of the uterus. Copper IUDs may remain in the body
for 12 years. A copper IUD is not recommended for women
who may be pregnant, have pelvic infections, or had uterine
perforations during previous IUD insertions. It also is not
recommended for women who have cervical cancer or
cancer of the uterus, unexplained vaginal bleeding, or pelvic
tuberculosis.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

One of the most effective reversible No protection against STIs


method in preventing pregnancy Can cause cramping, pain or spotting
The IUD is effective for at least 10 years after insertion
Prevents ectopic pregnancies The number of bleeding days is slightly
Far more readily reversible than tubal higher than normal and could have
ligation or vasectomy somewhat increased menstrual
Protect against endometrial cancer cramping
Very low cost over time High initial cost of insertion
Convenient Must be inserted by doctor, nurse
Safe and private practitioner, or physician
Some women are allergic to copper
LNG IUD
The LNG-IUD contains some levonorgestrel in its
vertical arm. This hormone is a progestin much like the
progesterone a woman's ovaries produce each monthly cycle.
Each week the LNG-IUD gives off about the same amount of
levonorgestrel as a woman gets when she takes one or two of
the minipills called Ovrette. The levonorgestrel causes the
cervical mucus to become thicker inhibiting sperm from
reaching or fertilizing the egg, thins the uterine lining, and
also may prevent the ovaries from releasing eggs. Hormonal
IUDs can be used for up to 5 years. Currently, Mirena, a
levonorgestrel-releasing IUD, is the only FDA approved
hormonal IUD that is available.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

The most effective reversible method Often changes the menstrual cycle
in preventing pregnancy rivalring More bleeding days, bleeding pattern
surgical sterilization is bothersome
Prevents ectopic pregnancies and No protection against HIV/sexually
pelvic inflammatory disease transmitted infections
Decreases menstrual cramping It has a high initial cost of insertion
Decreases menstrual blood loss
May be left in place for up to seven
years
Safe, inexpensive over time
Provide extremely effective long-term
contraception from a single decision
Very low failure rate
STERILIZATION
Sterilization is a permanent form of birth control that either prevents a woman from getting
pregnant or prevents a man from releasing sperm. A health care provider must perform the
sterilization procedure, which usually involves surgery. These procedures usually are not reversible.

STERILIZATION IMPLANT
A sterilization implant is a nonsurgical
method for permanently blocking the fallopian
tubes. A health care provider threads a thin tube
through the vagina and into the uterus to place a
soft, flexible insert into each fallopian tube. No
incisions are necessary. During the next 3 months,
scar tissue forms around the inserts and blocks the
fallopian tubes so that sperm cannot reach an egg.
After 3 months, a health care provider conducts
tests to ensure that scar tissue has fully blocked the
fallopian tubes. A backup method of contraception
is used until the tests show that the tubes are fully
blocked.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Highly effective If pregnancy occur, which is a rare


Sex drive and sexual spontaneity are chance, there is an increased risk of
not affected ectopic pregnancy, which can cause
Female hormones and the menstrual serious internal bleeding
cycle are not affected It is not possible to reverse the process
Fewer risks associated compared with Does not protect from HIV/sexually
surgical sterilization transmitted infections (STIs)
May not be possible to correctly
position the implant
TUBAL LIGATION
Tubal ligation is a surgical procedure in
which a doctor cuts, ties, or seals the fallopian
tubes. This procedure blocks the path between
the ovaries and the uterus. The sperm cannot
reach the egg to fertilize it, and the egg cannot
reach the uterus. In this procedure, no egg cell
can pass from the ovary to the uterus. Before
going through ligation, a woman must be sure
that she does not want to conceive anym

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

No contraception routine required, Does not protect against STIs/HIV


nothing to remember Difficult to have reversed
Private form of birth control Possible post-sterilization regret
Does not interfere with intercourse Possible short-term surgery-related
No significant long-term side effects complications

VASECTOMY
Vasectomy is a surgical procedure that cuts, closes,
or blocks the vas deferens. This procedure blocks the path
between the testes and the urethra. The sperm cannot
leave the testes and cannot reach the egg. After vasectomy,
the male still continually produces semen, which at times
contains sperm. It can take as long as 3 months for the
procedure to be fully effective. Hence, after the operation,
the male is still advised to use other forms of contraception
until tests confirm that there is no sperm in the semen.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Extremely low failure rate Does not protect against STIs/HIV


