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Table 1. Combinations of coevolved bacteria and phages from different temperatures (TB and TV) assayed at each temperature (TA). Asterisks indicate 2
combinations for which both a sympatric and an allopatric bacterium phage combination were assayed.
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TA (88 C)
8 17 28
TB (88C) 8 17 28 8 17 28 8 17 28
(a) (b) 3
1.0 1.0
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0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
infectivity
resistance
0.4 0.4
0 0
8 17 28 8 17 28
viral coevolutionary temperature (C) bacterial coevolutionary temperature (C)
(c) (d)
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
infectivity
resistance
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
yes no yes no
matching viral selection and assay temperature matching bacterial selection and assay temperature
(e) (f)
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
infectivity
infectivity
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
yes no yes no
matching viral and bacterial selection temperature matching viral and bacterial population (within treatment)
Figure 2. Performance of coevolved phages and bacteria. (a) Mean (+s.e.m.) infectivity (i.e. proportion of bacteria that a phage population could infect) of phages
coevolved at different temperatures. (b) Mean (+s.e.m.) resistance (i.e. proportion of bacteria that could resist viral infection) of bacteria coevolved at different
temperatures. (c) Mean (+s.e.m.) infectivity of phages when assayed at their selection temperature versus at a different temperature. (d ) Mean (+s.e.m.) resist-
ance of bacteria when assayed at their selection temperature versus at a different temperature. (e) Mean (+s.e.m.) infectivity of phages against bacteria from the
same versus a different selection temperature. (f ) Mean (+s.e.m.) infectivity of phages against bacteria from the same versus a different replicate coevolving
population (i.e. infectivity against sympatric versus allopatric bacteria), using only data from within each temperature treatment.
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infectivity is the proportion of bacteria that was infected. The where there was evidence that fungal pathogens are adapted 4
log-transformed OD600 and arcsine-transformed resistance/ to their selection temperatures [4,5].
infectivity were analysed using linear mixed models.
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Unlike this study, a previous study from this system
found that coevolved phages were locally adapted to bacteria
from the same abiotic conditions [8]. However, in that case
3. Results abiotic variation was created by nutrient concentration. Part
of the explanation for this discrepancy may be that local
Bacterial densities (OD600) increased with temperature but
adaptation to biotic habitat components was present in our
decreased in the presence of phages (figure 1; effect of tempera-
study, but that it was obscured by the large differences in
ture: F2,30 109.66, p , 0.0001; effect of phages: F1,30 153.05,
overall performance between coevolved isolates from differ-
p , 0.0001). Over the course of the selection experiment, bac-
ent temperatures. Indeed, in the previous study, where a
terial densities increased for coevolving but not evolving
wide range of nutrient conditions was used, local adaptation
Funding. This work was supported by funding from NERC, AXA Acknowledgements. We thank three anonymous reviewers for useful 5
research fund, BBSRC and the Royal Society. comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.
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References
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adaptation. Ecol. Lett. 7, 1225 1241. (doi:10.1111/ coevolution between a bacterium and a 1016/j.resmic.2003.09.014)
j.1461-0248.2004.00684.x) bacteriophage. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269, 931 936. 12. Regeard C, Merieau A, Guespin-Michel JF. 2000
2. Laine AL. 2007 Detecting local adaptation in a (doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1945) A bioluminescence assay for screening
natural plant pathogen metapopulation: 7. Gomez P, Buckling A. 2011 Bacteria-phage thermoregulated genes in a psychrotrophic