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Prepared by Sisay F.
The important consideration in the design and operation of
transmission line are the determination of voltage drop, line losses
and efficiency of transmission.
For instant, the voltage drop in the line depends on the values of
the above three line constants.
Prepared by Sisay F.
1. SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE
Short transmission line is a transmission of a distance less than
80Km and operating voltage lower than 20 kV. Due to smaller
distance and lower line voltage, in the case of a short transmission
line the effects of capacitance and conductance may be neglected
Leaving only the series resistance and inductance to be taken into
consideration.
Though in actual line, the resistance and the inductance are
distributed along the whole length, but in case of short lines the
total resistance and inductance are assumed to be lumped at one
place.
In single phase, the total loop inductance and resistance is to be
taken in to account, but in three phase system per phase (line to
neutral) parameter is to be taken in to account.
Prepared by Sisay F.
The current entering the line at the sending-end
termination is equal to the current leaving at the
receiving-end, and the same current flows through all the
line sections. The R and L parameters may therefore be
regarded as ' lumped '.
Prepared by Sisay F.
The following equation can be derived from the above
equations:
Prepared by Sisay F.
B. Unity power factor
Prepared by Sisay F.
Prepared by Sisay F.
From the above figure, depending on the receiving end
power factor(R) in (a) a large value of Vs is required to
maintain a given VR than (B).In (C)still smaller sending
end voltage Vs is required to keep the given VR.
Prepared by Sisay F.
Example-1
A three-phase line delivers 3 MW at 11 KV for a distance of 15 Km. Line
loss is 10 % of power delivered, load power factor is 0.8 lagging.
Frequency is 50 Hz, 1.7 m equilateral spacing of conductors. Calculate
the sending-end voltage and regulation.
11,000
Solution Receiving-end phase voltage = 6.360 VR
3
300 103
R
3 197 2
Prepared
2.58 by Sisay
ohms F.
Example -1 contd
Prepared by Sisay F.
Problem -1 contd
Prepared by Sisay F.
Problem-2
An overhead 3-phase transmission line delivers 5000 kW at 22 kV at 08
p.f. lagging. The resistance and reactance of each conductor is 4 and
6 respectively. Determine : (i) sending end voltage (ii) percentage
regulation (iii) transmission efficiency.
Prepared by Sisay F.
Problem -2 contd
Prepared by Sisay F.
2. MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE
Medium lines can be represented sufficiently well by R, L and C
as lumped parameters with half the capacitance to neutral of the
line lumped at each end of the equivalent ckt(-model) or half
of the series impedance lumped at each side of the line(T-
model).
A medium length line can thus be represented by
A) -model B) T-model
A) Nominal -model
Prepared by Sisay F.
Receiving end shunt admittance(capacitance)
charging current
=
2
Sending end shunt admittance(capacitance)
charging current
=
2
the sending end current
= +
and = +
Prepared by Sisay F.
Sending end voltage
= + = + ( + )
= + +
= +( )+
2
= (1 + ) + *
2
= ( + ) +
= + +
2 2
Substitute from *
= (1 + ) + (1 + )
4 4
1+
2
=
(1 + ) 1 +
4Prepared by Sisay F. 4
And
1+
2
=
(1 + )
1 +
4 4
B) -model
Prepared by Sisay F.
Capacitance Voltage
= +
2
Sending end voltage
= + **
2
Where = +
=
= + = Y( + ) +
2
= Y + (1+ )
2
From (**)
= +
2
Prepared by Sisay F.
= ( + )+ (Y + (1+ ) )
2 2 2
= (1+ ) + Z(1+ )
2 4
1+ (1 + )
2 4
=
1+
2
Prepared by Sisay F.
Example-1
A three-phase, 50 Hz, 150 km line operates at 110 Kv between the lines at
the sending-end. The total inductance and capacitance per phase are (0.2
H) and (1.5 F). Neglecting losses calculate the value of receiving-end load
having a power factor of unity for which the voltage at the receiving-end
will be the same as that at the sending-end. Assume one-half of the total
capacitance of the line to be concentrated at each end.
Solution
110 1000
Vr Vs 63510 v
3
Inductive reactance per phase,
Z =jX L j 62.8
Example-1 contd
Vr Vr j 0
Let the load current be Ir. Since the load power factor is unity,
Ir I s0 I s j0
Sending-end voltage,
Vs Vr I Z
=Vr j 0 ( Ir j14.96)( j 62.8)
=(Vr -939.5)+j 62.8 I r
10862
Ir 173 A
62.8
Problem-2
A 3-phase, 50-Hz overhead transmission line 100 km long has the following
constants :
Resistance/km/phase = 0.1
Inductive reactance/km/phase = 02
Capacitive susceptance/km/phase = 004 10 4 siemen
Determine (i) the sending end current (ii) sending end voltage (iii) sending
end power factor and (iv) transmission efficiency when supplying a balanced
load of 10,000 kW at 66 kV, p.f. 08 lagging. Use nominal T method.
Solution. Figs. 10.13 (i) and 10.13 (ii) show the circuit diagram and phasor
diagram of the line respectively.
Problem-2 contd
Problem-2 contd
Long transmission line (length > 240km)
The nominal model or the T-model do not represent a
transmission line exactly because it does not account for the
parameter of the line being uniformly distributed.
In order to account for the distributed nature of the
transmission line constants(R,C,L,G),consider the circuit
shown below.
Prepared by Sisay F.
Where: dx- an elemental section of the line at a distance
x from the receiving end voltage having a series
impedance zdx and shunt admittance ydx.
The rise in voltage to neutral over the elemental section
in the directions of increasing x is dvx
Prepared by Sisay F.
Differentiate equ(1) w.r.t x
2
( ) = = Z .(3)
2
Substituting the values of Z = y in equ(3)
2
2 = zy
This is a linear differential equation whose general
solution can be written as
=v(x)=1 +2 (4)
Where = ; 1 and 2 arbitrary constants to be
evaluated from boundary /end conditions.
- propagation constant in 1 .
Prepared by Sisay F.
Differentiate equ(4) w.r.t x
( )= 1 - 2 = z (4.1)
1 2
= I(x)= -
1 2
= -
Where = characteristic impedance
Prepared by Sisay F.
= 1 + 2 (5)
1 2
= -
At x = 0
= 1 + 2
1
= (1 - 2 )
then
1
1 = ( + )
2
1
2 = ( )
2
Prepared by Sisay F.
Substituting 1 and 2 in equ(5)
+
= ( ) + ( )
2 2
incident voltage reflected voltage
.(6)
+
= ( ) + ( )
2 2
Prepared by Sisay F.
= = + j propagation constant
Where the attenuation constant in nepers/unit length
- the phase constant in radian/unit length
Knowing and and the parameters of the line, using equ (6) complex
rms values of and at any distance x along the line can easily find out.
A more convenient way obtained by introducing hyperbolic function.
+
= ( ) + ( )
2 2
+
= ( ) + ( )
2 2
Then
= cos + sin
1
= cos + sin
Prepared by Sisay F.
Where A(x)= D(x) = cos
B(x) = sin
1
C(x) = sinh
A(x) B(x)
= C(x) D(x)
When x= l , =
=
And A= D = cos
B = sin
1
C= sin
Prepared by Sisay F.
A B
=
C D
Prepared by Sisay F.