Does not affect hormone levels and sex Reversal may not be available
drive Need to use other contraceptives until
Require no daily attention tests show that semen is sperm-free

Much simpler than female sterilization Complications can occur


OTHER METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION

WITHDRAWAL
When a man senses that he is about
to ejaculate, he pulls his penis out of the
vagina or anus. He then ejaculates outside of
his partner. It works best if the couple has
talked about it and has agreed in advance to
use this method. It also should be practiced
if no other contraceptive method is
available. However, withdrawal does not
provide adequate protection against HIV and
STIs, so use condoms if there is even a slight
chance of HIV or STI transmission.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

When use consistently and correctly, Can be difficult to pull out in time
withdrawal can be effective at reducing Man must ejaculate far from the
the risk of pregnancy womans vagina for withdrawal to be
No fluid or much less fluid is deposited effective
in the vagina or anus Does affect pleasure in having sex
Somewhat less chance of having HIV or Unreliable in preventing pregnancy
other STIs spreading from partner to Requires tremendous self-control on
partner part of the male
Has no medical complications, no May cause frustration on the part of
hormones, no supplies, and is free the female
It is always available Penis may secretes a pre-ejaculatory
fluid which may contain enough sperm
to cause pregnancy
ABSTINENCE (CHOOSING NOT TO HAVE SEX)
Choosing not to have sex provides 100 percent
protection from HIV, STIs, and pregnancy. For some, this
means avoiding vaginal, anal, and oral-genital intercourse
altogether. Others may choose to avoid any type of sexual
or intimate contact, including hugging and kissing.
Needless to say, abstinence remains the only way to enjoy
100% protection from both pregnancy and STIs. The use
of contraception is widespread. It is used by anyone who
wants to have sex, but avoid getting pregnant or
contracting a sexually transmitted infection.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Free and available to all If youve made the choice not to have
sex, and change your mind in the heat
The only 100% effective method of
of the moment, you might not have
preventing pregnancy
birth control handy
May encourage to build relationships
in other ways

EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION
Emergency Contraception also called EC, the
Morning after Pill, or Plan B can prevent pregnancy
up to five days (120 hours) after unprotected sex.
Emergency Contraception is a stronger dose of the
same hormones used in regular birth control pills and
is more effective the sooner you take it. EC works best
if you take it within 24 hours of sex. It prevents ovary
from releasing an egg, prevents sperm and egg from
uniting or prevents a fertilized egg from attaching to
the wall of the uterus.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

Very effective if taken within 24 hours No protection against STIs/HIV


of unprotected sex Side effects may include nausea, mild
No prescription needed stomach upset, tiredness, headache or
spotting
If already pregnant, it will not cause an
abortion or harm the fetus No protection from future intercourse
FERTILITY AWARENESS
Fertility awareness is a means of
understanding a woman's reproductive cycle by
observing and writing down fertility signs. These
signs determine when the woman will ovulate for
her to know if having intercourse will cause
pregnancy. A woman is actually fertile during only
about a fourth of her cycle. This method is a great
way for a woman to learn more about her body,
but it is not recommended for teens. This uses
methods such as daily temperature taking or
checking mucus changes. Partners need to work
together to ensure this method is effective.

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

This method helps a woman track and No protection against HIV and other
improve premenstrual syndrome sexually transmitted infections
symptoms Involves daily charting of fertility signs
Empowers women with practical Requires discipline for a number of
knowledge days in the cycle of a woman
Helps a woman know when during her Unforgiving of improper use
cycle to have sex or not Abstinence is required
Useful in conjunction with other Requires time and commitment
contraceptive methods Illness or stress may change your
Helps women to learn more about her ovulatory cycle, making this method
body less reliable
No cost
No side effects
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY


COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Gen. Tinio St., Cabanatuan City

SOCIETY AND CULTURE W/ FAMILY PLANNING

DIFFERENT METHODS
of
CONTRACEPTION

Submitted by:
Jericho S. Castillo
BSCE 3D

Potrebbero piacerti anche